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Intercommunity Violence in Ghardaia between Heavy Fire and Compromise. Meanings and Mechanisms

Author(s): Hamdi Lahcene / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The city of Ghardaia in Algeria has experienced violent incidents, in recent years. As a result, this resulted in a deep fissure in the social fabric that had proved far from homogeneous, while the two religious communities of the local society, the Sunni Arab Maliki and the Ibadi community had coexisted for centuries in good intelligence. It can be seen from the course of events that the issue is far from being a simple conflict between the parties concerned; and we can not deny the involvement of a third party, namely political power and this through local authorities. In this tripartite equation, the precarious calm resulting from an interindividual and inter-communal compromise remains a subject of debate. From there we could apprehend the related meanings of discourses advocated by the actors of both parties, both at the individual and collective level. It is a question of exploring the places of confrontation and its observation following the verbal exchanges as well as the speeches marked, the paths taken by the two communities, in order to reach a compromise based on concessions previously considered as intangible principles. Also, the interventions of the security and political authorities to try to fill the differences and to bring closer the visions give rise to an analysis because by their responsibilities in the preservation of the security of the goods and the people, bring various justifications to guarantee an existence while maintaining the compromise in order to preserve the economic and political interests of the Mozabites.

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PERSPECTIVES CONCERNING ROMANIA’S SECURITY AS A NATO AND EU MEMBER COUNTRY IN TODAY’S CONTEXT

Author(s): George GRUIA / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This article highlights the double status enjoyed by Romania on the international political-military stage, on the one hand, a member of the North Atlantic Alliance and, on the other and a member of the European Union. The NATO membership ensures the access to the process of major decision-making in the European and Euro-Atlantic security plan, providing a solid foundation for the development of its own policies, both towards the Alliance member countries and third countries. Romania's status as a full-fledged member can be transformed into a strategic advantage by exploiting the internal dynamics and its own security sector reform process for an adaptation to the changes that will take place within NATO. Connecting the military reform process in Romania with the integration process into the Alliance structures and developing the mechanisms of participation in the NATO planning systems and procedures will result in a fundamental transformation of defence and security concepts oriented towards an expeditionary approach and to the integration of their own efforts into the collective Alliance. This will entail a reconsideration of the planning of the forces by moving from a territorial defence approach, exclusively national and self-sufficient, to one aimed at ensuring our contribution to collective security. In this respect, the successful use of the infrastructure provided for the transit of the NATO member states forces on the territory of Romania for the missions in Afghanistan and Iraq was a model for cooperation to improve the Alliance's response capacity. At the same time, after our integration into the European Union, our country has gradually aligned its foreign and security policy with that of the EU to contribute to its transformation into a strong and credible factor on the international relations scene. Romania's status as a NATO and EU member changes the political situations in the region, power relations, becoming an area of political stability between regions affected by conflicts, major risks and threats.

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INFORMATION SOCIETY INFLUENCE ON THE NATURE AND CHARACTER OF INTELLIGENCE

Author(s): Dan Pomîrleanu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The technical developments revealed in the last decades have changed the daily life of citizens and the economic activities. The technology changes affected, also, the intelligence targets and the methods of collection, processing and communication of material. The main focus of this paper is to show in what extent the so-called ‘information society’ represent a change to the nature or character of intelligence. Because the nature of intelligence has always been to support decision making, this remains unchanged in any technological development stage of the society. As a result, only the character of intelligence has faced changes generated by the technological advances. It is important to identify how the character of intelligence has been changed because this helps to identify new opportunities in improving the intelligence collection, analysis and timely delivery to the customers of the needed products. Beside this, it is possible to shape organizational structures to meet the new challenges. The analysis is based on the technological discoveries, their influences on the intelligence process as well as on the resulting implications. It is shown that all the intelligence cycle from data collection to distribution and feedback is affected by significant changes generated by the ‘information society’. Moreover, there are some more organizational implications and new threats that setup a new environment for the intelligence community. The analysis is presented according to the intelligence cycle, beginning with data collection, where OSINT and SIGINT encountered the most important changes. Then, the implications for intelligence analysis and distribution are emphasized. These are followed by the presentation of the changes on the intelligence organizations. Having this done, the implications of the changes in the intelligence character in terms of ethics are discussed. Finally, new threats are identified and the resulting battle space for the intelligence community is analysed.

