KULTURNI IDENTITET BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE

Author(s): Ivan Lovrenović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2015

Through its entire history, Bosnia and Herzegovina has stood in a peripheral position in relation to the great cultural and civilisational centres of East and West. It has received their influences, but has also created its own socio-cultural field in which these influences are mutually interwoven and reshaped. Discontinuous political history, many migrations in various directions, coexistence of different systems of civilisation and religion have made Bosnia and Herzegovina an unusual social structure - composite and integral at the same time. The traditional image of the cultural identity of BiH is characterised by a prominent duality between the so called high and folk culture. The sphere of high culture is marked by the isolation of the three cultural entities; much different from that, the folk culture is an area where relations and practices of mutuality are established between people from all etno-confessional cultural circles. This makes the cultural identity and heritage of Bosnia and Herzegovina ambivalent and dialectical: they are both a “sum” and a “product”; they have their clearly differentiated nacio-cultural traditions, but interference also exists, i.e. their mutual tradition. The fundamental mark of BH cultural identity resides, then in its civilisational interwoveness: in the concurrency of one mutual and three separate traditions. This multiplicity is today demonstrated in the form of a sharp fragmentation, while the disparate perceptions of land, history or culture influence formulating political goals a lot. A political and social framework is needed in order for the productive interaction between mutual and separate to be re-established. In it all elements of the structure could come to light in a non-conflictual manner. BiH today is faced with these questions more erratically than ever in its recent history. The problem is old, but the answers have to be new, because the historical situation is such.

KULTURNO-IDENTITETSKE ODREDNICE BOSANSKOHERCEGOVAČKOG DRUŠTVENOG KONTEKSTA

Author(s): Vlado Kovačević / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2015

The paper deals with an important theme of national and religious relations in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the processes of religious nationalization and politicizing in current globalization processes. This paper focuses on the understanding of national ideology, which interprets the world according to its ethnicity and the process of politicizing religions and religionization of politics. Referring to the American sociologist Manuel Castells, the paper warns that new global networks “empower former social patterns”, which are related to national and religious content. In the paper we start from the thesis that finding new models for social communication in the society of Bosnia and Herzegovina cannot be an attempt of a new establishment of life and country monitoring, in both the nationalist ideology and in the ideology of consumer´s culture, life styles, and hybrid-transnational cultures that change identities. We have found in the works of one of the most significant sociologists of religion in the South-Slavic area Esad Ćimić the encouragement for the cultural and identity determinants of the relations between the national and the religious in the social context of Bosnia and Herzegovina.At the same time, this paper affirms the human dimension of openness between the relation of the national and religious in Bosnia and Herzegovina, developing a basic level of civilisation which is capable of accepting, justifying and managing the standpoints that are adopted as part of the spiritual, intellectual and moral heritage. This heritage is more spiritual, free and less caused by the ideological concept of a contemporary society. The heritage of Bosnian and Herzegovinian society as a living part of history, the bridge between the present and the future is a sign of a social and spiritual continuity. Without it, we would be stuck in a situation that could have negative consequences on human life concerning contemporary modern ideologies.

DEMOKRATIZACIJA BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE

Author(s): Damirka Mihaljević / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2015

The process of democratization of Bosnia and Herzegovina started with the disintegration of the Yugoslav state in whose frame Bosnia and Herzegovina was one of the six federal units. As a very complex federal state Yugoslavia did not function on a voluntary basis principles. It was being held together only through the repression of the system. The fall of the socialism as an ideology and as an order, as well as loosening of the control, meant at the same time the end of the Yugoslav federation. The beginnings of the democratization of BH that are to be seen in the process of introducing multi-party system are marked by national homogenization of the three ethnic segments. Under historical circumstances and under various influences, Bosnia and Herzegovina did not stand a chance to construct a uniform political identity. Each country, in order to exist, must be based on a sense of belonging of its citizens and nations. It must be based on a consensus about the important value system and a manner of achieving common interests. No country can exist without political identity. That is the basic problem of Bosnia and Herzegovina as a political community. It is the main obstacle in the democratization process and its development.

WASHINGTONSKI SPORAZUM

Author(s): Ivo Komšić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

WASHINGTONSKI SPORAZUM

Author(s): Ivo Komšić / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 1/2016

DAYTONSKI SPORAZUM

Author(s): Ivo Komšić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

DAYTONSKI SPORAZUM

Author(s): Ivo Komšić / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 1/2016

POSLIJE DAYTONA

Author(s): Miroslav Živanović / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

Identity, Church and State: A Bulgarian Pole among the Catholics in the Village of Dragomirovo

Author(s): Blagovest Nyagulov / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2014

This paper presents a micro-historical touch to the topic of this conference, which along with the 150th anniversary of the mission of the Congregation of the Resurrection in Bulgaria refers in more general terms to Bulgarian-Polish relations based on the Catholic religion. In the focus of attention will be the Catholic priest Grzegorz / Grigoriy Piegza, 07.11.1851, Rokytnice, Poland – 29.09.1932, Przasnysz, Poland), Polish by origin and Bulgarian by identity, who was involved in the disputes on the priests issue in the Nikopol diocese and the ecclesiastical strife between the two communities of Catholics in the village of Dragomirovo, Svishtov region. The events took place from the end of the 19th century to the immediate aftermath of the First World War - a period when the national factor acquired strong positions in the relationship between state, bishop, clergy and congregation in the northern Catholic diocese in Bulgaria.

