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The purpose of this paper is to explore the ties between business and power in Russia and to analyse the features of what can be considered a conflictual relationship. Using the approaches of D. North, J. Wallis, B. Weingast, and J. Nye as a starting point, this article provides an overview of new business development in Russia and suggests that power is an important factor in the relationship between businesses and authorities in a transitional society. Drawing on both a theoretical and empirical analysis, it will be shown that ties between businesses and authorities have come to generate social distrust and negative attitudes towards both institutions in today’s Russia.
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Kremlin critic says he was framed and that he’s ready to explain everything.
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The author offers a critical judgment of Lacanian psychoanalysis, pointing out its normativizing aspect. He acknowledges the impossibility of reconciliation of psychoanalytic thought with the theory of radical difference, the example of which is queer, which has been postulated by such scholars as Judith Butler, Lee Edelman or Leo Bersani. As Eribon claims, queer theory constitutes a continuation of (anti-psychoanalytic) philosophy of Michel Foucault, and it would be theoretically much more inspiring – Eribon further argues – to try to juxtapose Foucault’s thought with Sartre rather than with Freud or Lacan.
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The reform of Chinese banking system was undertaken by Deng Xiaoping in 1978. During this structural change, the central bank of the People’s Republic of China departed the ministry and became a separate entity. The People’s Bank of China was formally established as the central bank in 1983 by the State Council. As a result of the reforms of Deng Xiaoping China underwent a change of monobank system to two-tier banking system. Moreover, the function of the People’s Bank of China as a central bank was formally confirmed in 1995 when the third Plenum of the National People’s Congress adopted The Law of the People’s Republic of China on the People’s Bank of China. The China Banking Regulatory Commission (CBRC) is the supervisor of the financial institutions in the People’s Republic of China. The central government established this institution in March 2003. The State Council is the leadership of the CBRC. The main functions of the China Banking Regulatory Commission is the formulation of supervisory rules and regulations concerning the Chinese banking institutions, the authorization of the establishment, changes of the financial institutions and also the compilation and publishing of the statistics and reports of the banking industry.
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The direction of political changes in Poland has recently been debated in the European Parliament. Here, in a nutshell, is the chronicle of relevant events. In 2015 elections, a previously unknown candidate Andrzej Duda won the presidency while Prawo i Sprawiedliwość (Law and Justice) received the plurality of votes. Two new parties, Kukiz-15 and Nowoczesna.pl, gained substantial presence in the parliament.
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In light of recent policies aiming to promote the prolongation of working life, one of the key questions is how people have adjusted their retirement expectations (i.e., realistic plans) and preferences (i.e., wishes and desires). We explore which social groups plan to continue working after the statutory retirement age, and whether they wish to do it or whether it is a forced choice (‘involuntary’ work). Overall, almost all employed late career workers plan to work until or beyond retirement age in Estonia, especially men and those who have more educational and health resources. Still, results of a joint analysis of plans and wishes indicate that two groups have a higher risk of ‘involuntary’ work. First, a higher education combined with a low job satisfaction predicts staying longer in the labour despite the wish to retire as early as possible. Second, individuals who have poor health and a low job satisfaction often wish to retire as early as possible but stay in the labour market until reaching to the compulsory retirement age. Thus, policy measures increasing merely the statutory retirement age create tensions, especially among those not satisfied with their jobs. More analytical work and policy measures are needed to provide solutions at the workplace level that would enable a prolonged work career.
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In this article an attempt is made to give a comprehensive critical analysis of the phenomenon of “modern capitalism” in the context of its existential being and further dialectical development. Synthesis and integration of the theoretical and methodological components of social philosophy, political economy, philosophy of language and descriptive metaphysics reveal essential and specific features of modern capitalist society. It is concluded that the internal contradictions of the very essence of modern capitalism will inevitably lead to its elimination. In this regard, the problem of finding a theoretical alternative to the post-capitalist development of the society is raised.
