Around the bloc: Putin Threatens Repercussions for Turkey’s Downing of Russian Jet
Syrian Turkmen fighters, a Turkey-backed rebel group in Syria, claim they shot Russian pilots as they descended by parachute.
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Syrian Turkmen fighters, a Turkey-backed rebel group in Syria, claim they shot Russian pilots as they descended by parachute.
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After legalizing blocking of internet, telephones during ‘counterterrorism’ operations, Dushanbe targets SIM cards.
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Celem artykułu jest analiza miejsca ekonomii i przedsiębiorczości społecznej w polityce nakierowanej na ograniczanie wykluczenia społecznego w Polsce. W pierwszej części przedstawiono definicje wykluczenia społecznego oraz znaczenie i funkcje ekonomii społecznej w rozwiązywaniu tego problemu. W drugiej części dokonano analizy strategii, programów i przepisów prawa dotyczących wykluczenia społecznego w Polsce. W przekonaniu Autorki przyjęte rozwiązania uwzględniają złożoność problemu wykluczenia społecznego. Ich realizacja jest jednak związana przede wszystkim z wydatkowaniem środków Unii Europejskiej. Kluczowym zadaniem pozostaje więc włączenie ekonomii i przedsiębiorczości społecznej do krajowych dokumentów ustawowych.
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The aim of this article is to examine the current tendency of recruitment in the civil service of Georgia, in light of the wave of dismissals after the 2012 parliamentary elections, and to highlight common problems that are characteristic for competitions in state organizations. Based on data collected during research, this article claims that drawbacks of the current recruitment practices in the Georgian civil service demonstrate that this aspect of human resources management carries signs of “team or leader affiliation and loyalty” approach. This tendency, which relies less on the assessment of applicants’ competency and motivation, seriously hinders the development of the public administration system in Georgia.
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The diverse preferences and expectations of elderly people pose a new challenge to the housing policies. The future role of housing policy is not as straightforward as it may seem at first glance. The group of elderly people will be requiring modified dwellings and access to other innovative solutions which will make possible spending the rest of life in suitable housing conditions. The article presents main problems connected with aging societies, increasing housing needs and housing policy.
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This article analyses age orientation of welfare states in CEE countries. In the context of the current demographic changes, how the welfare states address the risks faced by people at different stages in the life course affects both citizens’ lives and the capacity of national economies to adapt to new conditions. For this reason, it is becoming more and more important to evaluate what different welfare states do to ensure welfare of their elderly and young citizens. With few exceptions, there is very little comparative evidence on the age orientation of social policies in OECD countries – and none in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries. Age orientation of welfare states in this region is analysed for the first time in this article. Age orientation is measured by calculating the Elderly/Children Spending Ratio (ECSR). It discloses significant differences of social policies’ age orientation among CEE countries. Two of the most exceptional cases are Poland and Hungary. Welfare state’s age orientation of these similar countries is completely different. Social policy of Poland is elderly- oriented, while social policy of Hungary is youth- oriented. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to explain what determines the differences of the welfare states age orientation in Poland and Hungary. This article analyses the formation process of welfare states’ age orientation in Poland and Hungary from the perspective of new institutionalism, namely historical institutionalism. Partisan competition and fragmentation of the social system are two main institutions that have determined age orientation of welfare states in Poland and Hungary. A comparative systemic process analysis reveals that welfare states’ age orientations of Poland and Hungary are determined by two historical critical junctures. Firstly, the weak communist party in Poland sought for political support of narrow groups. It caused the creation of special pensions privileges and the pension system fragmentation. For this reason, public pension spending was higher than spending for children and families – Poland became oriented towards the elderly. In Hungary, the communist party was stronger; therefore, there was no reason for creating special pensions privileges. In Hungary, spending for families and children was generous – it became youth oriented. The second critical juncture occurred during the first years of transition. The partisan competition of Poland was especially fragmented, so it was important for parties to get political support of particular groups. For this reason, parties increased the pension system fragmentation by creating new and maintaining old pensions privileges. Extremely expanded pension spending was partly financed by diminished spending for families and children – Poland’s welfare state’s age orientation towards the elderly was significantly strengthened. The partisan competition of Hungary was stronger; therefore, it remained youth oriented. After that, welfare states’ age orientation of these two countries followed the same path.
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As a result of the evacuation of the Polish Army in the USSR in Iran was a large group of refugee concentrated in Tehran, Isfahan, Ahwaz. Polish government-in-exile has called the Delegation of the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare. Providing educational opportunities in difficult conditions has become a challenge politicians People`s Party, which was the dominant group in the political scene of Iran. In this paper the author addresses important issues related to politics and education in the Middle East. Author presented figure Wiktor Styburski and Franciszek Haluch. The paper based on the source archives of the Polish Institute and Museum of General Sikorski in London and the State Archives in Warsaw will be shown undertaken by Delegation of the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare educational activities and their repercussions on the situation of Polish teachers and Poles living in Iran. The article will be also inform about the working conditions of teachers, their salaries, the problems of food supply, problems of management educational institution.
