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Greek Debt in Political Situation in the New Age of EU and Institutional Loan Sharks

Greek Debt in Political Situation in the New Age of EU and Institutional Loan Sharks

Author(s): Alexios Panagopoulos,Vasileios Anyfantis / Language(s): English Issue: 17/2016

A close look at the factors and the contributors of the current financial crisis, especially as it regards Greece, which is under immense pressure from friendly institutional organizations. Who and why is pushing economies to their fiscal limits in the Eurozone when there is no apparent logical explanation for such extreme austerity, nor past successful examples. The heavily indebted economies are not possible to consolidate their finances and reduce their loans, using old recipes – so they’ll have to resort to the method of deleting or freezing of debts, since there is no other peaceful solution. «If we don’t react collectively, then we will lose our homes, we will lose our deposits, we will miss the euro, we will eventually reach bankruptcy and debt slaves of elite in perpetuity – in our own motherland!»

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Pravni i ekonomski aspekti odštetnog prava u Americi i Francuskoj

Author(s): Aleksandar Mojašević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2009

The subject of analysis in this study are the legal and economic aspects of the tort law in America and France. In the first part of the study, the author shows modern insights of an economic analysis of the tort law in America. The economic efficiency of different liability rules in scope of the economic model is examined with the help of the Chicago law and economic school. The transaction costs during the analysis of the economic efficiency of those rules is also taken into consideration. On the other hand, the use of the so-called Hand rule, used by judges when deciding about the fault of a tortfeasor, represents an important question. In the second part of the study, the stress is put on the French tort law, on the use of economic methods and on the economic reasoning of judges in the practice. The French Code Civil will be analyzed in relation to some notions which have an economic connotation, so that they represent a good base for the implementation of scientific knowledge developed in America by law and economic theoreticians. Starting with concepts of the Chicago law and economic school, in this study the author also tries to light up elementary objectives of the tort law – compensation and prevention. The basic hypothesis is that liability rules give ex ante incentives for avoiding ex post liability. Because of that, the analysis is focused on the prevention function of the tort rules, the testing of that function in the frame of the economic model developed in America, which applies in the French tort law, too.

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セルゲイ・ブルガーコフの経済哲学における マルクス主義とソフィア論

