(AVRUPA) ORTAK GÜVENLİK VE SAVUNMA POLİTİKASI

Author(s): Sait Yilmaz / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 27/2015

Lisbon Agreement on Dec 1st, 2009 has remarked the Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP) of EU instead of European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP). European Union has suffered from vital incapabilities in her defense structure although took part in some military operations in World wide such as peace keeping in Africa and police missions in Afghanistan. Hard power gap between EU and USA has drastically widen in recent decades. EU countries provided modest contributions into NATO operation in Afghanistan. EU makes much more effort to develop her soft power and aims transformations in near geographies. However, it is fact that EU system is bulky as witnessed in Arab movements. NATO and EU have to reconsider their defense policies in common understanding.

(Ne)etičnost i (ne)legalnost upotrebe dronova u ratu protiv terorizma

Author(s): Ivica Kelam,Darija Rupcic / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 73/2016

Powerful increase in the use of drones in fight against terrorism through the tactic of targeted killings, especially after the arrival of President Obama to power, causes increasingly ethical and legal issues. The intention of this paper is to investigate exactly these issues. The basic hypothesis is that the US use of drones in war against terrorism is a major threat to international security, human rights and democracy. Instead of reducing the threat of terrorism, drones uses additionally incites hatred and desire for revenge, since it leaves severe adverse consequences on the lives of civilians. The expected contribution of this paper lies in the demystification of drones activities and questioning the many dangers that the use of drones in the fight against terrorism carries.

(Re)focusing the Atlantic Alliance: Reframing Security Readings into a Peace Agenda

Author(s): Maria Raquel Freire,Licínia Simão / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2016

Bringing a new reading to collective defence after the Cold War allowed, among other things, an expansion of NATO’s tasks as well as membership. This being said, it is high time for deep reflection about the opportunities and limitations for the Alliance from the perspective of the promotion of peace, more than 25 years after the end of the bipolar order. Drawing on the introductory remarks to this special issue, the paper will focus on 1) the strategic differences between a security versus a peace agenda for NATO in the context of increasingly transnational and complex threats, 2) Russia as both a necessary ally and a challenger at NATO’s borders, including its positioning regarding a “shared neighbourhood” with the European Union (EU) and the Atlantic Alliance, as well as Moscow’s investment in the development of military alliances to the east (the Collective Security Treaty Organisation, or CSTO), 3) the Middle East as a geostrategic area where the conflation of competing interests, norms and values has revealed complex dynamics, both in-country and regional, and impacted on the NATO space (for example, the effect of the Syrian conflict), and 4) whether the conceptualisation on a “European security architecture” remains useful or has become meaningless in face of current challenges.

100 dni Donalda Trumpa – próba oceny polityki zagranicznej nowej administracji

Author(s): Patrycja Sasnal / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2017

21. Yüzyıl için Caydırıcılık: Teori ve Pratikte Neler Değişti?

Author(s): Hakan Mehmetcik / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 22/2015

Deterrence/Nuclear deterrence, which was theoretically the most developed and practically the best-applied strategy in the Cold War era, became one of the most important tools for the states to conduct foreign policy at the strategic level. Deterrence, as a product of the Cold War, which was itself a product of bipolar world order and mutual assured destruction between two heavily nuclear-armed super powers, had been developed gradually and studied heavily. Yet, with the end of the Cold War, it somehow lost its attraction for a while. However, with the 9/11 and recent developments in the Eastern Europe and wider Asia, it reiterated its position as the interests on deterrence studies extend. The aim of this article is to analyze the requirement of 21st century deterrence by presenting a brief of the nature and development of deterrence theory and practice. To this end, this article presents a comparative analysis of today’s deterrence theory and practice by analyzing deterrence as a concept, classic deterrence theory, and critics to the classic deterrence theory with a comparative methodology. As an integrated analysis, which is inadequate in Turkish literature on deterrence, the article has a unique contribution to existing literature.

