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Комшулукът (културно-историческото наследство на толерантността и съжителството)
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Комшулукът (културно-историческото наследство на толерантността и съжителството)

Author(s): Veselin Tepavicharov,Nadezhda Zhechkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2020

This article focuses on the daily experience of tolerance between different ethnic and religious communities in Bulgaria. The modern political uses of ethno-religious differences, in our opinion, do not lead to the need to discover new mechanisms of coexistence, but require the study of already acquired historical experience and the interweaving of these methods in new realities.

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Синурнамето на Кричим от средата на XV в.
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Синурнамето на Кричим от средата на XV в.

Author(s): Damian Borisov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2020

The text aims to present a translation of a document from September 1451, defining the boundaries of the land of Krichim as mulk of the Grand Vizier Chanderli Khalil Pasha, contextualizing the information in it with the published and commented so far about the region as the economic base of the mulk. Waqf, as well as a horizontal structure in which interactions between the settlement and the network of religious infrastructure are visible.

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Годишно съдържане

Годишно съдържане

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 6/2020

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Национален пазар преди националната държава. Има ли български национален пазар преди Освобождението от 1878 г.?

Национален пазар преди националната държава. Има ли български национален пазар преди Освобождението от 1878 г.?

Author(s): Ivan Roussev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2020

The article presents arguments in support of the claim that there was a process of integration on the Bulgarian national market even before the Liberation of1878 and that this process was more and more noticeable in the 1840s, 1850s, 1860s, and 1870s. The research methodology is based on data from the business history of the Bulgarian Revival, including my own explorations on the emergence of commercial companies as a manifestation of commercial modernity in the Bulgarian economic area during the era as well as on the trade networks established by them. The two largest companies, “Evlogiy and Hristo Georgievi” and “Hristo P. Tapchileshtov”, stand out as de facto legitimizers of the Bulgarian national market in the 1850s, 1860s, and 1870s. They represent two important Bulgarian national economic institutions, a state before the state in the economic sphere. Other larger or not so large commercial companies and the trade networks established by them also contributed to the process of integration of the Bulgarian national market: “ Robevi Brothers”, “Geshovi Brothers”, “Komsievi Brothers”, “Karaminkovi Brothers”, “Papazoglu Brothers”, “N. Minchoolu & E. Selveli and friends ”,“Stancho Arnaudov and son”,“Georgi Hadjidraganov”, “The Commercial Company in Kotel” and others. The article provides summary information about these companies, about their trade networks in the Bulgarian lands and abroad, about the movements of their capital, etc. The article compares the similar national processes in the economic and political development of Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century. According to a study published in 2012 (Schulze & Wolf, 2012), in late nineteenth-century Austria-Hungary there was an asymmetric intra-imperial integration, which led to the emergence of national markets within the various ethnolinguistic communities of the country. The same process took place in the Ottoman Empire earlier, already in the first half and the middle of the same century, under specific conditions facilitating the integration of separate national markets, including the formation of the Bulgarian market. In the third quarter of the nineteenth century, the Bulgarian Revival elite – economic, cultural, and political – gradually developed the idea of a Bulgarian national market and initiated some original projects with in this market. Another approach in studying the topic is also possible – tracking and comparing the movement of prices of major types of goods in smaller or larger areas of the Balkans and the Ottoman Empire, including the Bulgarian ethnic territory during this period. There is no doubt that serious future efforts on the part of a wider circle of researchers are needed, but this cannot happen if the discussion is not opened, if the topic of the emergence of the Bulgarian national market has not been drawn to attention. This article aims to provoke the interest of researchers on the topic.

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The Eagle from the Apse of the Church Saint-George in Karinia (1281). Puzzling Heraldry, Defaced Inscriptions, and Odd Iconographic Choices in Inner Mani after the Second Council of Lyon.

The Eagle from the Apse of the Church Saint-George in Karinia (1281). Puzzling Heraldry, Defaced Inscriptions, and Odd Iconographic Choices in Inner Mani after the Second Council of Lyon.