Zjawisko islamskiego terroryzmu samobójczego kobiet

Author(s): Mateusz Zulczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2015

The direct objective of the suicide bomber is not only to bring their own death, but to cause the largest possible number of casualties among the community of potential adversary. The death of the executive intensifies the feeling of fear, because it shows complete intransigence of bomber and his willingness to submit biggest sacrifice in the form of his life. When planning terrorist attacks, the terrorists are counting primarily on the psychological effect, and it is much greater when made by woman, in many traditional environments identified as vulnerable, fragile, unable to harm. Article aims to describe the phenomenon of female suicide Islamic terrorism, on selected examples that clearly show similarities and differences among female suicide bombers in the various communities.

On the Necessity of Dialogue among Religions and Cultures

Author(s): Ivo Komšić / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2016

ФРАНЦУЗСКАЯ ХРИСТИАНСКАЯ ДЕМОКРАТИЯ В 60-Е ГОДЫ XX ВЕКА: ПРОБЛЕМЫ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ

Author(s): Dmitry Viktorovich Shmelev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2015

The paper deals with the transformation of the French Christian democracy in the 1960s: the emergence of new structures, ideological evolution, and political strategy. The relationship between Christian democracy and the main political currents (Gaullism and Socialism), reaction of the Christian Democrats to the major political crises in France, role played by the center in political life, and inner problems in the functioning of Christian democracy are observed.

TÜRK SİYASAL HAYATINDA TÜRKÇÜLÜK FİKRİNİN GELİŞMESİNE YOL AÇAN ETKENLER

Author(s): Çağri D. Çolak / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 29/2016

The aim of this study that mention the development of Turkism ideology in Turkish politic life is to give data about the historical background of Turkist ideology. In this regard the effects of Turcology studies in Europe, French Revolotion and the Turkish intelligentsia immigrants coming from Russia on Turkist ideology is analyzed. Finally, the relationship between the non-performed projects which aimed on Ottomanism and Pan- Islamism strands and carrying Turkism approach onto political platform is discussed.

MODERNİZM İLE SİYASAL İSLAMCILIK ARASINDAKİ ANALİZ BAĞLAMI

Author(s): Emel Sünter / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 29/2016

Ideologically, Political Islamism exhibits an opposition against modernism. Because Political Islamism is fed with traditionalism. The emphasis of Political Islamism on nostalgia contradicts with modernism. But these contradictions and discourse has developed and shaped Political Islamism in the future. Political Islamism has used the parameters of modernism within the efforts for the searching of re-existence and identity.

Transitions Online_Around the Bloc-Russia Reportedly Investigating Chechen Gay Purge

Author(s): TOL TOL / Language(s): English Issue: 05/30/2017

Human Rights Watch says Chechen officials approved the brutal roundup and torture of dozens of men.

Aktivity nižšieho katolíckeho kléru zamerané na demokratizáciu a modernizáciu cirkvi v čase vzniku Československej republiky

Author(s): Peter Olekšak / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2015

The essay deals with an inquiry that was initiated by the Czech priest Bohuslav Zahradník-Brodský (1862 – 1939). This inquiry can be considered as an attempt to democratise the church in Czechoslovakia. Its character itself was a remarkable outflow of democracy put into action. Zahradník-Brodský's initiative followed the very ideas of Catholic Modernism that had been unexpectedly suppressed by the encyclical Pascendi Dominici of 1907. After a longer period of reticence, the reformative flow began to surface in a morphed shape. The most strident manifestation can be allotted to Zahradník-Brodský who was a member of a radical splinter group. The intention of his inquiry was to find out the priests' opinions on reforms within the church. His postulations highlighted the idea of an egalitarian system of material provision for the clergy and the inclusion of laymen into the administration of the church, as well as the election of bishops and the abolition of celibacy, monasteries and clerical apparel. The inquiry showed that his postulations had been supported by a huge part of the clergy. Reformation movements existed in the Czech region as well as in Slovakia. One of the representatives of the radical wing in Slovakia was Ferdinand Juriga (1874 – 1950) who was also an elected member of the parliament and who forged out of the clerical demands and postulations a political cause. After a failed meeting of the clergy in Žilina he laid them down in a political memorandum which he then forwarded to the Ministry for the Administration of Slovakia. This must be considered to a very high degree as a spontaneous reaction to the current situation, which especially has to be analysed within the context of an overall social upheaval. It needs to be stated that the Slovak radicals remained a small group in an ever-widening state of dissolution. In the Czech region the group of priests that refused to abandon their emancipatory activities decided to put their reformation program into action without respect for the position of the Holy See and the ecclesiastical hierarchy at home. This fact can probably be judged as a symbolic vanishing point of a timeline that starts within Catholic Modernism. It, however, had not been the goal, as defined by the realisation of an ideal, for which the majority of the reform minded clergy had set out.