A Comparative Analysis of Mutual Defence and Collective Defence Clauses

Author(s): Stan Anton,Cristina Bogzeanu / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2015

The present paper constitutes a comparative analysis of Article 42(7) of Treaty of Lisbon (mutual defence clause) and of Article 5 of the North-Atlantic Treaty (common defence), from the perspective of the consequences their invocation triggers. It approaches the implications entailed by the above mentioned articles concerning the type of measures they can determine, taking into account the nature of the organisations within which they were designed, the decision-making procedure, the operational planning and the use of force. The present demarche was motivated by the necessity of identifying the possible repercussions of France’s invocation of mutual defence clause in the context of the terrorist attacks of November, 13th, 2015.The hypothesis of this study is that the respective articles are substantially different as far as their force and effects are concerned, the gap between them emerging from the nature of the organisations having developed and adopted them, from the institutional framework characteristic to NATO and EU, from the decision-making process, from the available forces, as well as from the significance of the security concepts they enshrine.

A Few Things to Be Considered in View of the Warsaw Summit

Author(s): Vincenzo Camporini / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2016

First of all, the summit should reaffirm in practical and concrete terms NATO solidarity, calling on the nations to provide their contribution outside their specific geographical proximity. In organisational terms, a thorough reconsideration of the financial mechanisms of the Alliance appears to be necessary, stopping to keep the “costs lie where they fall” principle as a truth of faith. Also, a new task should be given to the Secretary General to revise and possibly partially reverse the recent reorganisation of the NATO Command Structure in order to grant effectively a consistent match with the agreed level of ambition, which, in the present strategic scenarios, seems to be more realistic than ever. And finally, on the political side, a new approach should be tested with Russia, making it clear that there are no hostile intentions from NATO and that Moscow has no reason to be aggressive in countries such as Ukraine and Georgia, with whom negotiated agreements must be found and complied with in order to solve the controversies.

A grassroots grown military

Author(s): Milan Lelich / Language(s): English / Issue: 3-4/2016

In a matter of just two years, the devastated Ukrainian army has turned itself into one of the most efficient armies in Europe, mostly thanks to volunteers and private donations. However, reform of the defence system has lagged due to the rampant corruption and bureaucracy of the state, forcing many volunteers to give up.

A Middle Eastern Perspective on Partner Capacity Building

Author(s): Habib M. Sayah / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2016

Overall, counterinsurgency should be rethought from the perspective of Arab-Muslim host states facing a domestic or regional insurgency, far from orthodox conceptions of this paradigm. A renewed, indigenous understanding of COIN could become the strategic operating concept, guiding the “positioning and application of kinetic (military) and political (non-military) uses of power to achieve national (strategic) aims,” underpinning MENA states’ national efforts to address their domestic and regional challenges and improving cooperation between them and their NATO allies. For these purposes we should adopt a holistic, flexible approach to COIN, and train and prepare armies and civilian players to respond adequately to complex insurgencies.

A Multi-Criteria Analysis of Air Communication Platforms within the Hybrid Operational Environment

Author(s): Catalin Cioaca,Daniel Stefanescu / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2015

The air communication platforms, using the accelerated technological progress with spectacular effects in the field of developed performance, takes an important role in providing information regarding connectivity in this field. The requirements which the military communications systems must fulfill are formulated in connection with mission objectives. Quantification of the utility for air communications platforms using binomial multi-criteria analysis and analytic hierarchy process provides decision makers with the basic knowledge needed to increase the operational capabilities of forces. The planning process must integrate the requirement of continuous, secure distance communications under any circumstances. The designed model gives the opportunity to identify the best solutions for increasing the utility of aerial communications platforms (tactical satellites, high, medium and low altitude aerial platforms) in various contexts and scenarios.

A new science on human security

Author(s): Leszek Fryderyk Korzeniowski / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2016

Subjective security (security of a subject) is a state of a subject, its potential and abilities of adequate reaction to hazards as well as an issue of protecting a subject from any hazards. The first scientific analyses of security issue have been known for eighty years now, however, formally science on security as an academic subject was registered (in Poland) just in 2011, in a new distinguished area and field of social science. One observes a wide diversification of the security sciences. Giv-en these facts the goal of the paper is to present a selected aspects associated with human security.

