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Johann Carl Zinner

Author(s): Peter Winkler / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2015

The study presents a brief biography of university teacher, scientist and intellectual Carl Johannes Zinner († around 1810). His activities are connected in a special way with Košice, he worked at the Royal Academy. Interest in the modern history of the United States led him to make contact with Benjamin Franklin. In consideration of this he obtained a special position in the history of Hungary and belonged to the important persons of history at the late 18th century. The study maps Zinner's life, work as well as scientific and political thoughts of Zinner to the recent or past events.

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Funkcia trenčianskeho mestského komorníka v 17. storočí z pohľadu archontológie

Author(s): Peter Brindza / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2014

The municipal administration in the city of Trenčín had several different elements from most of the cities in the Kingdom of Hungary in the 17th century. One of them was represented also by the urban valet concer-ning the position and responsibilities within the municipal administration. He was not part of the Senate in Trenčín city, but on the other hand he fulfilled the tasks held by Burghers in other cities. At the turn of the 16th and 17th century, the valet became a permanent and integral part of Trenčín government. Due to the increase of economic power of the city and the administration as a whole, the function of urban valet was often considered as a kind of interchange stations for those who had the ambition to be selected for City Council. Those who were already there, they again cumulated interest in authorities because the urban valet organize the flow of city money; senators were trying to get often. The author of the study tries to portray the urban valet as a officer, in particular through the view of the circumstances of the election and his position, competencies and tasks entrusted within the city administration. In the present study there is also chronological overview of urban valet in the 17th century and two archontological profiles of urban valets who made a vital contribution to the population of our history.

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WOMEN AND GENDER EQUALITY: JUSTICE OR CIVILIZATION?

Author(s): Mustapha Alhaji Ali,Halima Ali Buratai / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2020

The issue of gender justice has drawn the attention of gender scholars as does gender equality a justice or civilization. Because of this, the paper examined women and gender equality justice or civilization. In discussing these gender issues, several documents, reports, newspapers, magazines, archives, articles, journals, among others, were systematically reviewed to support the argument. Two theories were used in supporting the argument. These are Islamic Feminist and Liberal Feminist theories. The assumptions of these theories centered on gender equality and gender justice in society. The study found that gender equality is not civilization but justice. This is of the fact that both men and women are born equal and need equal justice for the development of the nation. The paper recommended that men and women should be given equal opportunity in all aspects of life in order to ensure gender justice. Parents and religious leaders should adhere to the principles of gender equality for the betterment of society.

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DETECTING THE IDEOLOGICAL POSITION OF POLITICAL ISLAM TOWARDS LIBERAL DEMOCRACY IN MUSLIM COUNTRIES

Author(s): Nikola Gjorshoski,Goran Ilik / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2020

The question of the correlation between Islam, political Islam and liberal democracy has so far been the most exposed topic in exploring the democratic capacity of political Islam and Islamic societies in general. What is particularly intriguing about the relationship between political Islam and liberal democracy is the fact of its westernized triviality that has received a pejorative tone in Islamic political circles. Simplified, the triviality of liberal democracy for the Islamic political campus implies imposing a model of democracy that cannot be fully compatible with the original Muslim notion of society and government. Hence, the following paper analyzes exactly the relations of political Islam to specific inherent categories of liberal democracy such as the rule of law, representative government, the separation of powers and secularism as diferenta specifica of liberal western democratic discourse. Through the methods of induction and deduction, the author will illustrate how appropriate tangent or divergence is illustrated and how this is reflected in the general ideological positioning of political Islam towards liberal democracy in Muslim countries through an axiological and praxeological perspective.

