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A paráznaság és házasságtörés megítélése és büntetése a Debreceni Magisztrátus jegyzőkönyvei alapján (1547–1625). Adalékok Kálvin János teológiai hagyatékának magyarországi hatástörténetéhez

Author(s): Balázs Dávid Magyar / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2021

John Calvin was devoted to restore the sanctity of the Genevan townsfolk, by which he understood the practical fulfilment of God’s Law, the Ten Commandments. To be sure, his primary intention was to exert an influence on the texture of daily life of the Genevan population. He delivered sermons and published-edited commentaries in order to establish his new theological ethics, and marital reforms concerning the adequate moral life of a Christian family. He fought against every kind of sexual crime, including fornication and adultery. However, while Calvin accepted in theory that adultery ought to be punished with death penalty, the Genevan reality was very different, because Calvin was preaching from the mercy of God day by day. Calvin’s thoughts on Christian marriage and family life raised several historical, judiciary and social questions. An examination of Juhász Péter Méliusz’s Debrecen-Egervölgyi Confession and Major Articles shows that Calvin’s heritage deeply influenced the Hungarian Reformed teaching on engagement, marriage and divorce. Nonetheless, the readers will find that the reformers of the “Hungarian Reformed Church” did not cite directly the theological and ethical works of Calvin or Luther concerning the questions of fornication and adultery. An examination of the operation of the Magistracy of Debrecen reveals that, in case of adultery, sinners were allowed to receive the clemency of their spouses, extricating them from the legal procedure with this merciful statement: “I take no pleasure in the death of the wicked” (Ezech 33,11). Between 1547 and 1625 only 26 people (female: 17, male: 9) out of a total of 241 persons (female: 136, male: 105) accused of fornication and adultery were actually executed. Nevertheless, death sentence was promulgated in cases of serious fornication mixed with sexual violence or murder of infants.

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K odrazu premien súčasnej európskej spoločnosti v živote kresťana

Author(s): Jozef Králik,Kristína Králiková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2022

The majority population of the Slovak Republic professes Christianity. It has been a part of the Slovak statehood and society since the existence of Nitra Principality to the present. The Christianity accompanied the Slovaks through the Great Moravian Empire, the Kingdom of Hungary, Austrian Empire, Czechoslovakia. However, the qualitative parameters of the clergy and finally the position of Christians are changing more and more in the current Slovak society integrated into the European Union. Especially under the pressure of the aggressively promoting so-called liberalism. This raises the question of whether it is better to prioritize the authoritarian and Christian-based functioning of the state or to favor a liberal-democratic constitution with a growing dictatorship that tends to have full control over European nations and resigns in the interests of European civilization. The ideology of Islam thus stealthily creeps into the Christian states of Europe. Convergent to this state, we drafted the text of the paper. Based on an analysis of the current state of European society, the contribution concludes with the hypothesis that changes in contemporary European society have a significant impact on the lives of Christians in the Slovak Republic and in the European Union.

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Noua generaţie interbelică şi mentorii ei: vasile pârvan şi nae ionescu

Author(s): Corneliu Ciucanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XLVIII/2019

Aprés la Grande Union de 1918, la société roumaine davait répondre a une nouvelle agresions dirigée contre la carte méntale et identitaire-spirituelle de peuplé roumaine. Le danger de dissoudre communisme, internationaliste et athée déclanché la réaction nationaliste-chrétienne de jeunesse de l'université, et les lacunes du régime de la démocratie parlementaire roumaine entre les deux guerres mondiales (politicianisme, corruption, démagogie) ont généré la radicalisation de la nouvelle génération et la potentialisation le discours anti-système.

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Rolul mitropolitului pimen georgescu în timpul războiului pentru întregirea ţării (1916-1919)

Author(s): Corneliu Ciucanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XLVII/2018

In this article the author presents a few considerations about an important personality in the Orthodox Romanian Church – the metropolitan archbishop Pimen Georgescu. His activity in the First World War is underlined and his work for the National Unification of the Romanians. Also, the metropolitan archbishop Pimen Georgescu has remained in the public memory as the metropolitan archbishop of the Unification War.