A Political History of Civil-Military Relations in Yemen

Author(s): Khaled Fattah / Language(s): English / Issue: Special/2010

Civil-military relations are power relations that encompass not only the relations between the military and political elite, but further all relations between the military and society at all levels. In the case of Yemen, the poorest, least developed and weakest political entity in the Middle East, such relations are articulated on the basis and within the context of a tribal state. This article analyzes the complex role played by tribal-military networks in shaping the current state-society relations in Yemen. The article highlights how, throughout its modern history, the central authority in Yemen has seen its power limited by its military weakness, in comparison to the armed strength of the tribes. The article argues that politics of survival and regional structural factors are at the heart of the failure of Yemen‟s military to perform its task as a modernizing agent. To achieve its objectives, the article traces the historical roots of the establishment of Yemen‟s modern army, marks the interventions of Yemen‟s military in politics, identifies the ideological currents within its officer corps, and analyzes the patterns of cooperation and control between the military, tribal elites and the political administration.

A shell-shocked city: two years on

Author(s): Wojciech Kozmic / Language(s): English / Issue: 5/2016

In a tiny asphalt alley, located not far from the airport in Donetsk, it is easy to spot traces of the explosions from the infamous Grad shelling. The houses located along the street near the airport have either been destroyed or severely damaged. There are virtually no people in the area. The atmosphere of apparent calmness, so discernible in the city centre, is also absent. After all, only a dozen or so kilometres separate these two places. What then differentiates the tidy central streets of Donetsk to the suburbs of the city, which used to be home to a million inhabitants?

A Stubenringtől Limanowáig

Arthur Arz von Straussenburg altábornagy a keleti fronton (1914. szeptem-ber – 1914. december)

Author(s): Dávid Ádám Ligeti / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

A zone of limited freedom

Author(s): Pawel Pieniazek / Language(s): English / Issue: 5/2016

The last time I came to Luhansk was in October 2014. It was a month after the Ukrainian offensive had been halted for the first time. Two years later, I returned to find that the Luhansk of 2014 no longer exists. What remains is an almost empty city, whose authorities are desperately trying to prove that life is better here than ever before.

ABD İSTİHBARATINDA YAŞANAN DEĞİŞİMLER

Author(s): Sait Yilmaz / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 13/2012

Dünyada istihbaratın güvenlik, dış politika, savunma, özel şirketler ve teknoloji ile dansı her gün yeni örnekler ile başımızı döndürüyor. Geçtiğimiz döneme Wikileaks, El Kaide lideri Bin Ladin’in öldürülmesi damgasını vururken, Arap Baharı adı verilen Orta Doğu ayaklanmaları ile savunma-sosyal medya-istihbarat işbirlikleri bir kez daha öne çıkıyor. Siber alanda her gün yeni bir teknolojik gelişme ile karşılaşıyoruz. 11 Eylül 2001’den beri Batılı istihbarat servisleri büyük bir değişim geçirmekte, yeni güvenlik ortamına adapte olabilmek için teknolojiyi önlerine katarak yarışmaktadırlar. Görüntü ve sinyal istihbaratı için uzayda yapılan yarışa, ekonomik istihbarat alanındaki yarış eklendi. Son 50 yıldır istihbarat alanındaki reform girişimleri sadece teşkilat düzenlemeleri ile istihbarat örgütlerinin bir yere varamayacağını göstermiştir. İstihbarat reformları sadece prosedürel değişim değil, yeni durumlara kendini adapte edebilecek şekilde kültürel değişimi de gerektirmektedir. Bu makalede önce istihbarat alanında reform çalışmalarına daha sonra CIA’dan başlayarak, Amerikan istihbarat sisteminde son dönemde yapılan çalışmalara yer vereceğiz.