Author(s): Panayotis Katsafados / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

L’église de Saint-Georges à Karinia (Magne intérieur, Laconie, Péloponnèse) a été peinte en 1281. La présente étude est consacrée à l’analyse d’une représentation très rare des Maccabées ; de celle, grandeur nature, du couple de ktètors ; de trois inscriptions fragmentaires ; et d’un aigle héraldique peint dans l’axe du sanctuaire. Cet aigle d’inspiration évidemment occidentale n’a pas de correspondant dans la région. Les in*uences occidenta- les sont très faibles dans le Magne, occupé par les Latins pendant une brève période (1250-1262). Le programme iconographique de l’église est byzantin, témoignant sans doute d’une in*uence macédonienne. Saint Geor- ges ∆ΙΑCΟΡΙΤΗC est accompagné par l’enfant sauvé et saint Démétrius est identifié en rapport avec sa sépul- ture à Salonique : (Ο ΑΓΙΟC) ∆ΙΜΙΤΡΙΟC Ο ΕΝΤΕΘ[ΕΙ]C ΕΙC [ΘΕCC]Α /ΛΟΝΗΚΗΝ. Seule l’énorme représentation du groupe des Maccabées sur la paroi septentrionale pose problème. Le thème est rare, mais ce choix iconogra- phique peut être mise en rapport avec une communauté juive (ou de juifs chrétiens) a1estée par la présence de noms juifs dans une série d’inscriptions maniotes des 5Ie-5IIIe siècles. Malheureusement, une grande partie de l’Inscription A de Karinia, peinte sur l’architrave du templon, témoigne d’une destruction du type damnatio me-moriae. Les noms de l’empereur Michel VIII Paléologue (ΗΜων ΜΕΓΑΛΟΥ ΒΑCΙΛΕΟC) et du patriarche œcu-ménique Jean 5I Vekkos (ΑΡΧΙΕΡΑΤΕ[…] ΟΙΚΟΥΜ[…]) ont été détruits, de même que celui du métropolitain du Magne (Ο ΚΑΤΕΠΙCKΟΠΗC ΜΑΙΝΗC). Les seuls noms partiellement conservés sont celui d’un certain fteonikon, sacellaire d’un archevêché inconnu ([.]Ε[.]ΝΙΚΟΝΟC ΤΟΥ. Κ(ΑΙ) CΑΚ[…] ΕΠΙΣΚΟΠΗC) et le nom du peintre Georges(ΓΕω/[…]) dans le module chronologique, suivi par l’année (6789 = 1281), le mois et le jour ([..]ΝΗ ΜΑΡΤ΄Ϊω ΕΙCΤ(ΙC) ∆~ Η[…] / ΕΤ(ΟΥC) Я~ Ψ Π~ Θ~ :~), voire par le signe de l’indiction. L’Inscription B, peinte au-dessus de la repré- sentation des ktètors, mentionne l’archiprêtre Démétrius et son père Michel (ΚΑΓω` ∆ΙΜΗ΄Τ[ΡH]ΟΣ ΙΕΡ(ε)ασ Κ(ΑΙ`) Α~ΠΑΠΑC. υιKσ ΜΙΧΑΗΛ ΤΟΥ ∆ΕΥ[ΤΕ]ΡΕΒΟΝ/ΤΟC), le dernier étant probablement représenté dans le por-trait votif. Lant à l’Inscription C, très eMacée, elle constitue une prière de Michel et de son épouse. La compa- raison de ces inscriptions fragmentaires avec d’autres inscriptions contemporaines, peintes dans les églises de la région, permet la reconstitution d’une grande partie des données perdues. C’est en partant de ces acquis que l’analyse de l’aigle héraldique du sanctuaire doit être faite. L’oiseau peut être interprété en clé iconographique (latine ou juive), commémorative (en rapport avec une sépulture), purement héraldique (témoignant de la pré- sence d’une autorité latine) ou purement ornementale (comme une conséquence de l’évolution du registre infé- rieur de peintures). Formellement, l’aigle de Karinia n’appartient pas à la catégorie d’aigles byzantins utilisés pour désigner l’empereur. Il a été copié d’après un modèle occidental. Cela ouvre la voie à quatre interprétations possibles : 1-2) symbole impérial byzantin adapté (pour des raisons variables) à partir d’un prototype occidental (avec ou sans rapport avec une communauté locale juive) ; 3-4) témoin d’une présence latine après le Deuxième Concile de Lyon, 1274 (avec ou sans rapport avec ce1e même communauté). Le choix de représenter cet aigle ne pouvait pas être fait par le peintre Georges, qui peut être identifié avec Georges Konstantinianos, peintre local de l’église de Polemitas. L’aigle, les Maccabées et les inscriptions qui accompagnent les saints militaires té- moignent d’un niveau culturel éclectique de l’élite locale. Ce choix culturel pourrait être a1ribué à Michel, ostiaire de l’archevêché du Magne. Son fils Démétrius aurait pu poursuivre un telle initiative après la mort de son père. Lelque temps après (post-1282) les noms des personnes liés à l’Union de Lyon ont été eMacés.