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THE POSITION OF MINORITIES IN THE NEW STATE OF KOSOVO

Author(s): Bashkim Rrahmani / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

Although the Republic of Kosovo is a multi-ethnic society based on its 2008 Constitution, one particular minority is more protected and enjoys more rights compared to the others. It is the ethnic Serb community that appears to be the biggest obstacle for the future developments in Kosovo. The attitude of this ethnic community towards the state of Kosovo determines the Kosovo inner developments; it determines the relationships between Kosovo and Serbia and it could have some impact in the entire region of the Balkans. Using the combined methodology with methods of historical analysis and a method of legal analysis the author will describe and explain the position of the national communities known as minorities, including the position of Serbian minority in Kosovo according to the Kosovo legal system and the international law. Minorities enjoy constitutional protection of their rights, whereas the Serb community and its position are different compared to the other minorities. The different position of Serb minority derives in some way from the obligations Kosovo has taken from the international community, especially from the obligations that come from the Comprehensive Proposal for the Kosovo Status Settlement. This paper gives an analysis of the legal infrastructure in order to explore if the existing legal infrastructure substantially ensures the minority rights and if it ensures their protection. The conclusions of the paper aim to contribute to the academic debate and the practical work in the field.

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“NEIGHBOURHOOD FIRST POLICY” UNDER NARENDRA MODI: INDIA’S STRATEGIC CONCERNS IN SOUTH ASIA

Author(s): Do Thanh Ha / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

After becoming the Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi made many efforts to consolidate his dominance in South Asia and expand India’s influence in the Indian Ocean. The “neighborhood first policy” was highlighted in India’s foreign policy. Based on historical and logical research methods and studies in international relations, the paper aims to examine the implementation of “neighborhood first policy” through bilateral relations between India and its neighboring countries. These relationships have been facing challenges from the more profound influence and interference of China as well as frequent terrorist incidents due to border disputes, which threatened regional security. Although this policy connected India with its neighboring South Asian countries, there were still challenges. It can be seen that the “neighborhood first policy” was Prime Minister Modi’s effort to nurture bilateral relationships, enhance regional connectivity, and strengthen and elevate India’s position in the region. The progress of the “Neighborhood First” policy is expected to continue more successfully in the next phase.

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KOSOVO-SERBIA DIALOGUE: FROM BRUSSELS TO OHRID

Author(s): Bashkim Rrahmani,Petrit Bushi,Flamur Gashi / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

The EU-facilitated dialogue between Kosovo and Serbia, from its inception until today, has not realized the anticipated expectations and specified goals. Despite more than a decade of diverse engagement approaches by the involved parties, the situation remained precarious. The disputing parties persisted in their respective demands. Conversely, the facilitator/mediator primarily adhered to abstractly proclaimed declarations concerning integration perspectives rather than formulating instruments, measures, and strategies that could be imperative for a final settlement. The Russian aggression in Ukraine further complicated the dialogue, elevating the significance of geopolitics in the process. This paper aims to offer insights into the Kosovo-Serbia dialogue, emphasizing key factors and circumstances crucial for stability and the EU integration of the Balkans. The Franco-German proposal, recognized as an official EU document, holds particular importance. To achieve the paper’s objectives, the authors employed the methods of legal analysis, teleological analysis, description analysis, logical analysis, and comparative analysis.

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THE CHALLENGES OF NORMALIZING RELATIONS BETWEEN BELGRADE AND PRISTINA: IMPLICATIONS OF THE “AGREEMENT ON THE PATH TO NORMALIZATION“

Author(s): Mihajlo A. Vučić,Dragan Đukanović / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The article analyzes the process of normalizing relations between Belgrade and Pristina after adopting the Agreement on the Path to Normalization. The analytical framework of neorealism was used to explain that the normalization process was accelerated due to the war crisis in Eastern Europe. The international legal aspects of the agreement were scrutinized, based on the method of content analysis and comparative studies, to argue that the agreement is a legally binding treaty between two sides that respect each other’s international legal personality. The authors concluded that the European Union and the United States attempted to create new momentum in the decade-long and rather unsuccessful process by adopting the Agreement and the Annex on implementation. Thus, these documents were put in the context of relations between Belgrade and Pristina and broader European and regional levels of complex relations. In addition, the analysis concluded that the documents serve as new impulses in normalization as a continuous legal formalization of relations between the two sides based on international legal rules.