Author(s): Satoshi Kitami / Language(s): Japanese Issue: 64/2017

В нескольких предыдущих статьях мы обсуждали метафизическое мировоззре- ние ряда мыслителей периода так называемого «русского религиозно-философского ренессанса» (Вяч. Иванова, Н.О. Лосского, Н.А. Бердяева, С.Л. Франка). В результа- те мы выяснили, что главным предметом их мышления является ноуменальный мир (сущее, вещь в себе, реальность и т. д.), но при этом именно их понятие о ноуменаль- ном мире включает противоречие: они считают ноуменальный мир, с одной стороны, временно и динамично становящимся миром, а с другой, миром идей, никогда не изменяющимся и вечно сохраняющим свою самоидентичность. В данной статье мы хотим показать, что такого же рода противоречивое понятие о ноуменальном мире можно найти и у С.Н. Булгакова, особенно в его концепции так называемой «фило- софии хозяйства». Вероятно, стоит задаться вопросом: почему у мыслителей «русского религиоз- но-философского ренессанса» представление о ноуменальном мире всегда включает в себя противоречие? Надо думать, это происходит потому, что несмотря на сильное влияние т. н. «философии жизни», в особенности Ницше, Бергсона и прагматистов, по одному пункту русские выступают с критикой этих западных философов. Рус- ские мыслители, желая скорректировать их теорию, в сущности, внесли в нее несо- вместимый с ней элемент, а именно, — элемент, заимствованный из платонизма: с одной стороны, под сильным влиянием «философии жизни» они тоже представляют ноуменальный мир как поток жизни, непрерывно становящийся и изменяющий свой образ, а с другой, они упрекают западных философов за то, что те считают жизнь только хаотическим потоком, и вслед за платониками настаивают на том, что ноу- менальный мир является еще и миром гармоничным и органическим, состоящим из вечных идей. Из-за этого ноуменальный мир представляется русским мыслителям одновременно и как становящийся во времени динамичный мир, и как мир вечно неподвижный, статичный. Что касается Булгакова, то нужно сказать, что в отличие от других современных ему русских мыслителей он не в такой степени был подвержен влиянию западной «фи- лософии жизни», тем не менее, и у него можно найти такое же противоречивое поня- тие о ноуменальном мире. Почему же это противоречие, которое у других мыслителей происходит от их двойственности по отношению к «философии жизни», присутству- ет и у Булгакова, который явно не так сильно связан с этой философией? Вероятно, это происходит потому, что у Булгакова при формировании понятия о сверхэмпириче- ском мире такую же роль, как «философия жизни», играет другая теория. Мы имеем в виду не что иное, как марксизм. Булгаков, по крайней мере в определенный период, представляет себе марксизм как своего рода подобие «философии жизни». Как известно, в марксизме есть понятия «экономический базис» и «идеологи- ческая надстройка». Первое понятие обозначает динамические и творческие силы жизни, которые как раз и заставляют человеческий мир непрерывно и динамично становиться и преображаться. Ясно, что марксистское понятие «экономический ба- зис» соответствует понятию «жизни» в «философии жизни» или ноуменальному миру (Дионису у Ницше, длительности («durée») у Бергсона). А второе понятие над- стройки соответствует миру представлений, миру, который построен человеческим сознанием (идеологией господствующего класса), но, несмотря на эту построен- ность, представляется человеческому сознанию (сознанию господствующего класса) как неискусственный и вечный мир. Вероятно, на основе такой интерпретации марксистских понятий, касающихся поверхностного и глубинного миров, Булгаков считает возможным рассматривать марксизм как своего рода «философию жизни» и, высоко оценивая его за это, в то же время критикует его за то, что ноуменальный мир (экономический базис), если строго следовать учению марксизма, неизбежно предстает слепой стихией, превра- щающей исторически развивающийся человеческий мир в бесцельный и хаотиче- ский процесс. Поэтому, критикуя марксизм, Булгаков, так же, как и другие русские мыслители, вводит в эту теорию совсем чуждый ей элемент, имеющий связь с пла- тоническими идеями. В случае «философии хозяйства» Булгакова таким элементом оказывается понятие «софия», взятое из русской религиозной мысли, или «филосо- фия тождества», заимствованная у Шеллинга. Таким образом, Булгаков с помощью религиозно-философского понятия «софии» или идеалистической и мистической «философии тождества» Шеллинга пытается преобразить материалистическую тео- рию марксизма и тем самым построить свою собственную «философию хозяйства». То есть он действует так же, как другие современные ему русские философы — с помощью платонизма преображает «философию жизни» западного происхождения в свою собственную «русскую философию жизни». Как явствует из вышеизложенного, центральной темой данной работы было своеобразное истолкование С. Булгаковым марксизма как своего рода «философии жизни» и его попытка преобразовать учение марксизма в свою «философию хозяй- ства» путем соединения его с софиологией. Обсуждая эти центральные вопросы, мы обратили особое внимание на следующие пункты: во-первых, как Булгаков понимает марксизм, в чем он солидарен с марксизмом и в чем состоит его критика марксизма; во-вторых, как он разрабатывает свою собственную «философию хозяйства», какую функцию в этой философии играет «софиология» или «философия тождества» Шел- линга; в-третьих, мы говорили о возможности провести параллель между схемой, в соответствии с которой Булгаков развивает свою мысль вокруг марксизма и «софи- ологии», и схемой, в которую вписывают «философию жизни» и платонизм другие современные ему русские мыслители; в-четвертых, мы старались показать, что и у Булгакова, и у других русских мыслителей можно найти два противостоящих начала: одно — разворачивающееся во времени, представленное марксизмом или «филосо- фией жизни», и второе — идеальное начало, выражаемое софиологией или плато- низмом. Эти два начала играли центральную роль не только в замысле «философии хозяйства», но и вообще на протяжении всех периодов творчества Булгакова. Под этим углом зрения мы рассмотрели также сборник его статей «От марксизма к идеа- лизму», «Свет невечерний» и др. Обращая внимание на данные пункты, мы обсудили связанные с марксизмом проблемы в «Философии хозяйства» Булгакова.

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Przeczytajmy „Kapitał” - pierwsze zdanie. Albo „Kapitał” zaczyna się od bogactwa, a nie towaru

Przeczytajmy „Kapitał” - pierwsze zdanie. Albo „Kapitał” zaczyna się od bogactwa, a nie towaru

Author(s): John Holloway / Language(s): Polish Issue: 25/2017

Contrary to received opinion, Marx’s analysis in Capital does not start from the commodity, it starts from wealth. This has enormous theoretical and political implications.