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Contribuţii la relaţiile Ţării Moldovei cu centrle ortodoxe din Lvov şi Kiev (sfârşitul secolului al XVI-lea-prima jumătate a secolului al XVII-lea)

Author(s): Viorel Bolduma / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XLII/2013

The end of XVI-century, the first hay if the XVII century was one of the most intense period from the history of Tera Moldovei on tits political and religions field. In the same context, here it comes the relationship between Tara Moldovei and Ortodox Fraternity from Lvov and Kiev. The relationship with the Ortodox Fraternity from Lvov have been intense in the period of Al. Lapusneanu and Movilestilor. In the 30s and 40s of the XVII century, Moldova will focus its attention on the Ortodox Center from Kiev, with who Moldova has created political and cultural relationship. As a result, there is the creation of base of the Ortodox Church from Tara Moldovei. This was due to the bringing of the print ing and to the creation of the Coledge from Iasi and also to the impruvement of the political relationships between Vasile Lupu and the Polish Kingdom.

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ZIDNI OSLICI U CRKVI ROĐENJA PRESVETE BOGORODICE U KOPRIVNI – ANALIZA IKONOGRAFIJE, STILA I NARUČITELJA U KONTEKSTU UMJETNOSTI VITEŠKIH REDOVA

Author(s): Iva Papić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 21/2021

The subject of this paper are wall paintings in the fresco technique, discovered in 2007 in the sanctuary and in the lunette of the portal of the Church of the Nativity of the Most Holy Mother of God in Koprivna. This medieval church, originally dedicated to St. George, Lelja Dobronić associated with the Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem and interpreted it as the only remnant of their architecture on their medieval estate called Dopsa. Tibor Rostás, on the other hand, does not mention Dobronić's thesis about the Hospitallers' origin of the church in Koprivna and he connects the origin of the church and paintings in it with the Ják family from the middle of the 13th century. The text analyzes the historical written sources, as well as iconography and style of paintings in the sanctuary and the lunette of the church with the aim of giving a well-founded proposal about the original builders of the church and the patrons (sponsors) of these paintings. Koprivna is not mentioned directly as part of the Hospitallers estate of Dopsa, but the analysis of written sources from the 13th to the 15th century, which touch upon the estates in the immediate vicinity of Koprivna, supports the assumption that Koprivna, according to L. Dobronić, was originally part of the Hospitallers estate Dopsa in the 13th century, so that in the middle of the 14th century Koprivna was owned by the noble Korogyi family. In the analysis of paintings in the sanctuary, the Byzantine painting tradition was detected, which influenced the iconography of the individually depicted figures - especially the depiction of the Virgin Mary of the Nykopoia type and St. George in a standing frontal position - as well as the iconography of the entire preserved composition. Stylistic analysis of the paintings affirmed similarities with the probably simultaneous Italo-Byzantine style of the Italian trecento. The similarities are visible in the design of the volume, folds, wings of the archangel and the throne of the Virgin. A comparative analysis of paintings from Koprivna with related European Romanesque murals showed that the choice of iconographic types and compositions, the choice of saints for painting within the sanctuary and, finally, the stylistic characteristics of the depicted characters can be interpreted in the context of knight crusaders' art. Based on the established similarities of wall paintings from Koprivna with examples of Templars' and Hospitallers' art from Italy, France, Greece and the former Holy Land, it is proposed that Knights of St. John were builders of the church in Koprivna and also patrons of paintings and prescribed iconography in the church sanctuary. The presented proposal is in accordance with the assumptions of earlier historians about the Hospitallers' origin of the church.

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Mănăstirea Răchitoasa

Author(s): Laurentiu Chiriac / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XLI/2012

Dans cet article, l'auteur présente un bref historique du monastère Răchitoasa, département de Bacau. On présente, brièvement, l’histoire de l'évolution des bâtiments qui se sont succédés au fil du temps dans ces endroits.

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Biserica „Adormirea Maicii Domnului” din Iţcani, Suceava. Istoricul

Author(s): Mihaela Băbuşanu Amalanci / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XL/2011

In this article (The Church of the Assumption from Iţcani, Suceava.The history), the author presents the history of the Church of the Assumption of Iţcani, Suceava former convent.

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The Confessional Landscape of Roma Communities in Post-Socialist Romania

Author(s): Marin Ilies,Nicolaie Hodor,Gabriela Ilies,Ioana-Julieta Josan,Alexandru Ilies / Language(s): English Issue: Suppl. 1/2021

Post-socialist Romania is experiencing increasing religious tolerance, leading to the diversification of religious choices. Gradually, the banned religions were officially recognized, restructuring the confessional landscape with several ethnically-related specificities. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze the evolution and features of the Roma communities in Romania, in order to outline the spatial distribution of ethno-confessional groups. Data provided by the official censuses from 1992, 2002 and 2011, processed using spatial analysis at county level, show a certain adherence of Roma communities to the newer churches (especially neo-Protestant rites such as Pentecostal, Baptist, Adventist), alongside the traditional ones (Orthodox, Catholic, Muslim, Protestant), outlining a confessional landscape with a specific social, cultural and demographic behavior.

