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Training of Teachers for Jewish Elementary Schools in Lithuania, 1919–1940

Author(s): Benediktas Šetkus / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

The article sets out to investigate the training of teachers for Jewish elementary schools in Lithuania between 1919 and 1940. It analyses the training of teachers for the schools of three educational trends, which were established by the Zionist education society Tarbut, the religious society Yavne and the Jewish Cultural League. The article reveals the development of teacher training from summer courses to long-term courses for teachers and the seminary.

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Valstybinės kalbos mokymas Lietuvos žydų gimnazijose ir progimnazijose 1919–1940 metais

Author(s): Benediktas Šetkus / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 4/2017

The article sets out to investigate the teaching of the official Lithuanian language in Jewish gymnasiums and progymnasiums in Lithuania between 1919 and 1940. It analyses the decisions of the Ministry of Education establishing the requirement for the pupils in non- Lithuanian schools to learn the official Lithuanian language. The article also specifies the requirements of the official language that were applied to teachers at that time. It reviews the results and evaluations of inspections focusing on the knowledge of the Lithuanian language of Jewish pupils which were carried out by the individuals authorised by the Ministry of Education. They reveal that the opinion was often expressed that Jewish pupils were not sufficiently fluent in the official Lithuanian language. It is analysed what measures were applied in the abovementioned schools to improve the teaching of Lithuanian during classes and after-school activities.

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The Jewish Oil Magnates of Galicia. [Part One:] Valerie Schatzker, The Jewish Oil Magnates: A History, 1853–1945, and [Part Two:] The Jewish Oil Magnates: A Novel by Julien Hirszhaut

Author(s): Frank Sysyn / Language(s): English Issue: 44/2019

Review of: Frank Sysyn - The Jewish Oil Magnates of Galicia. [Part One:] Valerie Schatzker, The Jewish Oil Magnates: A History, 1853–1945, and [Part Two:] The Jewish Oil Magnates: A Novel by Julien Hirszhaut, trans. Miriam Dashkin Beckerman, ed. Valerie Schatzker, McGill-Queen’s University Press, Montreal&Kingston–London–Ithaca 2015, XXX, 588 pp.

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From Local Community to Glocal Network: Place, Memory, and Identity Politics among the “Jews of Trikala” and Their Diaspora (Greece)

Author(s): Theodoros A. Spyros / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2019

In this paper I present some initial findings from my multilocal ethnographic and ethnohistorical research on the “Trikalan Jews”, i.e. Jews living in or originating from Trikala, a city in the Thessaly region of central Greece. In particular, my research focuses on two axes: the historical processes of community formation and its social transition after World War II as well as the recent sense of belonging of the potential members of that “community” and the ways they experience and negotiate their collective memory and identity. On a theoretical level, the first hypothesis grounded in the field is that the “community” tends to appropriate/be appropriated by subjects who currently live “elsewhere”. In this sense, it is reproduced as a glocal network in which Jewishness and locality are interconnected, experienced, and performed in multiple, fluid, and often fragmented ways. On a methodological level, my research is based on the fundamental techniques of ethnographic and ethnohistorical research which have been adapted to the conditions and restraints of a multilocal field.

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Synagogue paintings as indicating a developing conception of national redemption

Author(s): Zvi Orgad / Language(s): English Issue: 34/2019

This article compares the interior paintings in the ‘Ades and Ohel Moshe synagogues, both of which are non-Ashkenazi, in the Naḥlaot neighborhood in Jerusalem. Although the synagogues were decorated 50 years apart, there are similarities in the painted motifs and drawing schemes, but also some differences. I suggest that these differences reflect the development of a Jewish concept of national redemption during the 50 years that elapsed between the adornment of the two synagogues.