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THE WORLD BETWEEN ARMS AND PERCEPTIONS. CONSIDERATIONS ON THE HYBRID DIMENSION OF MODERN CONFLICTS

Author(s): Adrian Tudor,Cătălin-Constantin Mihalache / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

: "In recent years, the security environment has changed dramatically. We have witnessed increased hybrid threats at EU borders. A firm call for the EU to adapt and improve its capabilities as a security provider has been launched. The relationship between internal and external security needs to be further strengthened. With these new proposals, we want to strengthen our ability to counteract the threats of a hybrid nature. In this regard, we will also step up cooperation and coordination with NATO. "Federica Mogherini, High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy

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CONCEPTS – COOPERATIVE SECURITY, SECURITY COMMUNITIES

Author(s): Cătălin-Valentin Vlad / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This article aims to outline and analyse the main concepts of cooperative security and security communities that have been initiated and developed over the years in order to create, develop and maintain a national, regional and international security environment that generates and promotes stability, peace, cooperation and good neighbourly relations under the legitimacy framework provided by laws and international recognized treaties. Identifying and analysing the main theoretical concepts of cooperative security and security communities focused on ensuring collective cooperative security is the key element of understanding the initiating and developing mechanism of the collective and cooperative security initiatives at the regional and international level aimed to promote and harmonize the needs of national security. The article will focus on the security communities’ theory initiated by Wagenen and formulated by Deutsch, in the middle of the last century, revaluated by Adler in the early 1990s and on Cohen’s cooperative security model viewed from the comprehensive perspective of promoting individual and collective security and stability.

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CONSIDERATIONS ON PRECAUTIONS TO BE ADOPTED IN THE SITUATION OF THE APPEARANCE OF SOME ACTIONS SUBSUMED TO BIOTERRORIST ATTACKS

Author(s): Iulian Gogu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

A global threat is represented by terrorism, which does not consider the fundamental principles of law, order and human rights. For these reasons, the fight against terrorism is not only the responsibility of the state institutions, which act to prevent and combat terrorist attacks, but it is a responsibility of the entire civil society. What has been demonstrated to the world after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 is that terrorists are much better organized and able to act globally than it was considered. Conceptions about the capabilities and motivations of terrorists about innocent civilians have changed radically.

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ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE PERCEPTION OF SECURITY SOCIAL INSECURITY IN BRASOV COUNTY

Author(s): Mariana Câju / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The concept of social security must be linked to the social policies that the states base and implement.Social policies, in a narrow sense, refer to "five fundamental services": social security (in the sense of maintaining a minimum income through unemployment allowances and the pension system), health policy (health care), educational policy (public education), social housing policy and social welfare services (the welfare system).Naturally, the common point of all these policies can only be the existence of public expenditures directed towards increasing the quality of life and the comfort of citizens, and thus impacting collective well-being.The essence of a state of well-being is determined by the government's guarantee of minimum standards on income, food, health, education and housing, guaranteed to every citizen as social rights, considering that the minimum social standards listed can only be jeopardized in the case of loss of income, therefore, to people who are unemployed.

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PRESENT CHALLENGES TO THE INTERNATIONAL SECURITY ENVIRONMENT

Author(s): Mihaela Pană / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The tendency to diversify global security actors is also accompanied by the growing importance of non-state security actors, including international security organizations, non-governmental organizations, various humanitarian, environmental and trans

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THE ROLE OF THE EDUCATION SYSTEM IN DEVELOPING THE SECURITY CULTURE

Author(s): Aurelian Romeo Popovici / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

One can not speak of a competitive nation as well as of assuring national security if education is not a priority area for political decision-makers in any country. From this point of view, we believe that identifying funding sources and allocating the amounts needed for the system must be a priority for any political decision- maker. The Romanian education system will, in our opinion, not be able to perform without adequate funding and without a very well-qualified and motivated human resource.

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NEW APPROACHES TO INCREASE RESILIENCE – CRITICAL SPACE INFRASTRUCTURES AND SPACE SECURITY

Author(s): Aurelian Marius Panaite / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

With the number of countries and players interested in space capabilities growing, outer space risks being exposed to additional strategic competition and even conflict – with threats ranging from anti-satellite weapons (ASAT) to “hybrid” operations and cyber-attacks.

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SECURITY IMPLICATIONS OF THE RUSSIA FEDERATION STRATEGIC ENERGY PROJECTS ON THE ENERGY SECURITY OF ROMANIA

Author(s): Alin Chirilă / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Beyond the economic dimension, Russia's energy projects are meant to support the Kremlin's political and military-strategic actions. By exploiting the growing need for natural resources, in particular, "clean" fossil fuels (natural gas) of the European Union (EU) states, Moscow succeeds in bringing into dependency some EU states, especially Germany, action with repercussions the EU bloc and towards transatlantic relations. As for Romania, although the need for oil imports is decreasing, the share of Russian natural gas imports being on a downward trend, the strategic projects of the Russian Federation may lead to the blockage of natural gas exploits from the Black Sea continental shelf, amid the drop in interest of international companies to exploit the existing natural gas and oil fields, in the conditions of their failure to assure their exports. Through the Nord Stream 2 and Turkstream pipelines, Russian gas will "flood" European market, being the main competitor for the Romanian gas extracted from the Black Sea continental shelf. If Moscow will deliver gas at a lower price than gas extracted from the Black Sea, there is a possibility that the extraction companies and consumers (states) refuse the offer. At the same time, positive developments in bilateral relations between the Russian Federation and countries such as Bulgaria, Serbia, Hungary, and Greece will favour the implementation of Russian strategic projects, to the detriment of the Romanian ones.