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GOOD GOVERNANCE AND RULE OF LAW EFFECT ON GDP GROWTH: LESSONS FOR EMERGING ECONOMIES

Author(s): Esat A. Durguti,Avni H. Alidemaj,Anatolijs Krivins / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The overall aim of this article is to explore the effect of governance parameters on gross domestic product (GDP) in the 15 countries of the European Union (EU15) as well as the 6 countries of Southeast Europe (SEE6). The research employed the dynamic methodology generalized methods of moments (GMM) to explore the data gathered from the World Bank and the Global Economy database stretching 2000 - 2022, correspondingly 2008 - 2022. Our analyzed result for EU15 confirms that regulatory quality (RQ), government effectiveness (GE), and rule of law (RL) positively influence GDP; instead, control of corruption (CC) negatively influences GDP. The results obtained for SEE6 reveal that GE and CC positively influence GDP, but instead, the RL negatively influences GDP. Additionally, RQ in the SEE6 instance has shown an insignificant influence on GDP. Unfortunately, the study could not cover every country in both panel groups because of data limitations. Regarding the study’s conclusions, increased dedication to applying and undertaking reform measures for the key governance indicators for SEE6 countries would be helpful. These insights may raise the need to create specific mechanisms for the RL and CC. Compared to other research, the novelty and originality of the present research lies in the fact that it used panel data via the dynamic GMM approach to explore the role of improving government quality metrics in GDP.

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EXAMINING THE GAP BETWEEN EU FUNDAMENTAL VALUES IN THEORY AND PRACTICE: A CASE STUDY OF MACEDONIA’S JOURNEY TOWARD EU ACCESSION

Author(s): Larisa Vasilevska / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The objective of this paper is to assess the gap between the EU’s commitment to its values and the fairness of its accession process, in particular the Macedonian journey to the EU, which is not only contradictory to the EU’s core values but also contradictory to the principle of equal rights and self-determination. For this purpose, the methodology consists of conducting qualitative analysis based on two bilateral agreements and analyzing the evolution of EU requirements and their implications. The paper argues that rather than enforcing the Copenhagen criteria and making the country’s pre-accession progress contingent on the strengthening of the rule of law, the EU has expended enormous effort in what was essentially a political bilateral dispute between states, with the resolution of the dispute to be replaced as a pre-accession criterion. The paper concludes that the EU should return to its fundamental values and prioritize merit-based criteria in the enlargement process, not a politically based decision.

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EMPOWERING COMMUNITIES IN KOSOVO: THE VITAL ROLE OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT IN ADVANCING EDUCATION AND CURBING DEVIANT BEHAVIOR

Author(s): Islam Hasani,Ferdi Kamberi / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Local communities play an essential role in developing and organizing their lives for joint betterment. Local self-government, through local democratic mechanisms, involves the community as part of the public policies, showing the sign of the development of the local democracy. This research aims to analyze the communication and collaboration between the local government and local communities in Kosovo, focusing on their role in the development of education and the reduction of deviant behavior, intending to create a better social environment for the community. The research methodology employed for this paper is as follows: library research, qualitative research, and the analysis of the laws in power related to the topic. There will be field research working with two focus groups belonging to the municipality of Prishtina, considering their ethnic component. General results show that communities are still in the development and organization phase, whereas their participation in the process of public policies is still under the average level. Social audits can be mechanisms for development, organizing the community, and involvement in local government policies.

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INTERNATIONAL REGISTER OF DAMAGE: THE GUARANTEE OF RECOVERING JUSTICE IN UKRAINE

Author(s): Olena Agapova / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

This study addresses the urgent need to establish a comprehensive compensation mechanism for damages incurred by Ukraine due to Russian aggression. The research analyzes the legal, procedural, and practical aspects of the Enlarged Partial Agreement on the Register of Damage instituted by the Council of Europe. Methodologically, the study employs existing literature, legal documentation, and various scientific methods to understand the dynamics of compensation mechanisms. The study identifies unresolved issues through a comprehensive literature review and proposes solutions. The study underscores the pivotal role of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine in meticulously documenting damages and proposes specific categories of compensation claims. Overall, the research highlights the significance of international cooperation and legal frameworks in restoring justice and providing accountability for those affected by the conflict.