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Philosofia Picta.On the Reception of the Neo-Platonism of Florence in Buda.

Philosofia Picta.On the Reception of the Neo-Platonism of Florence in Buda.

Author(s): Edina Zsupán / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

La présente étude analyse une enluminure du bréviaire de Domonkos Kálmáncsehi (Országos Széchényi Könyvtár, Cod. Lat. 446), daté vers 1481 et rédigé à la cour du roi Matthias Corvinus. Sur le f. 88v, une image décorative et surprenante a été insérée dans une série d’illustrations consacrées à la Vierge : deux couples nus font l’amour autour d’une fontaine. L’auteure considère qu’il ne peut pas s’agir de l’amour vulgaire et pécheur (nuditas criminalis), ni d’une fonction strictement ornementale. Puisque la cour de Buda était influencée par les modes de la Renaissance florentine, notamment par le néoplatonisme de Ficino, il est fort possible que l’image doive être décryptée selon l’interprétation de Panovsky sur la diffusion de la conception ficinienne de l’amour dans les milieux humanistes, surtout si l’on considère que l’un des amis de Ficino, Francesco Bandini, était arrivé à la cour de Buda en 1476. Dans ce cas, les deux couples enlacés ne représenteraient pas l’amour charnel en tant que péché, mais la force génératrice de l’amour sur terre. Selon l’interprétation ficinienne du Symposium, l’amour est l’expression même de l’émanation du pouvoir divin, qui crée le monde dans sa beauté.

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The Chronology of the Murals in the Râmeț Monastic Church (Alba County, Romania) Based on a Reevaluation of the Dating of the Narthex Inscription

The Chronology of the Murals in the Râmeț Monastic Church (Alba County, Romania) Based on a Reevaluation of the Dating of the Narthex Inscription

