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X годишња конференција евроатлантске радне групе за студије конфликта (CSWG) “Military and political aspects of armed conflicts”, Варшава, 24–28. мај 2010. године / 10th Annual Conference of the Euro-Atlantic Conflict Studies Working Group: “Military and Political aspects of Armed Conflicts”, Warsaw, 24 to 28 of May 2010
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The study of war as a phenomenon requires a theoretical framework, a general theory of warfare, which goes beyond armed conflict in warfare. A general theory of warfare is also needed for the creation and development of systems for warfare, as all systems, including organizations, are optimized to operate under certain specific conditions. A comprehensive understanding of these conditions, and thus an understanding of the constraints of these systems, is necessary for creating new successful systems. This article presents a new addition to the gradient theory of warfare, otherwise known as XGW theory. Thus far, this theory has been described in individual essays and in discussions among researchers; the author compiles the previous discussions into a comprehensive, unified description of the theory. In addition, the article introduces a novel element – the 6th gradient of warfare. In summation, the article provides an overview of the XGW theory, along with the author’s insights. The XGW theory describes Gradients 1 to 5 as attacking specific parts or sections of the opponent’s OODA (observe-orient-decide-act) loop, with each sub sequent gradient attack moving deeper into the opponent’s OODA loop. The first gradient of warfare focuses on attacking the opponent’s decision and action phase. The second gradient of warfare attacks the opponent’s decision-making. The third gradient of warfare attacks the opponent’s ability to orient itself. The fourth gradient of warfare focuses on enemy orientation and observation. The fifth gradient of warfare focuses on the opponent’s ability to observe, manipulating the context of its observation. The article brings together prior research on XGW theory for a more comprehensive overview. Additionally, this article also describes the sixth gradient of warfare, where the attack moves out of the opponent’s OODA cycle and becomes part of the outside world as its passive agent, causing changes in the motives of other subjects in the world. The 6th gradient force shapes a favourable environment for itself, summing up the proper behaviour of other forces, the motivators of which are predetermined by the 6th gradient force. Thus, a discussion of the XGW theory of warfare must address gradients from 0 through 6.
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XII годишња конференција Радне групе за студије конфликата земаља НАТО и програма Партнерство за мир (CSWG) „Past through Present: Thoughts on Military History at the Strategic, Operational and Tactical Levels of War“, Беч, 21–25. мај 2012. године / 12th Annual Conference of the Conflict Study Working Group (CSWG) of the NATO and PfP Consortium “Past through Present: Thoughts on Military History at the Strategic, Operational and Tactical Levels of War”, Vienna, 21–25 May 2012
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Censuses, performed by the Ottoman Finance Organization in order to determine the taxpayers in different districts and different times, contain important information about administrative, economic and military structure of the State. These censuses were recorded with different names such as land, avarız and temettuat registrations. The main aim at this study is to examine the changes in the socio-economic structure and population of Gediz District in Kütahya Sanjak which was the center of the Anadolu Governor depending on the land registrations in the Beyazit II Era and the avarız registrations in the XVII century.
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Thirty years ago, when the Iron Curtain came down and the region was swept up in euphoria, the Slovaks and Czechs, along with many in the free world, expected progress would be linear and positive, bringing enduring stability and prosperity. The events of recent years have proved us wrong and 2019 was no exception in this regard. Political, economic and technological change led to tectonic shifts in foreign and security policy across the world. The global order is being transformed. We are still in the middle of this process and it is difficult to define its parameters. We cannot say with any certainty when and how it will end. We do not know what the human and material costs will ultimately be. But we know that it is happening. We know that we are in the middle of a geopolitical and geoeconomic transformation. And we all find navigating these shifts difficult. Slovak foreign policy has stood up to these challenges by engaging, by being responsible and by having a clear strategy. As a result, we have no enemies and no significant unresolved issues with any country in the world. Slovak foreign policy has remained consistent and defended its principles. In an unpredictable world, Slovakia has remained a predictable and reliable partner.