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With financial globalization, many economies have been experiencing important fluctuations which have been stemming from abroad. These fluctuations are particularly felt in foreign currency markets. Changes in exchange rates have direct and indirect effects on various economic variables. One of the most important of these effects is that on inflation. In this study, the relationship between exchange rate fluctuations and general level of prices in Turkey is asymmetrically investigated. Monthly data from the 2003:01-2016:02 period, which includes important developments in the global economy, was used to determine the effect of domestic prices in Turkey. In this respect, Non-parametric ARDL (NARDL) method was employed to estimate the effect of exchange rates on prices.
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Though the Shanghai Cooperation Organization has achieved great success in the issue of regional security since its establishment, it is still unable to carry out the regional economic integration. Conflicting interests of the member states and position of China and Russia in the region are the reasons of this situation. Methods intended for he solution of the issues that inhibit the success of SCO in the region are analyzed in this article. Basic Chinese resourses are made use of.
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Though the Shanghai Cooperation Organization has achieved great success in the issue of regional security since its establishment, it is still unable to carry out the regional economic integration. Conflicting interests of the member states and position of China and Russia in the region are the reasons of this situation. Methods intended for he solution of the issues that inhibit the success of SCO in the region are analyzed in this article. Basic Chinese resources are made use of.
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The aim of the theories is to be helpful for explaining the events that are in the international arena. This article has been examined in the perspective of interdependence theory. Realism is regarded as the most influential and dominant theory in International Relations since Second World War. With the emergence of liberalism, the importance of military power began to decline in relations between states. In the contemporary globalized world, the term ‘interdependence’ is frequently used. It is a situation in the world politics where all the actors including states as well as non-state actors, are dependent upon one another. Small countries have larger trade gains when trading with a large country than with a small country. Economic competition is still important today between states.
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Political parties in a democratic system, are trying to get his/her vote by convincing voters. Parties make political campaign which is a political communication activities to convince voters. Parties use election promises as an important instrument of political campaign in order to be attracted the vote of the electorate. Promises which are made to answer the main problems of the country, the electorate’s expectations and demand’s, function as an effective tool to convince. In this study, it is appeared that how the economic promises which are used in AK Party’s political campaign in 1 November general election affect the election results.
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Bruto nacionalni proizvod neke zemlje može se razdijeliti na različite načine. Konkretno, može se razdijeliti tako da bolje zadovoljava manje hitne nego hitnije potrebe. U tom je slučaju opće blagostanje stanovništva ispod objektivno postizive razine. Ovaj jednostavni zdravorazumski pristup potiče dobro poznate i goleme analitičke i teoretske probleme. Ako prihvatimo - kao što se to općenito čini - da međupersonalne usporedbe blagostanja nisu moguće ili opravdane, tada izgleda da nema objektivnih kriterija za prosuđivanje relativne hitnosti potreba. Uz to, opće blagostanje ovisi ne samo o raspodjeli, već i o proizvodnji. Stoga imamo zamku povratne sprege u sistemu koji ne možemo mjeriti - jasnu analitički mrtvu točku.
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Do Smith, Hume and other Scots have an argument to reject John Brown’s claim in his Estimate that a society based on self-interest lacks cohesion? And can they do so without accepting Hobbes’ argument that the necessary cohesion can only be provided by the threat of coercion from a sovereign? The research problem and methods: Problem: The eighteenth century debate on the nature of commercial society. Method: Analysis of key texts in the debate as it occurred in Scotland. The process of argumentation: The Scots argue that a society where every man lives by exchanging, operating on the assumption of self-interest, is a more peaceable, more equitable and thus more cohesive than that envisioned by Brown. When reinforced by the rule of law, self-interested behavior supports mutually supportive behavior. Ultimately this embodies a constant and universal principle of human nature. Human behavior is not random or chaotic and a commercial society not only exemplifies that fact but also sustains a form of societal life superior to any that has one before. Research results: Nostalgia for an earlier time is mis-placed. For all its vehemence Brown’s critique is mis-directed and thus unjustified. Conclusion, innovations and recommendations: This selection of the Scots should be widened to investigate whether Ferguson, Kames, Wallace among others have the same resources as Hume and Smith to rebut Brown.