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Sytuując to, co wspólne. De Angelis, Agamben i zewnętrze kapitalizmu

Sytuując to, co wspólne. De Angelis, Agamben i zewnętrze kapitalizmu

Author(s): Łukasz Moll / Language(s): Polish Issue: 25/2017

In my article I propose to see the global, multidirectional movement for the commons as a project which lies in a horizon emerging from Karl Marx’s Capital. I treat the commons as a non-capitalist alternative, organized around direct producers’ practices, which experience dispossession not only through extraction of surplus value, but also through the loss of the whole commonweal caused by the dominance of the commodity form. I use Rosa Luxemburg’s writings and books, co-authored by Antonio Negri and Michael Hardt, to point out the weaknesses of the theoretical perspective that combines the common with the disappearance of the non-capitalist outside and transformation of its inside. I refer to Massimo de Angelis to present the common as an outside and to Giorgio Agamben to exhibit the Franciscan form-of-life as a project which exceeds the inside/outside division. Different interpretations of the common in the light of the theory of the non-capitalist outside refer to competing visions of commonism.

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Ogólny wzór dóbr wspólnych

Ogólny wzór dóbr wspólnych

Author(s): Massimo De Angelis / Language(s): Polish Issue: 25/2017

This article is in fact a translation of chapter 5 of Massimo De Angelis’ Omnia Sunt Communia. On the Commons and the Transformation to Postcapitalism. Inspired by the formulas of circulation, the author undertakes an examination of the co-dependency relationship between capital and the commons. In the end he presents a general formula of the commons and, at the same time, the hidden side of the C-M-C and M-C-M formulas, which hitherto had been overlooked, even by Marx.

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Modern Monetary Theory a marksistowska krytyka ekonomii politycznej

Modern Monetary Theory a marksistowska krytyka ekonomii politycznej

Author(s): Damian Winczewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 25/2017

This article is an attempt to discuss the issues represented by Modern Monetary Theory, one of the most popular post-Keynesian theories within the perspective of Marxist political economy. The subject of the analysis will be primarily MMT assumptions about the role of money in the modern world, in juxtaposition with contemporary research analyzing the Marxist theory of commodity money capital. The ideas of neo-chartalists on economic policy in capitalism and its influence on the dynamics of the whole system will also be commented on and evaluated. Another issue is the strictly political problems related to MMT, which will also be analyzed. Common points will be shown, combining some of the MMT concepts with Marxist concepts, while demonstrating the theoretical predominance of Marxist propositions. The author of this article is trying to prove that, while the realism of modern capitalism belongs to the descriptive part, some non-orthodox Marxist economists may accept that the normative part of this theory should be criticized because of its rather superficial repetition of some traditional Keynesian monetary and fiscal policy proposals.

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Zarządzanie ryzykiem. O roli rynku instrumentów pochodnych w ekstrakcji i dystrybucji wartości dodatkowej

Zarządzanie ryzykiem. O roli rynku instrumentów pochodnych w ekstrakcji i dystrybucji wartości dodatkowej

Author(s): Tomasz Płomiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 25/2017

The derivatives market, widely understood as a primary cause of a recent global crisis, is commonly seen as a space of purely speculative movement of fictitious capital. In the course of the 20th century, a theory of quantifiable risk (as opposed to unquantifiable uncertainty) has been developed, giving capital, together with a series of deregulations from 1970s onwards, a new toolset for managing the precarious nature of value production: namely, derivatives, a financial instrument enabling the trading of risk exposure abstracted from the assets themselves. Taking Marx’s notion of “fictitious capital” with its irreducibility to a mere “casino for capital” as a starting point, we aim to present an interpretation of the derivatives market as an apparatus of risk management that is strictly connected to the production of surplus value. The functional character of derivatives is seen as: 1. a means of subordination of the working class in a form of debt relation and secondary extraction of surplus value as credit interest, 2. technological advancement of value redistribution among the capitalist class and stabilization of income flow. Both phenomena are tied to the inherent contradictions of the derivatives market that are potentially harmful to the very process of capitalist accumulation.

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Kapitał a płeć

Kapitał a płeć

Author(s): Silvia Federici / Language(s): Polish Issue: 25/2017

Although Marx in Capital does not work directly on issues such as gender or family, there is no doubt that Marxist historical materialism has had a profound impact on feminist theory. However, Silvia Federici argues that we need to distinguish between two Marxes, who have different views not only on gender, but also on the forms of class struggle. The first one concealed the problem of housework and reproductive work; for him the class struggle was strictly connected with working in industry. The second Marx, discovered by feminists in the 1970s, provided us with tools that enable us to rethink the particular forms of exploitation that women in capitalist societies are being subjected to.