ABORDĂRI PRIVIND MODALITĂŢILE DE PROTECŢIE A FORŢELOR DE SPRIJIN LOGISTIC LA NIVEL TACTIC ŞI OPERATIV SPECIFICE OPERAŢIEI DE RĂSPUNS LA CRIZĂ

Author(s): Gabriel Botog,Benone Andronic / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 34/2014

The security of actions and the protection of logistic forces specific to the crisis response operations are all the actions and the measures necessary to maintain the capacity and the operational readiness in an organized manner.

Accidental or Deliberate Failure? The Story of Estonia’s Defence Concept of 1993

Author(s): Hain Rebas / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2014

One of my more important duties as the first post-war constitutional defence minister of Estonia, was to develop a national defence concept. We prepared this together with Colonel Ants Laaneots, who was then Chief of Staff of Estonian Defence Forces. Once the initial framework was established, a couple of officials of the Ministry of Defence became involved; ultimately a large number of external experts from the Academy of Sciences to the Estonian Maritime Administration contributed to the concept. The result of this broad and creative co-operation, the first defence concept, was strongly influenced by Finnish and Swedish total defence thinking. It was proposed to the Riigikogu and debated in pleno in March 1993. Surprisingly, given a strong government coalition majority,the concept was rejected. The reasons for this most unusual parliamentary outcome may be found in domestic politics. Was the failure accidental? Or may it have been deliberate? As we know, three years later, in 1996, the next Riigikogu approved a concept for the defence policy of Estonia, a document little more than a more verbose development of our concept from 1993.

Activitatea gărzii naționale române a marinarilor de la Pola (30 octombrie-22 noiembrie 1918)

Author(s): Mihai-Octavian Groza / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: Vol.54/2017

In the autumn of 1918, on the background of the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian army, the Romanian soldiers from Transylvania, Banat and Bukovina encouraged by the launch of the imperial manifest entitled ,,To my faithful nations!” which allowed the foundation of the ,,national councils”, set the basis of the national military organisms, that bespoke the manner in which they had become aware of putting into practice the imperial recommendations regarding the dissolution of the central authority and the transfer of authority from center to periphery. So the Romanian Central Senate of the Officers and Soldiers from Vienna (the 31st of October-the 27th of November 1918), the Romanian Legion from Prague (the 30th of October-the 24th of November 1918) and the National Guard of the Sailors from Pola (the 30th of October-the 22nd of November 1918) were founded, the last one being also the topic of the present study. Why were they exactly founded within these centers? For simple reasons; at that moment Vienna represented the main railway junction of the Empire, Prague was the center of the Romanian units of the Second Regiment Braşov, of the 51st Regiment Cluj and of the 37th Regiment Oradea, while Pola was the headquarter of the Austro-Hungarian navy. The activity of the Romanian National Guard of the Sailors from Pola, comprising the main base of the Austro-Hungarian military navy, has remained until now almost unknown both because of the absence of the documentary material and also of the interpretations provided during time. Through the present study, we have aimed at presenting some elements related to the disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian navy in the autumn of 1918 as well as the most important events that have led to the foundation of the Romanian National Guard of the Sailors from Pola. We have focused our attention on the foundation and the activity of this guard, its administration and its members and also on all the aspects referring to the concentration, the organization and the dispatch to Transylvania of the Romanian sailors. So as to consolidate the aspects presented during our study, in its annex we have included, in a transliterated version, the annotations of sergeant Valeriu Seredan, the commandant of this organism, published in 1922, almost unknown to the large audience and equally unpublished.

Adaptace obranné politiky a strategie ČR na nové bezpečnostní hrozby

Author(s): Josef Procházka,Vladimír Karaffa,Libor Frank / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 3/2015

This article deals with challenges for the defence policy and strategy of the Czech Republic and their further adaptation and. It outlines set of recommendations for ensuring its armed forces relevance and their long term sustainability. The article reflects debate during the international conference Defence and Strategy organised by the Centre of Security and Military Strategic Studies of Defence University and held on 15-16 June 2015 in Brno.