Author(s): Ana Dumitran / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

La découverte d’une inscription slavonne dans le narthex de l’église du monastère de Râmeţ (comté d’Alba) en 1966, sa relecture avec des moyens techniques spéciaux en 1978 et sa publication officielle en 1985 ont porté à l’attention des historiens le nom du peintre (Mihul du Criș-Blanc), le nom de l’évêque fondateur (arche- vêque Gélase), le roi régnant lorsque la nef de l’église était peinte (Louis d’Anjou) et l’année 1377. Les Ortho- doxes de Transylvanie auraient eu une hiérarchie ecclésiale organisée autour d’un archevêché et une école rou- maine de peinture en pleine affirmation. Toutefois, ces informations résultent incohérentes par rapport au con- texte politique ou ecclésiastique – les Roumains étant fréquemment invites a rejoindre le rite latin – et au con- texte artistique. À ce jour, Mihul demeure une figure singulièreet ses créations n’ont pas encore trouvé de termes de comparaison. La nouvelle lecture de l’inscription proposée dans cette étude part de la constatation que la dernière partie du texte, où se trouvent le nom, la mention du roi et la datation, demeure illisible (même après l’examen aux rayons ultraviolets, comme en témoignent les clichés pris en 1978, conservés dans le dossier de restauration et partiellement publiés en 1985). D’autres images ont été publiées pour soutenir la lecture proposée, en mettant en évidence les détails qui ont conduit à la lecture du nom Lodovic et de l’année 6885 (= 1377). Cependant, le type d’écriture et les traits linguistiques du texte de l’inscription suggèrent que les aspects paléographiques sont spécifiques à l’école d’orthographe fondée à Tarnovo par le patriarche bulgare Euthyme (1375-1393), plus tard diffusés par ses disciples en Serbie, en Moldavie et en Russie. La réforme d’Euthyme ne pouvait pas atteindre la Transylvanie en 1377. La prédisposition du peintre à écrire les mots tels qu’il les con- naissait dans sa propre langue témoigne du fait qu’il a appris le slavon quelque part en Transylvanie, très proba- blement auprès d’un moine serbe. L’inscription et, implicitement, les peintures de Mihul dateraient ainsi de la fin du xve siècle ou des premières décennies du siècle suivant. La comparaison avec l’inscription sculpté sur le socle de l’église de Feleac, datée de 1516, dont le texte contient des parties similaires à l’inscription de Râmeţ, suggère que le roi mentionné par Mihul était en réalité Vladislas II. Il est appelé LASL´U KRAL´ dans l’inscription de Feleac et le nombre de signes graphiques utilisés pour rendre ce nom s’inscrit parfaitement dans l’espace aujourd’hui illisible où le nom du roi a été transcrit dans l’inscription de Râmeţ. En utilisant la même méthode de distribution des signes dans l’espace afférent de l’inscription de Râmeţ, la période dans laquelle elle pourrait être peinte peut être réduite à l’intervalle 7011-7024 (= 1503-1516). Compte tenu du conflit entre Jean, évêque de Mun- kács, et Hilarion et Gélase, hégoumènes du monastère de Peri, il est fort possible que l’hégoumène Gélase ait été élevé au rang d’archevêque de Transylvanie. Un acte royal de 1494 semble d’ailleurs le suggérer. La résidence était censée se trouver à Feleac, mais il s’avère qu’elle aurait pu fonctionner en parallèle avec le diocèse de Feleac, sans nécessairement être unie à Rome. La possibilité d’installer Gélase à Râmeţ offre un point d’appui pour l’anti- quité de l’évêché de Geoagiu de Sus, évoqué dans l’acte de nomination de l’évêque Christophore en 1557, le mo- nastère de Râmeţ étant en fait la véritable (ou du moins la première) résidence de l’évêché ayant juridiction dans les parties méridionales de la Transylvanie. Un document de 1622 le désigne, en effet, comme « monastère de Geoa- giu (situé) à la limite du domaine Geoagiu (de Sus) » (Giogi klastrom s ez Giogi hatarban vagion). Un archevêque arrivé du nord, d’un espace familier avec l’art des Ruthènes, peut également expliquer le type de Deisis avec ar- changes et saints militaires représenté sur le mur oriental du narthex de Râmeţ. Le fait de peindre cette scène au début du XVIe siècle pose à nouveau le problème de la datation de la première couche de peinture, conservée dans la niche de la Proscomidie et à la jonction de l’iconostase avec le mur nord de la nef, pour laquelle la présente étude propose l’année création du monde 6895 (= 1386-1387). L’inscription en roumain, sculptée dans la pierre et placée au XVIIIe siècle à l’extérieur, sur le côté nord, au-dessus de l’entrée propose d’ailleurs cette date. La mention du nom du roi Matthias (Matiiaș crai) dans la même inscription peut fournir la limite inférieure d’une troisième étape de décoration de l’église, sa limite supérieure étant le milieu du XVIe siècle, étape où la nef, l’iconostase, et peut-être une peinture murale extérieure, furent repeintes. La dernière étape importante est liée au nom l’évêque Inocenţiu Micu-Klein, à l’initiative duquel l’autel a été repeint en 1741