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Polityczność założenia, założenie polityczności

Polityczność założenia, założenie polityczności

Author(s): Michael A. Lebowitz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 25/2017

The aim of this article is to present Marx’s assumptions consequences both for the politics and the theory. The relevance of the assumption of a constant standard of workers’ necessities. To fill in the gaps of Marx’s theory and to argue the assumptions’ non-neutrality, the author proposes his own factor – factor x which represents the degree of separation among workers. This factor constitutes a basis for a new reading of Capital. This article is a translation of the Isaac and Tamara Deutscher Memorial Prize Lecture, which was delivered on the occasion of receiving the 2004 Deutscher Prize.

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Wstęp do debaty o pracy reprodukcyjnej

Wstęp do debaty o pracy reprodukcyjnej

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Polish Issue: 25/2017

W prezentowanym numerze „Praktyki Teoretycznej” znalazły się teksty na różne sposoby konceptualizujące pracę reprodukcyjną na gruncie teorii marksistowskiej. Być może najistotniejszym z nich jest „Kapitał” a płeć Silvii Federici, włoskiej badaczki autonomistycznej i aktywistki ruchu „Płaca za pracę domową”. Zarówno publikowany artykuł, jak i cały dorobek naukowy i polityczny autorki pokazują, że praca reprodukcyjna, szczególnie ta wykonywana nieodpłatnie przez kobiety, jest czymś więcej niż wyzwaniem dla teoretyczek. Jest przedmiotem rzeczywistych walk o jej dostrzeżenie i upolitycznienie, a także – o uwzględnienie roli kobiet w oderwaniu od rzekomej naturalności sfery domowych obowiązków.

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Reprodukcja siły roboczej w kapitalizmie |

Reprodukcja siły roboczej w kapitalizmie |

Author(s): Krzysztof Król / Language(s): Polish Issue: 25/2017

The article focuses on the reproductive labour’s role in capitalism and its political implications. It constitutes a part in the discussion on the reproductive labour.

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Czy (i jak) kapitał zarabia na patriarchacie? Praca reprodukcyjna według Marksa

Czy (i jak) kapitał zarabia na patriarchacie? Praca reprodukcyjna według Marksa

Author(s): Florian Nowicki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 25/2017

This article provides a thorough overview of the function of reproductive labour in capitalism according to Karl Marx and Frederic Engels. It constitutes one side of the debate on reproductive labour.

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Koniec problemu transformacji?

Koniec problemu transformacji?

Author(s): Michał Chotkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 25/2017

In this text I analyze Fred Moseley’s newest book Money and Totality, which tackles the infamous transformation problem. Moseley not only tries to show that Marx’s theory is quantitatively valid and that the transformation problem is in fact a pseudo-problem, but also situates it in a broader (macro-monetary) context of Marx’s whole theoretical endeavor.

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Hazar Bölgesi’nin Enerji Potansiyeli Ve Dünya Ekonomisindeki Yeri

Hazar Bölgesi’nin Enerji Potansiyeli Ve Dünya Ekonomisindeki Yeri

Author(s): Hasan Hakses,Mehmet Büyükçiçek / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 36/2017

Today the world population is approaching 8 billion, the Caspian region has an economic potential with a population close to half a billion due to the basin. The Caspian Region, which includes a large majority of the world's oil and natural gas reserves, is considered to be the energy center of the future, and the world is thought to be Asia-centered again. The Caspian Region is in an important position for the global powers and developing countries to produce projects aimed at meeting the increasing energy need. In this study, the definition of the Caspian region is discussed in terms of the energy resources of the region, and the countries in the region are divided into the economic indicators of growth, which are the economic indicators of Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia and Turkmenistan, Import, export, inflation and unemployment data.

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Güç Geçişleri Teorisi Ve Uzun Döngüler Teorisi Çerçevesinde Uluslararası İlişkilerde Hegemonya Ve Büyük Güçler: 21. Yüzyıl İçin Bir Projeksiyon Denemesi

Güç Geçişleri Teorisi Ve Uzun Döngüler Teorisi Çerçevesinde Uluslararası İlişkilerde Hegemonya Ve Büyük Güçler: 21. Yüzyıl İçin Bir Projeksiyon Denemesi

Author(s): Bülent Şener / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 36/2017