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The main task of intelligence services is to produce analyzes that will make thefuture understandable by drawing general frameworks for the future and creatingalternative scenarios. It is the duty of the intelligence services to gather informationabout sociological structure, technological developments, and military power.Itdetermines the direction of intelligence, diplomacy, military power, propaganda,psychological war, economic and technological developments. In our article, whatare the priorities of the country? Which need will to intelligence service meet? What’sthe point of getting news? The intelligence service’s priority is national security? IsNational interest? The answers to the questions will be looked through.
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The twenty-third session of the United Nations General Assembly was held in New York from September 17 to December 21,1968.1 There were 97 items on the agenda which were discussed either in Plenum or in one of the seven Committees of the Assembly. The general debate in Plenum, in which heads of 110 delegations took part, reflected the deep concern of most delegates over the aggravation of the general international situation. Existing world crises — Vietnam and the Middle East — had been aggravated by the situation created through military intervention in Czechoslovakia the negative repercussions of which were deeply felt throughout the work of the General Assembly. To this should be added the increasingly serious position of the developing countries in international trade and the growing gap between them and the industrially developed countries.
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The conflicts took place in Yugoslavia which began to face the dissolution in the 1990s and related to this, the Bosnian war partaking in the worldwide agenda, have caught the attention of the Turkish media as well as international media. In this sense, focusing on the era 1990-1995, news, headlines and opinion columns of the leading newspapers of the Turkish media “Cumhuriyet”, “Hürriyet” and “Türkiye” have been examined. The aim of this study is to reveal the journalistic tendencies, the interpretation of the events and the news reporting practices in the context of influencing the public opinion by aforementioned newspapers, in the period of the international crisis. As a result, it was observed that newspapers evaluated this international crisis within the framework of their ideological positioning. Also, the relation between editorial policy of the examined newspapers and the Balkan policy of Turkey at that time was addressed. Besides, the themes of emotional news language, promotion of Ottoman heritage and tabloidization of foreign news came to the forefront in the study.
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Uluslararası ilişkiler alanında bugüne kadar geliştirilen kuramlar içinde “güç” olgusu anahtar kavramların başında gelmektedir. Fiziksel olarak güç, mevcut kuvvetlerin kullanılması ile elde edilen verimliliktir. Davranışsal bir tanımlama ile güç, istenilen sonuçları elde etmek için başkalarının davranışlarını değiştirme yeteneğidir. Uluslararası ilişkilerde güç ise, bir devletin başka bir devlete karşı uyguladığı ve normal şartlar altında o devletin yapmak istemeyeceği bir şeyi yapmasını sağlamaya yönelik etkidir2. Bir devletin uluslararası ilişkilerde uyguladığı politikanın tek vasıtası güçtür. Bu vasıtaya geliştirmek devletin amaçlarından biridir. Siyasetin bir vasıtası olarak kullanılmayan veya kullanılma becerisi gösterilmeyen yeteneğin güç olma niteliği yoktur. Politika, devletin güç ve kaynaklarını ulusal çıkar doğrultusunda hazırlama ve kullanma sanatıdır. Stratejik başarı her şeyden önce güç bileşkesinin, amaca ve zamana göre uygun kullanımını gerektirir.