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Terror films: The socio-cultural reconstruction of trauma in contemporary Israeli cinema

Author(s): Yael Ben-Moshe,Tobias Ebbrecht-Hartmann / Language(s): English Issue: 34/2019

The public discourse in Israel regarding events such as the Holocaust, war, or terror attacks mostly failed to embrace the trauma caused by such events, and to integrate their effects in the collective memory. According to trauma theoreticians, the location of trauma in the discourse is related to the character of trauma as a non-narratable memory, since personal trauma exist in the void, thus marking a missing memory. This paper explores the notion of trauma in contemporary Israeli cinema as it was reconstructed during and after the Second Intifada (2000–2008). The paper focuses on feature films reflecting on experiences of terrorist violence, among them Avanim (2004), Distortion (2004), Frozen Days (2006), The Bubble (2006), 7 Minutes in Heaven (2009). These films embrace parallel elements structuring a worldview, in the private as well as the collective sphere, thus shaping the surroundings as a mirror of the self and the subjective traumatic experience as a reflection of a complex social reality.A particular focus of our analysis will also be on aesthetic strategies that cinematically express rupture and distortion of terrorist violence and trauma, especially moments of suddenness and disruption in contrast to duration and circular repetition, elements of a specific temporality of trauma that also shaped the narration and style of recent Israeli war films, such as Waltz with Bashir (2008) or Beaufort (2007).

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Antisemitismul interbelic analizat cu ajutorul Jurnalului lui Wilhelm Filderman

Author(s): Liviu Rotman / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3 (19)/2018

This study looks at a new perspective of anti-Semitism during the interwar period, based on the rich source of information provided by Wilhelm Filderman’s Diary. The study reveals the causes of the rise of anti-Semitism at the time: the new state that was formed after 1918 was imposed the political culture of the Old Kingdom; the ”sacredness” of the nation-state as a form of government and the diffusion of xenophobia across the political spectrum. The article draws attention to the particular features of Romanian anti-Semitism at the time, namely the primacy of physical violence. Thus, given its large-scale in space and time, one can refer to a permanent pogrom ambiance in interwar Romania. In the case of Greater Romania, its 20 years of existence could not lead to a cultural, political and social integration of the different regions, but anti-Semitism was one of the few elements of fusion that implicitly helped create a national Romanian identity.

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“In Sunshine and Joy”? The Story of Medem Sanatorium in Miedzeszyn

Author(s): Magdalena Kozłowska / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2014

Medem Sanatorium in Miedzeszyn was one of the most famous establishments of TSYSHO, the Central Yiddish School Organization, in interwar Poland. Although not officially associated with the Bund, it unofficially promoted Bundist ideals through its teaching staff. This article aims to examine the educational methods of Medem Sanatorium in Miedzeszyn. Medem served as a central space for Bundist ideology, attracting such figures as Polish radical socialist Wanda Wasilewska, and hosting, among others, a young Marek Edelman, the future leader of the Warsaw ghetto uprising. Showing the activities and struggles of the institution the author touches different problems of the Polish interwar period: the entanglement of Bundist ideology, everyday life, religious practices, and, last but not least, politics towards Yiddish. Ultimately, the author underlines that the Medem Sanatorium was a part of a broader action concentrated on creating a new secular Jewish culture.

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Warsaw 2013

Author(s): Robert Blobaum,Beth Holmgren,Ewa V. Wampuszyc / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2013

For the vast majority of Americans, the mention of Warsaw conjures up images of the Holocaust and World War II. In comparison with other Central European capitals such as Berlin, Budapest, Prague, and Vienna, Warsaw remains fixed as a site of wartime suffering and destruction in English-language publications. In part, these impressions stem from the fact that interwar Warsaw was a major center of Ashkenazi Jewish culture, and stories of this center’s flourishing and destruction attract the largest number of American readers. Because the Holocaust relentlessly reduced this Jewish center to a ghetto and then a ghost town, tributes to the Polish Jewish dead and memoirs of the Holocaust’s survivors naturally dominate Englishlanguage tales of the city.

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Next Year in Drohobych. On the Uses of Jewish Absence

Author(s): Karen C. Underhill / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2011