In the literature of International Relations, although there is talked about the existence of various theories and approaches which are already analogous to each other and resemble to each other in relation to the more and more debated hegemony phenomenon, it seems that basically two perspectives are dominant According to the first of these, hegemony is a phenomenon that can be explained by the fact that hegemonic powers similar to each other in a sequence of similarity, and hegemony in the historical process pass from one force to another, based on military, economic and political power on a scale extending to dominance (neo-realist perspective); hegemony is, as a specific concept, a form of sovereignty that reproduces the hierarchical and unequal structure of the intergovernmental system through more complex mechanisms than dominance (Neo-Gramscian perspective). In this study, based on the Neo-realist perspective, arguing that the hegemonic sequence in the international system emerged on the basis of “power transitions” (military, economic and political) and historical “long cycles” corresponding to the phases of “rising”, “peak”, “interrogation” and “decline”, the phenomenon of hegemony has been dealt with on the basis of A. F. Kenneth Organski’s “Power Transition Theory” and George Modelski’s “Long Cycle Theory”. In this framework, the relationship between the great powers and hegemony in international relations was analyzed within a historical perspective, and then a projection experiment for the 21st century was tried to be realized by combining both theories in terms of existing and potential great powers.

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„Profesionalaus“ pilietinio dalyvavimo įtaka demokratijos defcitui

„Profesionalaus“ pilietinio dalyvavimo įtaka demokratijos defcitui

Author(s): Jolanta Bielskienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 39 (01)/2016

This paper examines the new forms of political participation, whose central feature is not a gathering power of political solidarity, but a cheque book participation that developed in recent decades as a result of neoliberal policies. This so called “professionalised” approach overtakes traditional grassroots activists’ practises. Political solidarity – one of the three essential elements of democracy (together with freedom and equality) – has been gradually replaced by managerial techniques resulting in a deepening deficit of democracy. One of the reasons behind the changing trends in political participation is the so-called professionalisation of the non-governmental sector, when hired administrators substitute face-to-face grassroots actions by managerial sales strategies. As a result, we see more individualised participatory actions which do not aim at changing any existing political institutions into more socially just ones. Individualised civic participation changes the traditional forms and motives of political solidarity as well as political mobilisation; as a result, democratic citizenry experiences are reduced to political participation.

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Основни философски методологии в икономическата наука

Основни философски методологии в икономическата наука

Author(s): Vasil Prodanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2017

The main goal of the study is to reveal the parallel and the relationships in development of the mainstream trends in philosophy and methodology of science, methodology of economics and the changes in the economic reality. Through theoretical and comparative analysis, it is drawn a conclusion that the classical rationalist philosophical methodology of the European Enlightenment, the first and second positivism, neoposiitvism, postpositivist philosophy are methodological basis of each of the successive mainstream theoretical models of economic thinking in the developed capitalist countries from Adam Smith until now.

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ПОЛИТИЧКО-ЕКОНОМСКИ АСПЕКТИ ТРАНЗИЦИЈЕ У МАЂАРСКОЈ

ПОЛИТИЧКО-ЕКОНОМСКИ АСПЕКТИ ТРАНЗИЦИЈЕ У МАЂАРСКОЈ

Author(s): Alpar Lošonc / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 127/2009

In the first part of the article the author portrays the past as the resource for the post-socialist transition in Hungary. He emphasizes that the market-based reforms in Hungary and exit for the Hungarian citizens into the small markets outside the state property system prove to be an asset for the transition. In the second part of the article the author delineates the specificities of Hungarian transition especially the externally-dependent form of emerging capitalism developed by the reforms in the 1990s. Besides, he deals with the fragile relationships between the capitalism and democracy in Hungary concerning the role of trade-unions and measures concerning the work place. It is important to contextualize the Hungarian case within the frame of post-socialist transition and take into account its uniqueness. In the last part the author points to the problems Hungary confronts during the implementation of the so-called second-generation of transition reforms.

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ПРОМЕНА СИСТЕМА У МАЂАРСКОЈ

ПРОМЕНА СИСТЕМА У МАЂАРСКОЈ

Author(s): Imre Pászka / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 127/2009

The sociologists in Hungary have been treating the emerging social system as the new capitalism. This system is different in relation to the classical social systems of Western Europe. The transformation of the system was directed from above, in accordance with this we could speak on the reform-dictature of elites. There was no transition but drastic transformation led by political parties and their clients. This kind of transformation did not allow the deep articulation of the national interests and has made an illusion concerning the capitalism. Namely, the citizens of Hungary are convinced that there is only one type of capitalism, neoliberal capitalism. We are witnesses of dissatisfaction and protests in Hungary, and the EU and its interest-based coordination could be described as the hindrance concerning the irresponsible movements.

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