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Silesian Region Police (PWŚl.) was the second, next to the State Police (PP), police formation in the Second Polish Republic, performing tasks in the field of an internal security. Silesian police was responsible for maintaining security, peace and public order in the province. PWŚL was an important link of security system in the autonomous Silesian province. This article discusses some selected aspects of an organization of the Silesian corps. A lot of attention is paid to the organization of an inquiry service. What is more, this paper describes methods of an operational work, such as a confidential interview, surveillance and others
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In my bachelor thesis, I tried to answered to the two main questions. At the first time I wanted to reconstruct the organization of border guard and history of it, from 1948 till the year 1989. I had to start before the year 1948, to get in the situation that had led to a communist coup, and changed border guard systém for a long time. I used archive files from Ministry of the interior and Ministry of Security Forces. To unterstand the low system of the Czechoslovak republic, I used the book of statutes especialy from the late 40s and early 50s. Because that was the main times for forming the guards. I wanted to describe technical side of a border system to. I also described border guard ranks and classification, that was deferent from the system that Czechoslovak army those times used. The system of border watch was very massive and contained many forms of passive and active defense systems. From the mines to an electric fence. I tried to figure out, how was it build and how much time did it cost. The second point of my thesis was to find out, If there was a political pressure in the work of border guards and to its members. In my thesis I also used a methods of oral history to find it out. I asked many people, specialy the exborder guardes and I wanted to interview them. But i found it very difficult. Most of them did not want to speak with me about this historical period. I try to find the answer also to a question of a basic daily life system of every person (not only guards) near the border line. This topic is even nowdays still very contorversial. Not only in society of exguards, but also in some part od todays czech society. There was some studies before the year 1989, but most of them was just the relicts of its own time. There were mostly secret and not so much of them were contained true information. Nowdays The Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes starts to descover this topic very extensively. They uses new technology in history science and methodes of oral history to find the true about border guard system in the times of socialist regime. The main source of information comes from military chronicles. They are mostly unprocessed, so it takes many time to work with them. The chronicle of znojmo brigade was processed in 2009. The Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes also working on the stories of victims of czech socialist regime. In this studies we can see also books about victimes on border line. The process that mapping this part of history is still running.
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W wyniku rosyjskiej aneksji Krymu w regionie nordycko-bałtyckim nastąpił powrót do myślenia o bezpieczeństwie w kategoriach zdolności do obrony własnego terytorium. Doprowadziło to do wzrostu zainteresowania fińskim modelem obronnym opartym na powszechnym poborze, dużym potencjale rozwinięcia mobilizacyjnego i obronie terytorialnej. Przybyło też rozważań o potencjalnym członkostwie Finlandii w NATO i fińskiej percepcji Rosji. Warto więc przyjrzeć się bliżej polityce bezpieczeństwa i siłom zbrojnym Finlandii, biorąc pod uwagę specyfikę stosunków fińsko-rosyjskich.
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In recent years, the relationship between Saudi Arabia and Iran have become more strained. This is related to the Arab Spring, which both countries wanted to use for their own purposes geopolitical relations. This resulted in a permanent destabilization of the region. Currently growing conflicts in Yemen and Syria. Saudi Arabia for fear of Iran does not hesitate to use force. Besides of force, the Saudis run diplomatic activities to seek support in other countries.
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In the mid-1980s, Poland, fighting for a return to the international political arena after imposing diplomatic sanctions on it due to the imposition of martial law in 1981, engaged in two disarmament projects. These were works within the PZPR-SPD working group and Jaruzelski’s plan announced in 1987. Both of these initiatives referred to earlier Polish concepts, first of all the Rapacki plan and the Gomułka plan. The initiative to establish a joint working group came from the West German Social Democrats, who saw in it the possibility of breaking the international isolation of Poland, and for the SPD to remain in international circulation. The Jaruzelski plan, harmonizing with the plan of Mikhail Gorbachev, was an expression of the changes taking place under the influence of perestroika in both Poland and the USSR. Consulted with other states of the Warsaw Pact, mainly from the USSR (a delegation of experts from the USSR took active part in its formation) became the basis for other disarmament / peaceful socialist countries.
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This paper is dedicated to the involvement of Poland in the European Union’s military operations in Africa in the 2010s. The development of military capabilities is not one of the European Union’s priorities. Nevertheless, the EU is an active participant of the international communities’ efforts to aid African states, including the use of armed forces. The vast majority of such EU missions have been undertaken in Africa. Despite the fact that this region is not a priority of Poland’s foreign and security policies, Poland has actively participated in such actions, primarily due to the peculiarities of contemporary security threats and Poland’s approach to the process of European integration. However, after initial experiences, Poland limited its involvement, due to the limited impact on the achievement of national objectives related to the EU Common Security and Defence Policy. This has been reflected in both official documents and political practice associated with deploying troops on foreign soil. The author sets forth a thesis that these limitations are too substantial, and that there are reasons for greater Polish involvement in the European Union’s military missions.