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Foreign Wisdoms

Foreign Wisdoms

Author(s): Ovidiu Olar / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

Le manuscrit conservé à la Bibliothèque de l’Académie Roumaine de Bucarest sous la cote Ms. rom. 1790 n’est pas comme les autres. La page du titre l’indique elle-même : on a affaire à un Sluzhebnik contenant les li- turgies des saints Jean Chrysostome et Basile le Grand, y compris quelques « autres offices d’hiérarques ». Com- mandité par le métropolite Ștefan de Hongrovalachie († 1668), achevé avec sa bénédiction à une date qui reste encore difficile à préciser, cet Ἀρχιερατικόν, destiné à l’usage exclusif des hauts prélats, est décoré de nombreuses miniatures et contient des textes en trois langues : les textes liturgiques sont en slavon ; les ecphonèses, c’est-à- dire les parties finales des ecténies à lire à voix haute, sont en grec, mais en caractères cyrilliques et souvent en transcription phonétique ; alors que la plupart des indications de régie à l’attention de l’officiant et presque tout le « Règlement pour l’ordination du métropolite et de l’évêque » sont en roumain. En partant du témoignage d’un voyageur russe en Moldavie et en Valachie, de l’Ekténie pour les défunts du Ms. rom. 1790 et du « dossier » du Synode de Târgovişte (1659), l’auteur a essayé de reconstituer le climat religieux de l’époque et de formuler une explication quant à l’inhabituelle initiative liturgique multilingue du métropolite de Valachie.

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Les peintures de l’église Saint-Sauveur de Berestovo

Les peintures de l’église Saint-Sauveur de Berestovo

Author(s): Vera Tchentsova / Language(s): French Issue: 4/2020

In the autumn of 1643, Greek painters completed the frescoes decorating the Berestovo church in Kyiv on behalf of metropolitan Peter Moghila. The iconographic program relied on a specific tradition whose origin can be traced to 14th-century Northern Balkans. fte chief features of this iconography are the ‘Imperial Deesis’, combined in the Kyivan church with an iconography inspired by Psalm 44 [45]:9 (“Upon thy right hand did stand the Leen…”). It represents Christ “King of Kings”, dressed as an emperor and flanked by a crowned Virgin and a depiction of King David, identified with Grand Prince Vladimir. The church decoration mirrors contemporary theological debates on the Eucharist, reproducing the similar 14th-century controversies on liturgy.

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Съвременната детска благотворителност в Смолян – институции и прояви
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Съвременната детска благотворителност в Смолян – институции и прояви

Author(s): Elya Tsaneva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2020

The article results from fieldwork research and presents three forms of charitable activity in the town of Smolyan, which take place in three institutions: 1. A secondary school in Smolyan, 2. An emblematic Christian temple in the city, and 3. An organization with a non-governmental profile – all three with the involvement and participation of children/ pupils/ youth. The choice to study these charitable activities within the Cultural Heritage, National Memory and Social Development National Research Programme was inspired by the need to document these events. They have already existed for several years and deserve promotion and validation because of their high educational and civic purpose. Additionally, valuable messages could be found in these activities from the period of the Bulgarian Renaissance – a complicated transitional time similar to the present, when young people became citizens through the suggestions of public charitable and donor formats.

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Седефът – природа, източници и употреба. Седефени пафти от фонда на Регионален исторически музей – Кърджали
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Седефът – природа, източници и употреба. Седефени пафти от фонда на Регионален исторически музей – Кърджали

Author(s): Lidiya Kirilova,Sonya Kostadinova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2020

Known to man since time immemorial, nacre is one of the most popular and most highly valued material that are still in use nowadays in the creating of different pieces of jewelry and decorations. Subject of the study are some of the most attractive and beautiful belt buckles (pafti) which are property of the Regional Museum of History in the town of Kardzhali. Additionally, nacre is described as a raw material in regards with its composition and structure, its natural sources and the ways in which it is used. The article is an attempt to view the subject from an interdisciplinary perspective and give a complex picture, using the resources of different disciplines. Its goal is to interpret the messages encrypted in the images on the belt buckles, and also to answer a series of questions about the type, nature, biogeographic origins and the way of processing the raw nacre.