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This paper studies the prevalence, pre-eminence, premises and political usage of the “cultural dualism” narrative in contemporary Greece, which is predominantly attributed to Nikiforos Diamandouros. The research problem and methods: The “cultural dualism” (“underdog culture”) reading of Modern Greece divides Greek society and political life into an “underdog” Orthodox conservative culture and a “reformist” Western secular culture, thus forming a Neo-orientalist schematization. The paper traces and analyses instances of this dichotomy (particularly instances in which it is presented as self-evident, a given) in Greek academia, journalism and political discourse. The process of argumentation: This “underdog culture” narrative, broadly understood, is here identified as the implicit hermeneutic approach almost universally employed when studying non-standard political and cultural thought in Greece: other forms thereof comprise the dichotomies of “normal/ non-biased” versus “anti-Western,” “European” versus “national-populist,” “secular” versus “religious/Byzantine/Orthodox” etc. I proceed to analyse those and propose the term “Greek Neo-orientalism” for their categorization. Research results: In the paper, the prevalence of Diamandourean “underdog culture” reading in the Greek public sphere – academic as well as political and journalistic – is demonstrated, concluding that a non-Neo-orientalist reading of contemporary Greek political thought and theory is yet to appear. Conclusions, innovations and recommendations: The paper underscores the need for an alternative research agenda that would for the first time examine non-standard Greek political thought that affirms Greece’s Byzantine past and Orthodox culture not via the Neo-orientalist approach, but through a methodology suitable to that end.
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The relations between European Union (EU) and South Asia are not new. However, South Asia is one of the fastest growing economies of the world; the EU’s development policy has given less attention to this region. This paper aims to elucidate and evaluate the EU engagement towards South Asia through development policy and generate an argument on reasons for the EU to strengthen its strategy in the region. Pursuing its comprehensive attention towards the region, the EU intends to address different development- related challenges under its ‘Agenda for Change’ initiation. The main question addressed in this research is ‘Why South Asia is important for the EU?’ The discussion below attempts to incorporate empirical analysis regarding challenges and prospects for the EU in the region. In terms of theoretical approach, this paper follows a neoliberal perspective to analyse the EU development policy. The main findings of the research is that however the EU has strengthened its development partnership with South Asia, the EU is still not considered as a main actor in the region.
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The article aims to discuss Populist Radical Right (“PRR”) through the case of the Portuguese party, Chega (“enough”), presenting its leader, André Ventura, as a political Messiah. Confronting the literature, this article emphasises that, until Ventura came into the scene and contrary to the idea of Portuguese exceptionalism, populism was historically evident in Portuguese politics long before the advent of Chega. Although much has been written about the PRR party, this article presents its leader, André Ventura, in the frame of political messianism. Supporting the argument with tweets from Ventura, this article shows that the leader of Chega navigates the waters of Portuguese colonial memory, with its narrative of a country without racism and of political messianism with roots in Sebastianism in case of Portugal, a poetic-prophetic aspiration for the return of the political saviour. To acquire a religious aura, Ventura uses elements of popular Portuguese religiosity, such as the Miracle of Fatima.
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In this paper, is presented an overview of the evolution of international trade, emphasizing its role in enabling the international division of labor and a brief examination between Albania and Western Balkan countries foreign trade. The development of foreign trade is intrinsically linked to liberalization, which, in turn, fosters connectivity and mutual economic interdependence among nations. The performance exhibited in both exports and imports plays an important role in fostering sustainable development within the country's economy. Active engagement in these initiatives broadens Albania economy specialization possibilities but, simultaneously, necessitates a commitment to enhancing competitiveness. This development has been shaped by economic, social, political, and cultural factors, with significant advancements in recent decades due to industrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, and the emergence of multinational corporations. Trade indicators for each country serve as a reflection of economic development and mutual benefit. The international markets of foreign countries serve as platforms for both generating additional income through exports and fulfilling the domestic economy's requirements through imports.
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To nie będzie opowieść o Lechu Wałęsie, Ronaldzie Reaganie i Janie Pawle II. Nie o bohaterskim społeczeństwie, Kościele i „Solidarności”. W centrum będą pieniądze. Bo Polska była kluczowa dla obalenia komunizmu, ale początkiem całego procesu było bankructwo.
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