Zákon o manželskom práve a parlamentné rozpravy v Uhorsku v roku 1894

Author(s): Erika Maliniaková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2015

We situated our research in the second half of the 19th century. In stated time we observe the change in character of religious experience and sentiment. Since it is not possible to encompass all factors, which secularised Hungarian society within one article, and we focused on one significant step, which changed the legislation and nature of marital relationships. 1894 was marked by turbulent voting in the Hungarian parliament about issues of civil marriage. The law on the civil marriage proposal was drawn up earlier, as part of the proposed church-political proposal, but it was passed only after a vigorous fight under the rule of Alexander Wekerle. The law on the civil marriage proposal changed the character of marriage. The law didn't view marriage as something holy, blessed by Jesus Christ, but as a marital-legal contract. The ministering rights for marrying were passed from the church to the state. The law allowed for divorce. 1894 was also the year of initiating many congresses, at which the politically active part of Hungarian citizens were either for or against upcoming changes. At the same time it was a year of several paradoxes. A set of church-political laws (law on civil marriages, law on faith of children and law on civil registries) came into effect on the 1st of October 1895. A legal article on the reception and emancipation of Jews (XLII/1895) came into effect on the 2nd of November 1895 and a legal article on free faith (XLIII/1895) came into effect on the 22nd of November after being approved by the ruler.

Klérofašizmus“? Katolicizmus a radikálna pravica v stredoeurópskom kontexte (1918 - 1945)

Author(s): Miloslav Szabó / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 4/2017

The study deals with the somewhat controversial issue of the so-called “clerical fascism”. For this purpose, it summarizes the recent historiographical debates on totalitarianism, in particular on “political religions” or rather politicization of religions in the 20th century. The special emphasis is laid on individual clerics who sympathized and collaborated with fascist regimes in Nazi Germany and the Slovak state, respectively. In applying Roger Griffin’s and Thomas Forstner’s typology, two types of attitudes to fascism and National Socialism are discussed: loyalty and active collaboration.

Cultural and Social Continuity and Discontinuity as Factors of Non-religion. The Case of the Czech Borderland

Author(s): David Václavík / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

The Czech Republic is considered one of the most atheistic countries globally. One of the reasons used to explain the high level of secularization of Czech society and the high level of distrust in religion and religious institutions is the specific historical conditions. In this context, the political anti-Catholicism of a large part of the Czech political elite during the period of the so-called First Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938) and the influence of the communist regime are mentioned in particular. In my paper, I will try to show that other factors probably played a key role, especially the significant socio-demographic changes associated with the displacement of the German population after the Second World War. World War II and the disruption of traditional ties in the Czech countryside as a result of the so-called collectivization of the countryside (the top-directed elimination of private agriculture and the dismantling of traditional rural structures). Along with this, I will try to show that most of the existing explanations overestimate the role of ideological arguments against religion and, on the contrary, underestimate the influence of factors such as the disruption of collective memory, the reduction of the public visibility of religion and the role of (non-) religious socialization.

PROCESET POLITIKE QË SHËNJUAN NËNSHTRIMIN E KISHËS ORTODOKSE AUTOQEFALE NGA SHTETI KOMUNIST NË VITET 1945-1949

Author(s): Çlirim DURO,Arben Jaupaj / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 02/2022

The end of World War II found Albanian society with a modest institutional legacy. The country formed in 1912 by Albanian nationalists and recognized "de jure" as a principality under the great powers' guarantee had experienced political upheaval and two world wars, which had devastated infrastructure and the economy. The new socio-economic model the state started to build began consulting with the Soviet advisers. Two meetings with the communist leadership in October 1945 and February 1946, as well as the constitution of January 1946, reflected a dichotomy between determination to maintain power and uncertainty about the construction of the new state. The Albanian Orthodox Church was recognized by the Patriarchate in 1937 as an autocephalous church under the direction of archbishop Kristofor Kisi, but faced the Italian military occupation and nationalist currents that organized resistance to fascism. Internal developments in the Albanian Orthodox community were influenced by political processes in that period, as defined by official historiography. Arrests and convictions of orthodox clerics on charges of collaboration with fascism will lead to educational and agrarian reforms, reducing the orthodox community's capacity to prepare clerical staff and meet economic needs. This will lead to increased dependency on the state and its aid, leading to a gradual transformation of the Orthodox community from an independent or semi-independent entity to a collaborative and fully state-dependent entity. The oscillations of the church's head, Kristofor Kisi, have been interpreted as a source of hope for the orthodox community and the independence of the albanian church. He hoped that society would save the democratic rights sanctioned in the constitution. The autocephalous Orthodox Church's relationship with the communist state has ended, with the church being transformed into a popular organization supporting the state and its modernizing reforms.