In Israeli director Yael Bartana’s 2007 film Mary Koszmary—meaning “Bad Dreams” or “Nightmares”—a young Polish politician delivers a resounding speech to an empty, crumbling, communist-era Stadion Dziesięciolecia in Warsaw. The speech, he says, is an appeal: “This is a call. . . . It is an appeal for life. We want three million Jews to return to Poland, to live with us again. We need you! Please come back!” This article considers the powerful and perhaps disturbing premise of these lines and explores their possible meanings in a contemporary Polish context. What can it mean for Poles and Polish culture to need Jews—and in particular, to need those Jews who can never return? The complex phenomenon of Jewish memory in Poland and Eastern Europe cannot be contained within specific, present-day borders—whether of geography or of academic discipline: similar dynamics to those Bartana has identified in Poland exist throughout the region. Thus, against the background of Bartana’s film, the article considers the growing phenomenon and importance of local Jewish festivals in Poland and present-day Ukraine, focusing in detail on two specific festivals: the annual festival “Encounters with Jewish Culture,” held in Chmielnik, Poland, and the biannual Bruno Schulz Festival in Drohobych, Ukraine. The analysis explores ways that the memory of Polish Jews—and more specifically the figure of the absent Polish Jew—can function as a central element in the construction of new, communal Polish and Ukrainian narratives since the fall of Communism.

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СУЧАСНА РОСІЙСЬКА ІСТОРІОГРАФІЯ ПРО МІСЦЕ ТА РОЛЬ ЄВРЕЇВ У РЕВОЛЮЦІЙНОМУ РУСІ В РОСІЙСЬКІЙ ІМПЕРІЇ

Author(s): Olexander Berzarov / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 30/2019

More than a hundred years have passed since the largest continental empire in the world has fallen. The Russian Revolution of 1917, which stopped three hundred-year rule of the Romanov dynasty, ripened in the depths of the Russian revolutionary movement, the problems of the formation and development of which are of vital interest to contemporary researchers. A significant participation of the Jews in the history of the revolutionary movement in the Russian Empire is considered one of the understudied problems, although the Jews together with the Poles, Armenians and Latvians tried to break the autocratic regime at the beginning of the 20th century. Over the past quarter of the century the representatives of contemporary Russian historiography have managed to catch up with the study of those problems of the historical past, which, in the Soviet times, were considered ideologically incorrect themes in the development of the Soviet historical science. The main idea of the article is to determine the priority directions and the most urgent problems in contemporary Russian historiography of the participation of the Jews in the revolutionary movement in the Russian Empire, on the basis of a critical analysis of the results of the latest research of the Russian historians. The notion of “revolutionary movement in the Russian Empire” is understood by the author as the development of all known at that time all-Russian revolutionary organizations that were distinguished by their activity, especially at the beginning of the 20th century, which aimed at overthrowing autocracy.

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ДА ЛИ МЕМОАРИ МОГУ ЛАГАТИ?

Author(s): Mirjana Bojanić Ćirković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 70/2019

История мемуарской литературы всяла несколько линий еë развития которые в значительной мере ревидировали классические канонские основы этого жанра на уровне тематики, образов, интенции писания этого жанра, а прежде всего в пределе статуса факта (документарнного). Деконструктивистические и постклассические когнитивные теории паралельно и диаметрально по разному расветляли „фактичность” и „истинность” мемуарского рассказа. Имея в виду оба дискурса о мемуарах (литературный и научный) стараемся обяснит степень дове- рия фактов и истинность мемуара, и дает аргументованный ответ на два вопроса:„Могут ли мемуары лгать?” и „Должны ли мемуары лгать?”

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“If We’re Proud of Freud . . .” The Family Romance of “Judeo-Bolshevism”

Author(s): Marci Shore / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2009

This essay examines the vexed question of the relationship between Jews and communism. Drawing largely on archival material, I examine the experiences of several Polish-Jewish communists before, during and after the Second World War. I argue that “Judeo-Bolshevism” is perhaps best understood neither as a antisemitic stereotype or as a sociologically (over)determined proclivity but rather as biography, as epic human drama. A Freudian motif—in particular Oedipal rebellion—frames the essay, which begins and ends with the children and grandchildren of “Judeo-Bolshevism.”

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The Jews in Eastern Europe: New Historiography

Author(s): Marci Shore / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2007

The review of: 1) Between Poles and Jews: The Development of Nahum Sokolow’s Political Thought by Ela Bauer. Jerusalem: Hebrew University Magnes Press, 2005. 180 pp. ISBN 965-493-211-3. 2) Men of Silk: The Hasidic Conquest of Polish Jewish Society by Glenn Dynner. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. 384 pp. ISBN 0-195-17522-0. 3) The Jews of Eastern Europe, edited by Leonard J. Greenspoon, Ronald A. Simkins, and Brian Horowitz, Studies in Jewish Civilization vol. 16 (Omaha and Lincoln: Creighton University Press and University of Nebraska Press, 2005). 351 pp. ISBN 1-881-87147-9.