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TAIWAN’S INTERNATIONAL LEGAL STANDING: NAVIGATING THE FRAGILE STATUS QUO

Author(s): Mahir Al Banna / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

This study aimed to discuss the legal limbo of Taiwan, whose political situation lies in a grey area of international law. Its legal status is ambiguous: while meeting the characteristics of a State, it is not recognized by other States so long as China claims it as a Chinese territory. The methodology developed in this study adopted the descriptive analytical approach to the different principles of international law, in addition to quantitative methods, which involved gathering data on cases, courts, and resolutions of international organizations, followed by thorough analysis. This research provided an in-depth investigation to critically assess Taiwan’s fragile status quo, threatened by a potential Chinese military intervention. The study found that the idea that Taiwan is deprived of legal status points out the shortcomings of international law. This study concluded that to overcome this tricky situation, Taiwan should take bold moves, such as making constitutional reforms to facilitate its independence.

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ASSESSING SUCCESS THROUGH PARTY LABEL DURABILITY: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY OF ALBANIA AND THE HOMELAND UNION OF LITHUANIA

Author(s): Ilir Kalemaj,Sokol Lleshi / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

This study provided a theoretical framework explaining center-right opposition parties’ evolution in former Eastern Europe. It answered why post-communist center-right parties lacked consistent success and either became marginalized, altered their ideologies, or ceased to exist in the long run. By taking the Democratic Party of Albania as one of the exceptions to the rule and comparing it to the Homeland Union-Lithuanian Christian Democrats, we showed the discrepancy with much of the other center-right parties. We followed a most different systems design, where the dominant center-right party of Albania and the dominant one in Lithuania were compared. Although much different in history, political culture, and institutions, they had similar successful trajectories as dominant center-right parties. We argued that the success of these parties depends upon the durability of party labels as a critical determinant of a party’s success historically, which takes priority over party strategy, mobilization power, social base, and the behavior of the center-right party toward political institutions. Overall, we emphasized party labels as cues of party identification and success.

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RECONSIDERING THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN CONFLICT AND SECURITY CONCERNS IN AFRICA

Author(s): Ndifon Neji,Immaculata Obaji-Akpet,Michael Otu,Joseph Ebegbulem,Samuel Edet,Ayuk Awunghe,Nwosu Stanley / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022 triggered a conflict that has transformed international relations through drastic impacts on policymaking, energy politics, and alliances. Such impacts have produced severe multi-dimensional consequences for African countries that have yet to be sufficiently interrogated in the literature. In response to this gap, this paper examined the security implications of the conflict for African countries to offer a comprehensive analysis that considers the intersection of the conflict with contemporary economic, human, social, and political issues confronting Africa. In discourse using a qualitative approach and rooted in a theoretical perspective drawn from the Copenhagen School, the paper underlined the security implications as evident in the areas of food security and governance, buttressing that the proxy conflicts and power struggles associated with this war have exacerbated existing challenges related to food availability and interfered with the consolidation of democracy in Africa. The paper concluded that the war’s multi-dimensional impact potentially compounds political instability vectors. It generates dynamics capable of eroding social cohesion and fomenting social unrest in Africa, meriting its designation as an issue of great concern to African policymakers.

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The Wagner Group as an Instrument of Russian Revisionist/Nihilist Policy

Author(s): Agnieszka Szpak,Agnieszka Bryc,Joanna Piechowiak / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The article highlights gaps in the literature and misunderstandings concerning the Wagner Group. It also examines the legal issues surrounding the status of the Wagner Group according to Russian and international law, as well as its use as a tool in Vladimir Putin’s policy of revisionism – a means to destroy or undermine the international order. The article has two objectives: (1). To demonstrate that the Wagner Group does not align with the typical definition of a private military company; (2). To illustrate that the Wagner Group serves as an instrument for Russian revisionism policy and the management of instability. The main contribution of this article is its contradiction of commonly accepted assumptions that classify the Wagner Group as a private military company, shedding new light on its status and usage. This methodological approach, combining perspectives from security, politics, and law, is enlightening and should be valuable to readers interested in security and international studies.