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Križevci u lokalnim novinama „Križevački glas“ (1943.)

Author(s): Ivan Peklić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2017

This article analyses the weekly publication Križevački glas which came out in Križevci in 1943. The article analyses news articles related to political events. Those can be divided into several segments. First off, I highlight the news from the town and district, which depict life in a Croatian town during World War II. Secondly, I bring the news from the whole of Croatia, as well as the decisions made by the Croatian government and chief, of course. Thirdly, there are those news which relate to reports from the battlefields. The foreign policy news are the rarest. After these, news from economy are analyzed. Those can be further divided into articles which relate to advice on growing plants, as well as animals. Then there are news relating to the town and town economy. This paper also analyzes notifications from culture. I will list the feuilletons published by the weekly. Those are the feuilleton on the history of the high school in Križevci, excerpts from the books by Fran S. Gundrum – Oriovčanin “The formal reception of ban Jelačić in Križevci on July 11th1848” and Dragutin Ferkić “Brother and sister or the Battle of Križevačko polje”. The article also brings forth religious themes which mostly relate to the activities by the Greek-Catholic diocese and the celebration of individual church holidays in Križevci.

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Vjerski prijelazi s pravoslavne na rimokatoličku i grkokatoličku vjeroispovijest na području kotareva Pakrac i Daruvar između 1941. i 1945.

Author(s): Filip Škiljan / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2016

The author of this paper provides information on religious transitions from the Orthodox to Greek Catholic and Roman Catholic confessions in the area of Pakrac and Daruvar districts between the years 1941 and 1945. Based on the archival materials from the Archbishop Archives Zagreb, Croatian State Archives and the State Archive in Bjelovar, the author investigates how religious transitions were done, how frequent they were i.e. where they were more (or less) frequent in the Pakrac Archdeaconate. There is one piece of information on 1879 requests submitted for the religious transition from the Orthodox to Roman Catholic confession in the area of nine rectories of the Archdeaconate of Pakrac. The paper also deals with transitions into the Greek Catholic confession in the area of Velike Bastaje. According to research, religious transitions from the Orthodox to Roman Catholic confessions were most frequent in the area of the Čaglić rectory and the greatest portion of them happened between April 1941 and mid-1942. According to a list of names of those who performed transitions, 1461 Orthodox believers transitioned to the Roman Catholic confession in 1941. 412 transitioned in 1942 and, in the last three years of the war, a total of 6 people transitioned. The number of transitions significantly dropped after the setting up of the Croatian Orthodox church in April 1942.

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O relacji języka i płci w religijnym dyskursie katolickim

Author(s): Marzena Makuchowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 55/2021

The article falls within the current of linguistic research on religious language, specifically on the language of Polish Catholicism. The paper is divided into two parts. The first discusses the specificity of the problem of gender resulting from the fact that the objects of religious faith are supernatural Beings, but in human beliefs, in culture, they are also attributed gender. The figures from the world of the Sacred - God, Jesus, the Holy Spirit, Mary, the angel, Satan - although they may be conceptualized as androgynous (in philosophy, in feminist theology), in „ordinary”, everyday cult and pastoral language (prayers, songs, sermons, etc.) they are linguistically represented as persons of unambiguous gender: male or female. Language thus creates a world of the Sacred whose image is not at odds with the colloquial image of gender, and the means developed to serve interpersonal contacts prove sufficient.The second presents certain linguistic strategies that are intended by the senders to build the gender identity of Polish male Catholics. This strategy involves the use of military language (war metaphors, vocabulary etc.) for religious practices (praying the rosary, pilgrimages, retreats etc.), which create the image of a soldier of Christ, and as the essence of masculinity – physical and mental strength and domination.

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Biserica Schitului Pârveşti (judeţul Vaslui)

Author(s): Laurentiu Chiriac / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XXXVIII/2009

L’auteur met en evidence, par son etude, un église en bois qui a été construite avant l’année 1666, par le magistrate Apostol Talpeş. Après, l’église en bois neuve a été construite sur le meme lieu et avec les memes caractéristiques architecturales, pendant l’année 1820.