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Stephan Ludwig Roth und die Juden. Überlegungen zu einem vernachlässigten Aspekt im Denken des „größten Mannes des Sachsenvolkes“

Author(s): Jonathan Mall / Language(s): German Issue: _/2019

Im sogenannten „Schülergarten“ des Mediascher Gymnasiums steht umgeben von mannshohen Hecken ein schwarzer Obelisk aus Gusseisen, der auch einen groß gewachsenen Betrachter um mehr als das Doppelte zu überragen vermag. Die sich nach oben hin verjüngende Pyramide ziert ein goldener Siegeskranz, etwas weiter unten, auf der Vorderseite des Sockels, ist in Lettern gleicher Farbe zu lesen: „Gestorben am 11. Mai 1849“. Bereits am 20. Mai 1853 wurde dem hier nach seinem Tod Begrabenen auf Initiative einiger „Verehrer“ ein Denkmal gesetzt. Öffentlich hatten sie im Vorfeld für die Schaffung einer solchen Erinnerungsstätte geworben, fest davon überzeugt, dass der Tote „der größte Mann des Sachsenvolkes dieser Zeit“ ist und, mehr noch, „der größte Mann“ wird, „welchen unsere 7-hundertjährige Geschichte aufzuweisen hat“.

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OCJENE I PRIKAZI

Author(s): Boris Nilević,Sabina Ahmić-Bakšić,Olga Zirojević,Fehim Nametak,Rusmir Mahmutćehajić,Esad Duraković,Amir Ljubović / Language(s): Bosnian,Serbian Issue: 44-45/1996

Review of: Jusuf Ramić - KURAN SA PRIJEVODOM NA BOSANSKI JEZIK, preveo Enes Karić, Bosanska knjiga, Sarajevo, 1995, 1343 str. Amir Ljubović - Dr İskender Pala, Ansiklopedik Divan Şiiri Sözliiğü, I-II, Kaynak eserleri, Akçağ, Ankara, (s. a), n ridanje, 554. ste. Amir Ljubović - POEZIJA ARAPSKOG ISTOKA XX VIJEKA. Izbor, prijevod s arapskog i bilješke o pjesnicima Esad Duraković, "Bosanska knjiga", Sarajavo, 1994, 319 str. Sulejman Grozdanić - Ali ibn Ebi Talib: STAZA RJEČITOSTI. Govori, pisma i izreke; sabrao es-Sejjid eš-Šeiif er-Radi. Prijevod Rusmir Mahmutćehajić i Mehmedalija Hadžić. Uvod Rusmir Mahmutćehajić. Voditelj projekta Rusmir Mahmutćehajić. Izdavač: Islamska zajednica, Zagreb, 1994. 300 str. Amir Ljubović - Martin Lings (Abu Bakr Siraj ad-Din), STA JE SUFIZAM ? (naslov izvornika: What is sufism?) Prijevod i uvod Rusmir Mahmutćehajić. Analecta islamica, knj. II, "Sebil", Zagreb, 1994, 117 str. Fehim Nametak; Esad Duraković - Amir Ljubović i Sulejman Grozdanić: PROZNA KNJIŽEVNOST BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE NA ORIJENTALNIM JEZICIMA, Orijentalni institut u Sarajevu, Posebna izdanja XVII, Sarajevo, 1995, 279. str. Fehim Nametak - Dr Erdoğan Erol, SUKKERÎ HAYATI, EDEBİ kisiliği ve divani. Atatürk Kültül- Dil ve Tarih Yiiksek Kuramu, Atatürk Kiilttir Merkezi Yayını -sayi 89 "Divanlar Dizisi: 2", Ankara, 1994. 300 pp. Olga Zirojević - ISTANBUL VU PAR MATRAKÇI ET LES MINIATURISTES DU XVI. SIECLE, Dominique Halbout du Tanney, Dost Yayınları, Istanbul 1993, str. 112 (s ilustracijama). Sabina Ahmić-Bakšić - Nimet Bayraktar ve Mihin Lugal, TURKIYE YAZMA ESER KÜTÜPHANELERDE BULUNAN YAZMALARLA ilgili YAYINlAR BİBLİYOGRAFYASI, Islam Tarih, Sanat ve Kültür Araştırma Merkezi (IRCICA), Istanbul, 1995. Boris Nilević - ZBORNIK RADOVA SEFARAD ’92. Institut za istoriju i Jevrejska zajednica u BiH, Sarajevo, 1995, 338 str.