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THE CONCEPT OF CYBERSECURITY CULTURE

Author(s): Simona Enescu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Taking into account the recent developments in the study of security culture and given the focus on its cyber dimension, this paper aims to explain the importance of the combined concept of a cybersecurity culture. The internet is today more than what they hoped it would become back then, in 1962 - „a galactic network”. As studies show, there are more than 4.3 billion users around the world. It’s more than a way of live for most of the people, being used to communicate and get informed, to learn and teach others, to socialize, to play or work, to buy and sell things, to do business etc. Its future is already about the internet of things. But the internet came with a lot of risks and threats that the users, at any level, have to deal with. These threats originate in different types of hacking – from small cybercrimes, to cyber war, cyber terrorism or cyber espionage. Most of them target information – personal or secret data, both valuable to the potential victims. The cybersecurity culture concept is not only about the community or society level of knowledge related to security threats and risks, and the prevention ways valid in every case, but also how the individual can or must act in such a situation. In fewer words, the cybersecurity concept is about making the internet user both security receiver and provider.

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NUCLEAR SECURITY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE NATIONAL SECURITY AND THE IMPORTANCE OF THE NUCLEAR CENTERS OF EXCELLENCE

Author(s): Ene Daniel DUMITRU,Vladimir Ioan Bădulescu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

A very important and complex element of the scientific evolution from the past century was the development of the nuclear technology. In this field, Romania starts from the year of 1955 to be interested in the subject of atomic energy and creates the Nuclear Energy Committee which in only two years enabled the nuclear reactor for research VVR-S in Măgurele town.The very tumultuous events from the 2nd part of the 20th century made that the two opposite and combatant military blocs of the Cold War, the USA and the USSR, to develop this new technology in a very alert rhythm, but with destructive purpose, by producing at a large scale the nuclear arsenal and also, this phenomenon fastened the well known Cold War Arms Race. However, the very high number of nuclear weapons possessed by the both actors in their process to destabilize the power balance in the world in their own benefit made that these weapons to never be used in fact, because the risk that a total war degenerate in a very destructive confrontation for the whole planet was imminent. Starting from the premises that the nuclear security consists in two aspects: one being military and the other one being civilian, the article aims to present a thesis of the fact that the usage, in peaceful means, of the nuclear energy can contribute to the long lasting development of the Romanian society and to the exercise of the subjective right to a healthy environment with the help of the regulations and efficient control of the nuclear activities, by respecting the nonproliferation treaty. For these reasons, Romania intends to create a Regional Centre of Excellence in the nuclear field, as a integrated centre of preparation, on one hand for Romanian specialists and on the other hand for the foreign ones. This centre is supposed to be a institution with expertise in the environment security, taking into account the civilian component of the nuclear security, and as well in the military diplomacy of defense against the nuclear weapons, taking into account the military component of the nuclear security. Formulating the hypotheses that “The development of the greatest center for studies and preparation in the nuclear energy field, with civilian as well as military destination from the Eastern Europe on the Romania’s territory would be a real diplomatic challenge, would improve the nuclear security, the physical protection and the radioprotection of the populace and would contribute on a long term to the decarbonisation of the energy system in safe, efficient and secure conditions” has as main arguments the fact that Romania is a trusted member of NATO proved by the well defined strategic partnership with USA and the establishment of the Ballistic Missile Defense System from Deveselu, this being the result of Romania’s participation to the development and extension on the east flank of NATO of the US Ballistic Missile Defense System. We also took into account that Romania consistently acts to increase the experience exchanges and international cooperation with the support of the International Agency for Atomic Energy, promoting the international partnership, as an efficient mean to attract nuclear capital and respect the NPT by it’s all signatory entities. The following websites of companies active in the nuclear field have been used: NuclеarЕlеctrica ЅA - httр://www.nuclеarеlеctrica.rо/, CNЕ Cеrnavоdă - httр://www.cnе.rо/, Nuclear and radioactive waste agency - httр://www.agеntianuclеara.rо, ICNРitеşti - httр://www.nuclеar.rо, CNCAN - httр://www.cncan.rо, Agency AIЕA - httрѕ://www.iaеa.оrg/ as well as articles published in specialized journals. In order to disseminate results with a high fidelity, several people with high decisional influence in this field were interviewed. This has been done in order to establish the national and international importance of a Center for Excellence in the field of nuclear safety in Arges county, with international support which would attract technical manifestations (workshops, trainings, seminars)