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Cu privire la începuturile Mitropoliei Moldovei. Consideraţii asupra datei întemeierii eparhiei moldave

Author(s): Vasile Mărculeţ / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XXXVII/2008

La constitution de l'Etat independent Moldavie, â la moitie du XIVe siecle, a ete suivie, dans les decennies suivantes, par l'organisation des institutions fondamentales de l'Etat. Parmi celles-ci, l'organisation de l'institution ecclesiastique ont occupe un lieu â part dans l'action politique-diplomatique des autorites moldaves, qui ont opte pour l'organisation de l'Eglise locale comme metropolie ortodoxe sous la jurisdiction du Patriarcat Oecuemenique de Constantinople.

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Mărturii arheologice privind începuturile vieţii creştine în zona Bârladului

Author(s): Laurentiu Chiriac / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XXXV/2006

L’auteur trate dans cette étude les découvertes archéologiques de facture chrétienne qui se trouve sur le teritoire de la vallée de Bârlad, de Tutova et d’Elan. L’étude met en évidence tant les découvertes archéologiques avec des symboles chrétiennes, mais aussi des églises et des cimètieres de la yone nomée du début de la vie chrétienne jusqu à la fin de l’époque médievale.

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Transformations of Old Believer Wedding Rites in Latvia: The Case of Latgale

Author(s): Jelena Korolova,Oksana Kovzele,Ilze Kačāne,Maija Grizāne / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

The wedding is an integral part of family life. The ways in which it is organised can differ not only between representatives of different religious groups, but also between members of the same denomination. By applying cultural-historical, ethnographic and qualitative data processing method, the paper focuses on transformations in Old Believer wedding rites between the first half of the 20th century and the present. Analysis of interviews conducted in the south-eastern region of Latvia reveals that there have been several variations in Old Believer weddings (traditional, religious and civil) which interacted and overlapped, thus creating new hybrid forms. The transformations depended on urbanisation and economic processes, political conditions, and the development of the community in interaction with other ethnic and religious groups under conditions of globalisation.

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Protectoratul catolicilor din Moldova

Author(s): Anton Coşa / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XXXIII/2004

Dans cet article l'auteur trate le probleme du protectorat pendant les XVIIe-XIXe siecles et son implications dans la vie interne et internationale, jusqu' au debut de ce probleme.

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Înfiinţarea şi evoluţia Episcopiei Catolice de Bacău

Author(s): Anton Coşa / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XXXII/2003

Cet etude s'occupe des aspects historiques sur l'institution et I'evolution du Diocese catholique de Bacău (1391-1818). On clarifie une serie des problemes controverses de I'histoire du Diocese catholique de Bacău, l'institution ecclesiastique qui a eu la plus longue periode d'existence.

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Lelkészképzés a Dél-Erdélyi Református Egyházkerületi Részben

Author(s): Mózes Ambrus / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 6/2021

As a consequence of the Second Vienna Award of 30 August 1940, the Transylvanian Reformed Church was split into two parts. Broadly 240 000 Reformed believers in Southern Transylvania came under the jurisdiction of the Romanian state. Bishop János Vásárhelyi and the Council of Church Directors of the Transylvanian Reformed Church entrusted Ferenc Nagy and Count Bálint Bethlen with the task of organising the administration of the congregations in Southern Transylvania. The church also had to decide on how to organise the training of pastors in the South Transylvanian Reformed Church District. In the spring of 1941, a training course was organised for theologians, after which they could complete the theological studies they had begun. In September 1941, the Bethlen Theological Academy in Nagyenyed was opened, with four departments and four full-time teachers.

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Gachal János (1881-1944) mártír püspök emlékezete - Származása és tanulmányai

Author(s): István-Levente Higyed / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 5/2021

In this study we trace back the life of Reformed minister, dean and bishop János Gachal until his traceless disappearance. We also present the organisational development of the Reformed Church in southern Hungary at the moment of the collapse of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and the border modifications that took place during the Second World War. János Gachal spent most of his ministry in southern Hungary where he experienced the horrors of both world wars. One can discover his integrity in a world that changed abruptly around him. He became active in saving communists, Jews and Yugoslav partisans. He was a skilled organiser of the congregations. The era of his ministry is characterised by a vibrant atmosphere regarding both the life of the church and the cultural and economic life of the communities. During the Second World War he has fallen victim to the unstoppable ethnical cleansing. Even today, nobody exactly knows what exactly happened and where was he buried.

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