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The article analyses the Host Nation Support (HNS) planning process in five separate phases according to the NATO procedures. The author emphasizes the importance, purpose and result of every planning stage. The main objective of the article is to apply general rules to the concrete examples of international air forces exercises. The author further identifies his comprehension of HNS formed in the specific conditions of the 22th Helicopter Base. The logistic planning proces analysis is based on the experience from exercises Ramstein Rover and Ample Strike held in the period of 2012-2014. The paper is focused on exercises preparatory stages that create the basis for a successful accomplishment of the executive part. The results of the article present the trend of planning responsibility delegation to the tactical level and define the specifics of adapted planning process. The author’s contribution may be used as a lead for the future application of the HNS concept.
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Ratni period prouzrokovao je različite oblike nasilja nad ženama, a nakon rata u Bosni i Hercegovini veliki fokus je stavljen na preispitivanje uloge i statusa žena s aspekta gender jednakosti. U raznim temama koje se danas obrađuju o pitanjima žena u Bosni i Hercegovini primjetno je da se potpuno izostavila kategorija žena koje su nesebično dale svoj doprinos, na razne načine, tokom ratnih dana. Ovo poglavlje je posvećeno ženama koje su dale doprinos u ratnim danima i koje su u tom periodu pokazale neizmjernu hrabrost. To su heroine koje su se dobrovoljno priključile u vojsku radi odbrane svojih porodica, naselja, gradova i države. Danas rijetko u javnom mišljenju možemo čuti o doprinosu koji su žene dale u ratnom periodu. U našem društvu se vrlo malo govori o ulozi koju su žene imale u odbrani zemlje, kao i bitnosti učešća žena u obnovi postratnog društva. Rijetko se mogu čuti podaci u medijima o ženama koje postaju nezavisne, jake i borbene u tim vremenima. Malo se pažnje poklanja ženama koje preuzimaju akcije kao nezavisne akterke. Ovo poglavlje će predstaviti sasvim drugu perspektivu koje su žene imale u vremenu od 1992. do 1995. godine. U ovom radu ćemo obrazložiti na koji su način žene Bosne i Hercegovine, sa posebnim akcentom na vojnikinje, dale svoj doprinos tokom ratnih dana i u postratnoj Bosni i Hercegovini u očuvanju sigurnosti. Na ovaj način ćemo pokazati da pojam sigurnosti i pojam vojnika nisu isključivo u posjedu muškaraca.
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Poland’s location and history have often brought up the issue of its borders. During World War II and just after its end the issue became topical again. Interna¬tional diplomacy had to undertake the task of deciding about the futurę of Germany yet another time in the first half of the 20th century. The issue of new borders was integral part of this decision and one of its basie elements. Poland being perforce directly affected by the border decisions wanted to participate actively in the work on the preparation of the possible futurę peace treaty with the western neighbour. Special institutions were established for this purpose. Within the Polish government in exile the Ministry of Congress Work conducted its activity and after the war was over the new Polish authorities formed the Office of Congress Works. Presenting the details of border decisions concerning Poland or Germany which were the result of the war is not the aim of this article. It is aimed at showing the visions of these borders which were developed in these two Polish institutions in two different political realities. Both the Ministry of Congress Work and the Office of Congress Work produced a large number of studies concerning the futurę borders. They were prepared by experts connected with various research institutions as well as columnists, military men and politicians.
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Irak pozostaje obszarem rywalizacji USA i Iranu. Ostatnim przejawem jej eskalacji było zabicie przez USA irańskiego generała Kasema Solejmaniego w styczniu br. w Bagdadzie. W konsekwencji iracki parlament wezwał do wycofania zagranicznych sił wojskowych. Jednak obawy przed odrodzeniem się tzw. Państwa Islamskiego (PI) i trwające od października protesty przeciw irańskim wpływom mogą odwieść rząd Iraku od spełnienia żądań parlamentu. Rozwiązaniem może być przejęcie przez misję NATO części działań Międzynarodowej Koalicji do walki z PI.
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