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ISSUES IN WATER SECURITY AS THREAT TO REGIONAL STABILITY

Author(s): Iffat NAHEED / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Water Security is a vast field and comprises many factors. One important factor is “Water Resource Security” which is directly related to the social and regional issues. The issues related to “Water Security” can cause “Regional instability”. “Water Security” is also related to the economic stability of a society. In recent years, the concept of security has gone beyond the notions of sovereignty and military capability embracing the issue of water security. The competition for transboundary water resources at regional and international levels along with environmental problems exacerbates the threat to international security. The distribution of water among the riparian states of a river basin causes conflicts all over the world. The chances for conflict are created by geography and the location of nation states in close proximity. In this paper, the region of South Asia is taken as a case study to discuss the regional instability caused by the issue of water security.

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CONCEPTUALIZING HEGEMONIC INSTABILITY AND ITS LINKAGE WITH “SECURITY DILEMMA” AS A CAUSAL FACTOR, THROUGH A CONSTRUCTIVIST FRAMEWORK

Author(s): S. Rafique / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This Paper introduces the concept of Hegemonic Instability as a possible causal factor for “Security Dilemma” under a constructivist framework. For the above purposes, the Paper starting by re-examining the concept of “Security Dilemma” and its core constituent elements through the prism of Constructivism and argues that these notions can be better explained through the constructivist line of argument. Following up on this course of narrative, the Paper then charts a paradigmatic shift from the oft quoted “Hegemonic Stability Theory” and argues that rather than contributing towards stability, the Hegemonic State, owing to its revisionist and expansionist tendencies, nurtures instability in its system/region thus inviting in its wake, a counter-response from the weaker/dominated States, who mostly tend towards an extra-regional power, as a deterrence against the existing Hegemon and for countering its hegemonic ambitions. The paper concludes with the argument that the action-reaction dyad generated by the Hegemonic State’s destabilizing maneuvers and actions within its region therefore lead to the generation of “Security Dilemma”.

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THE NEW PARADIGM OF EUROPEAN SECURITY

Author(s): Petru-Cristian Vintilă,Alexandru Cristian / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

A review about the security of the European Union, with a short introspection in its allies, its enemies, its military and economic power. The latest threats regarding the EU's energetic and military security. Russia and the United States of America – allies and enemies of the EU (who is who). Strengths and weaknesses. Internal and external political overview

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CONCEPTUALIZATION AND CONTEXTUALIZATION OF CONTEMPORARY SECURITY

Author(s): Teodor Frunzeti,Petru-Cristian Vintilă / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

: A brief review of the conceptualization and contextualization of contemporary security. The etymology of the security notion. A historical overview of the security concept. New threats to contemporary security. State security, regional security, international security. Globalization –acting as a foundation in creating security or as an impediment. The strengths and weaknesses of the new security paradigm. The metamorphoses of international contemporary security. Political overview. Realism and sociological institutionalism. The multilateralism of human security. Conclusions about the contemporary security.

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ENERGY SECURITY - NATIONAL URANIUM COMPANY

Author(s): Iulian Ovidiu Sandu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper proposes a critical and analytical analysis of the implications of the energy component in Romania, in the current geopolitical climate. The methodological approach refers to the size of the energy impact on the functioning and involvement of the National Uranium Company in energy security.

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STRATEGIC COOPERATION IN THE BLACK SEA REGION UNDER THE INFLUENCES OF HYBRID THREATHNESS

Author(s): Monica-Ioana Bâtu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the meantime, the new security threats are refering to the regional security and the ones against the common interests, all together of every states viewed like separate entities, into its esamble. Those toward to the need of a regional and a global action plan for the promotion of security interests, though clearly understanding the major implications of regional and global security against national security based on the new types of threats, such as hybrids ones.

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ROMANIA’S ROLE IN IMPROVING SECURITY IN THE BLACK SEA REGION

Author(s): Florin-Marius GÎNDILĂ / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper’s purpose is to provide an overview of the regional security situation and Romania’s possible approaches in order to improve security in this area. Russia’s military intervention in neighboring states, as well its continuing military buildup, have worried all of the other countries around the Black Sea including states who are members of NATO. Particularly, Romania has good reasons to be concerned about security and stability in the region. As a member of both, NATO and the EU, Romania must be able to fulfill its commitments to defend its territory and interests in this edge zone. The role of Romania in regional security is essential in order to improve security in this area by exercising more significant leadership in regional security. The best way to do this is by combining multilateral diplomacy with NATO and strengthening the bilateral relationship with the US.

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