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Non-State Actors in Nation-State Cyber Operations

Author(s): Agata Małecka / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Since cyberspace has become another dimension of state competition, the number of nation-state cyber operations has increased significantly. In the recent past, they were associated with cyber espionage (political and industrial), and this is still in use. Many of them have taken the form of ransomware attacks, blocking access to data. Over a period of several years, there were numerous instances of cyber operations aimed at manipulating the interpretation of information. These operations utilized social media to influence election outcomes in democratic political systems by shaping voter behavior. One of the biggest problems in the analysis of nation-state cyber operations is attribution. Nevertheless, the actors conducting cyber operations are becoming better known. One of them is a category of Advanced Persistent Threat (APT). The main aim of the article is to identify the direction of the development of nation-state cyber operations, which is increasingly determined by non-state actors’ behavior. This requires highlighting the implications in terms of international law and the security strategies used by specific states – in both cases, in the process of ongoing creation. The main research problem was defined as the following question: How do states use APT to conduct cyber operations, and what are and could be the effects of the APT activities (an attempt to identify the characteristics of contemporary and future nation-state cyber operations based on an analysis of nation-state cyber operations in recent years)? In order to achieve the defined goal, the author primarily used qualitative methods: content analysis – in particular, institutional analysis and statistical data analysis.

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THE WAR IN UKRAINE AMONG CONTEMPORARY ARMED CONFLICTS

Author(s): Anton Bebler / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The war in Ukraine is the biggest, bloodiest and longest war in Europe since 1945. Its initial stage holds similarities with several other armed conflicts and wars in the last 50 years on Cyprus and in the territories of the former Soviet Union and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). Among the cases in ex-Yugoslavia the greatest similarity is seen with the war in Croatia (1991–1995). These conflicts stemmed from almost simultaneous breakdowns of two multinational „socialist federations” and their communist regimes. The dissimilarity of the second stage of the war in Ukraine and the war in Croatia is primarily due to the processes of NATO and EU enlargement coupled with the USA’s policy of using NATO enlargement and Ukraine as tools to harm and weaken Russia. The conflict about Ukraine developed into an indirect war between Russia and the US-led West, where Ukraine is the West’s proxy and the main victim. The final outcome of the war in Ukraine will be decided on the battlefield and not around a diplomatic table. Still, it will be very different from that in Croatia. Responsibility for the war in Ukraine and its consequences must be shared between the two direct belligerents, the co-responsible USA and other NATO members.

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The India-US Security and Defense Cooperation under Narendra Modi: Challenges and Assessments

Author(s): Hue Quach Thi,Hang Nga Le Thi,Oanh Nguyen Thi / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

This article studied the reality of India-US security-defense cooperation during the period under Narendra Modi’s leadership in India. The article employed realism, liberalism, and constructivism to analyze how India and the US strengthened their security and defense partnership. Research results found that, under N. Modi’s leadership since 2014, India-US security and defense cooperation changed significantly in quantity and quality. The article concluded that security and defense became important pillars of India-US relations. It was deepened and broadened as well as became more comprehensive. India became the US’s “major defense partner”. Despite the solid security-defense cooperation with the US, India could not become the US’s ally. On the other hand, “strategic autonomy” became a prominent feature of India’s foreign policy under N. Modi.

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The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and Its 1967 Protocol (2nd Edition) Edited by Andreas Zimmermann, Terje Einarsen, and Assistant Editor Franziska M. Herrmann (Publisher: Oxford University Press 2024)

Author(s): Mohammad Ramin Hakimy / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

The second edition of “The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and Its 1967 Protocol” is an authoritative and comprehensive guide to one of the most critical international legal frameworks on refugee law. This new edition, edited by Andreas Zimmermann and Terje Einarsen with contributions from internationally located experts of diverse backgrounds, builds on the foundation of the former and provides new and extended insights indispensable for scholars, practitioners, and policymakers in refugee protection. The interdisciplinarity of the editors also contributes to the international strengths of the work. The book significantly contributes to bringing out diverse perspectives by integrating 53 contributors from diverse fields and countries.

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