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In the past three decades, the processes of globalization, market liberalization and European integration had significantly changed the traditional role of the state. Contrary to the state centralism, contemporary political and economic circumstances produce a specific form of political management, which, compared to a traditional hierarchical government, manifests in various forms of cooperation and coordination between different levels of territorial organization of government, from local communities to the European institutions. With the introduction of the principle of subsidiarity in the Treaty on European Union in 1992, as a fundamental principle of the division of powers between different levels of government, and the constitutional decentralization in all countries of Western Europe in the last three decades, the concept of the multilevel governance has become an important tool for an analysis of the complexity of relations between different levels of territorial management.
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Educational program in social work is being conducted at the Institute of Sociology of the Jagiellonian University. This program is closely connected with urban questions, including phenomena which occur in our City of Cracow. Consequently, it is approach combining urban issues and phenomena which constitute social problems with actions that are rooted in social welfare and social work. Based on that we should build more general picture and also achieve more general experience in the field of social intervention.
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The article shows the history of state support for households in the acquisition of housing in the socialism period; changes which were introduced by the transformation of the economy and a need to protect flat buyers against some housing developers’ incompetence.
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his study inquires experiences of monopolistic goods and services markets in view of measuring market power, the existence market structure and function. he existence of monopolistic market in goods and services sectors is changeable depending on sectors, level of market advancement, countries and countries’ regulatory laws in the world. Banking, food, retailing, manufacturing, communicative media, readymade clothing sectors etc. mostly indicate monopolistic competition in the world including Turkey. It is reality that monopolistic competition improves international trade and welfare of countries via creating economies of scales in production.
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The aim of this research is to analyse the perception held by citizens of the various EU member states regarding the evolution of the pillars of the Welfare State in their countries during the crisis. Variations in these visions can be attributed to individual and contextual variables. The starting point for this research is the theory of social space, with its various capitals, measured in terms of both the individual and the country they reside in. The dependent variable (the perception held by citizens regarding the evolution of the pillars of the Welfare State in their country of residence) is associated with individual and contextual independent variables. The analysis was carried out using a multilevel model. The results showed that those persons ranking lower in terms of social stratification and resident in semi-peripheral and peripheral EU member states have a more negative vision of the evolution of the pillars of the Welfare State, although there is also a key symbolic factor resulting from their political ideology and religious beliefs.
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Istraživanje o načinu finansiranja rada skloništa za žrtve nasilja u obitelji koje je provela Pravobraniteljica za ravnopravnost spolova Republike Hrvatske pokazuje da se većina organizacija civilnog društva koje vode autonomna skloništa i savjetovališta finansiraju na osnovu Ugovora o sufinansiranju rada savjetovališta i skloništa za žene i njihovu djecu žrtve nasilja u obitelji. Ugovor je potpisan 2008. godine, između Ministarstva obitelji, branitelja i međugeneracijske solidarnosti, županija, gradova i skloništa.
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The article aims to investigate the influence of current neoliberal theory and policies on restructuring the European model of welfare state and analyses of different types of neoliberal policies both in terms of concrete actions and types of discourse through which are underlined the supposed benefits of the de-regulation model of the European state and its replacement with one based on the supremacy of market mechanisms. Particularly, the analysis focuses on the “narrative” discourse of de-regulation, privatization and social austerity that had been used to justify the abandonment of policies specific to welfare state and the full introduction of mechanisms of free market including on the labour market by dropping the “safety net” for the labour force from The European states.
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Background: The circulatory system diseases are one of biggest health problems which still pose a fundamental cause of mortality in developed countries. Among those illnesses important place takes myocardial ischemia. Aim: The main purpose of this article is to evaluate hospitalization costs of a patient with acute coronary syndrome in health care units conducting diagnostic and surgery (coronarography and PTCA) as well as in health centres, where patients are treated exclusively pharmacologically. Methods: There has been prepared and used author's individual questionnaire enabling estimation of both fixed and variable treatment costs per patient. In economic analysis there have been used micro-costing principle, defining every element of used supplies and calculating unit cost. Results: The analysis has shown that fixed costs of one hospitalized patient in a clinic equipped in hemodynamics laboratory are only 33% of all costs. In hospitals which did not carry out surgeries, variable costs (e.g. medicines) were respectively lower, whereas fixed costs were up to 72% of total treatment costs. A great impact on level of costs had two risk factors: smoking tobacco and hypercholesterolemia. Conclusions: Increasing number of carried out angioplasty, raises total treatment costs of acute coronary syndrome. Over half of all hospitalization costs of one patient with myocardial ischemia in hospitals not equipped in hemodynamics laboratories determines for fixed costs.