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New Religious-Nationalist Trends among Jewish Settlers in the Halutza Sands

Author(s): Hayim Katsman / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

This article describes the religious worldview of the residents of three rural villages, established since 2010 in Southern Israel. Focusing on religious authority, the article traces the complex relationship between rabbis to their communities which is rarely a simple “top-down” traditional authority model. On the contrary, both the rabbis and their communities are aware of the fragility of their relationship, and therefore created a complex belief system in which the rabbis’ recommendation is sought, but not necessarily considered binding. In addition, the article describes the “Datlshim” (Hebrew acronym for “Ex-religious”). This liminal identity characterizes individuals who grew up within these religious communities but decided to dissent in their adulthood. They do not feel committed to, and sometimes openly reject Jewish religious code. The article contributes to the scholarly understanding of religious authority, as well as the diversity within the religious-Zionist community in Israel, which has become increasingly influential is Israeli politics and society.

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The Karaite communities: harnessing the multi-lingual linguistic strategies for nationalism

Author(s): Dovile Troskovaite / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The Karaites communities of former Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth in the beginning of the 20th century started a discussion in their communal press on which language they should adopt as their communal or national language. This view remained important during the first half of 20th century. It was considered as a tool for social and cultural consolidation of the communities and as an important aspect of their social image in the eyes of Polish society. Karaite leaders tried several different strategies for establishment of national language, starting from traditional bilingualism (Hebrew – Turkic) to different combinations of Russian – Hebrew, Polish – Turkic and etc. These initiatives grew stronger after the World War 1, when ethnic nationalism was arising both in Karaite communities and in dominating Polish society. The analysis of these language strategies was done using a model language planning elaborated by Geoffrey Haig in Kurdish language in modern Turkey, under the politics of Kemal Ataturk (Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, 1881–1938). The article has highlighted these strategies, analyzed argumentation, and presented linguistic reforms implemented in the Karaite communities in the first half of the 20th century. It was argued that the social image of Karaites in the dominating society played an important role in decision making by Karaite leaders. It was also understood that language was not only an important aspect of Karaite cultural identity but also a tool for integration into dominating society.

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The Presence of Eastern and Central Europe in The Culture and Politics of Contemporary Israel

Author(s): Shlomo Avineri / Language(s): English Issue: 02/1996

Israel is a Middle Eastern country, and the history of the Jewish people in the region began many millenia ago and is deeply rooted in the Judaic religious tradition. The future and security of the country depends on the way it will be able to work out its relations with its regional neighbors, and with the Palestinians in particular. But the history of Jewish people as it developed in the last 500 years and the Zionist movement as an intellectual and political force that gave birth to the modern State of Israel, are deeply interwoven with the histories and cultures of Eastern and Central Europe. Anyone who fails to understand this will be unable to grasp much of the structure and nature of Israeli society, its politics and culture, both on the practical and symbolic level. [...]

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The Reconstruction of Jewish Communal Institutions in Postwar Poland: The Origins of the Central Committee of Polish Jews, 1944-1945

Author(s): David Engel / Language(s): English Issue: 01/1996

The manner in which Jews living in a particular town, province, or country have created and operated institutions for the regulation of their communal affairs has been a significant subject of Jewish historical scholarship since the end of the nineteenth century, when Simon Dubnow posited such institutions as no less an essential feature of Jewish life in the Diaspora than the religious and intellectual creation that had been the focus of historical investigations of the Jews until his day. This century-old scholarly literature reveals two different emphases in its descriptions of the operation of Jewish communal bodies. Some writers point out that through most of their history Jewish communities have conducted their business within the framework of enabling statutes or corporate charters of rights granted by the ruling powers in the various territories where Jews resided. [...]

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