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In this paper we show how the use of David Carfì new coopetitive game model, which considers both collaboration and competition together and simultaneously, can advance the understanding and control of asymmetric R&D alliances between small Green Energy producers and large energy producers by carbon-fuels, in Congo. We consider the literature on asymmetric R&D cooperation and coopetition to propose a model of coopetitive game, which seems particularly suitable for exploring those types of asymmetric R&D alliances involving two energy firms and a venture capitalist in the foundation of a coopetitive Joint Venture. Specifically, we shall consider five players: a large firm (ENI), a small firm (Solar), a venture capitalist, a research joint venture (founded by the first two players) and finally the government of Congo, in which the productions take place. We graphically show that cooperative efforts are required (and beneficial for every player) even if the partners are potentially competitors in the energy market and we shape the common coopetitive payoff space, which they determine during the complex multi-faced interaction. We eventually show that the coopetitive partners can fairly balance their interaction dynamics and that this interaction affects both the value creation and value capture processes, improving the welfare and health conditions of Congo population.
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According to research papers, which were used to analyze statistical data, it was found that government expenditure is usually analyzed using functional approach. They are separated depending on economic sectors and their functions in the economy. These expenditures are identified as productive and unproductive; while other authors are tend to identify them as social and unsocial. In this article the first identification of government spending was analyzed, because it is more orientated to find the harm for economic growth, while analyzing their function instead of their purpose. Unproductive spending consists of expenditures for social welfare, expenditures for common government needs, leisure, culture and religion. The article analyzed the effectiveness of government expenditure allocation according to the opinion of different authors about unproductive expenditure and its influence to economic growth. We can make a finding that during financial crisis period Lithuanian government was using some part of the productive expenditure to finance increased amount of unproductive - social expenses. It allows making a presumption that increasing unproductive expenditure by decreasing productive expenditure is more acceptable and has bigger influence than constant and increasing financing of productive expenditure in a short period. It is analyzed that the changes in unproductive expenditure has impact during the short period, while productive expenditure - in a long term period, because productive expenditure has persistent and accumulative value. Unproductive expenditure is found to be as a poison for an economy, because it takes money from productive sectors and redistribute them for unproductive ones. The biggest part in the sector of unproductive expenditure takes social needs. This sector is highly affected by the changes in the economy, so it fluctuates a lot. Research helped to find that during the period since 2002 till 2010 the part of social expenditure grew much more than expenditure for leisure, culture, religion and common government expenditures. It was found that the relations between unproductive expenditure and government debt, unemployment level and social expenditure are very close and gives very high correlation coefficients. These relations were confirmed by the regression analysis which showed high regression coefficient that the model can be used to explain the statistical data. All data was analyzed by using 95% confidence interval. The purpose of unproductive expenditure is to finance the most vulnerable sectors that must be promoted by the government. Although government cannot adjust the economy of the world, they can use macroeconomic decisions to influence the changes in their own expenditure keeping the productive expenditure more promoted than unproductive. The purpose of the government, while talking about expenditure, is to keep unproductive expenditure as low as possible in order to finance productive sectors, but it is also important to keep the level of main services of the government at decent level in order to help the poor.
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I tried in this article to identify and point out the main steps that led to the grounding of the European social policy and its parts. I desired to give a clear definition of the European Social Policy by pointing out his main tasks, presenting, for each part, the way in which acts in order to achieve the organizational objectives. I manage to identify two methods by which the European Union makes act in the lives of communities to support their sustainable development. Also I identified weaknesses of the social policy and I presented solutions to fix the situation. I consider that the social policy faces strong issues which can limit the actions needed. The social policy is under heavy pressure especially from the public which it could decrease his capacity for reaction.
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Celem pracy jest próba scharakteryzowania polskiej regulacji prawnej dopuszczającej przerwanie ciąży. Kwestię tę reguluje art. 4a ust. 1 Ustawy z dnia 7 stycznia 1993 r. o planowaniu rodziny, ochronie płodu ludzkiego i warunkach dopuszczalności przerywania ciąży, który ustanawia przesłanki uzasadniające dopuszczalność aborcji. Lista tychże przesłanek ulegała przemianom, co pozwala wysnuć wniosek, że prawo aborcyjne w Polsce podlega transformacjom. Artykuł przedstawia także aktualny stan orzecznictwa sądowego dotyczącego omawianej tematyki. Należy oczywiście nadmienić, że na mocy obowiązujących umów międzynarodowych na kształt prawa aborcyjnego wpływają także wyroki organów prawa międzynarodowego, takich jak Europejski Trybunał Praw Człowieka, i ten aspekt również został zasygnalizowany w ramach niniejszej pracy.
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The article is devoted to problems that occur in the process of applying the tort liability of local self-government units. The Author presents major moments in the evolution of the principles of the liability. She also raises the issue of the distinction between imperious and non-imperious spheres of the activity of local self-government units in the context of the basis of liability for carrying out delegated tasks. Another issue referred to in the article is the problem of passive legitimacy (of the self-government college of appeal) in the process of compensation for the unlawful decisions of local self-government units. The Author also refers to the issue of pre-judicature which takes the form of a supervisory act towards defective acts of local law. Finally, she underlines the importance of the constitutionalization of the right to compensation for the interpretation of specific provisions on the example of the liability of municipalities for the failure to provide social housing for evicted tenants.
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