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L’art médiéval est-il contemporain? Acte IV

L’art médiéval est-il contemporain? Acte IV

Author(s): Cécile Voyer / Language(s): French Issue: 4/2020

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Many Ways to Die, One Resurrection

Many Ways to Die, One Resurrection

Author(s): Cristina Beatrix Bogdan / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

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Културното наследство на Странджа – богатство, рискове, предизвикателства
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Културното наследство на Странджа – богатство, рискове, предизвикателства

Author(s): Denitsa Petrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 41/2020

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Russophobia Rossica
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Russophobia Rossica

Author(s): Darina Grigorova / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2020

The conception of ‘Russophobia’ has traditionally been interpreted as an external phenomenon directed against Russia, no matter in what form it occurred or whether it was directed against pan-Slavism, in the nineteenth century, against Sovietism, in the twentieth century, or against Putinism, in the 21st century. However, there is also Russophobia as an internal, Russian-specific feature, which is the topic of this article. Our research focuses on the interesting phenomenon of Russophobia in Russia, a term coined as early as the nineteenth century by the diplomat Fyodor Tyutchev, better known for his poetry. Based on historical texts from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries found in memoirs, diaries, correspondence and journalistic clippings of Fyodor Tyutchev, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Pyotr Chaadaev, Vladimir Pecherin, Igor Shafarevich, Victor Astafiev, Nathan Eydelman, Alexander Panarin, Valeriy Rastorguev, Andrey Fursov and others, the author has created a typology of Russian Russophobia. The Russophobia in Russia is a Russocentrism, however, with a reverse sign, a combination of “phobias” that manifest themselves, to varying degrees and in different combinations, but have always been around, such as Christianophobia (fear of the Church); Politiophobia (fear of the state); Slavophobia (fear of pan-Slavism); Sovietophobia and Russophobia (fear, alienation from what is Russian).

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ПРОУЧВАНЕ НА РИБАРСКАТА ОБЩНОСТ В ОРЯХОВО

ПРОУЧВАНЕ НА РИБАРСКАТА ОБЩНОСТ В ОРЯХОВО

Author(s): Nikolai Nenov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 18/2020

The study in Oryahovo is a contribution to the modern anthropological study of local cultures, communities and heritage along the Danube River. It aims to describe the cultural geography of the place, as well as the specifics of local fishing, the names of species of nets and gear, the names of boats, species of fish, the daily life of fishermen and the forms of celebration. The methodology of the historical-anthropological approach and the biographical approach is used. The authentic texts that are published are grouped in four parts – Everyday life, Environment, Fishing, Holidays. They create a collective biography, represented by the many voices of ordinary local fishermen. Fishermen's knowledge of the world around them is complex – their stories include swamps in Romania, the numerous islands on the Danube and the nuclear power plant, as well as specific places where the riverbed is clear and the nets do not get caught to rupture. Turning an individual into a fisherman is a way of life. And it is precisely the differences in this living – with devotion to the river and the local ecosystem, that make the fishermen of Oryahovo different from everyone else. We have registered many of their worldview, acquired habits, traditional practices and skills, oral knowledge – the amalgam which we define as cultural heritage. But for local fishermen, this knowledge has not yet been valorized.

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Свищовските търговци предприемачи през Възраждането: опит за просопографски портрет
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Свищовските търговци предприемачи през Възраждането: опит за просопографски портрет

Author(s): Ivaylo Naydenov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2021

The aim of the text is to create a prosopographical portrait of the merchant-entrepreneurs from the Danubian town of Svishtov during the Bulgarian National Revival period. I will shed light on merchants’ family background, education, individual qualities, etc. Most of the merchants were born in Svishtov. On the other hand, there are persons who fled from their native places and settled down in Svishtov. Some of them chose to settle in Svishtov in order to find better prospects for professional realization and peaceful life. Often these people are not highly educated, although there are some exceptions. Despite the lack of high and/or specialized education, they compensate with their individual qualities such as natural intelligence, resourcefulness, diligence, perseverance and honesty. They used “strategic marriages” to preserve, and to extend their wealth. They created entrepreneurial networks through which exchanged information with their relatives, acquaintances and friends. They used commercial and personal letters. Some of them were fluent in foreign languages. They used different kinds of commercial ledgers. They managed to benefit from the advantages brought to them by the economic situation in the 18th and 19th centuries. All of them participate, according to their abilities, in the public life of their native Svishtov.

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Държавата и временно работещите в Либия българи през 70-те години на ХХ век
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Държавата и временно работещите в Либия българи през 70-те години на ХХ век

Author(s): Nadya Filipova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2021

The publication examines the policy of the Bulgarian state towards the Bulgarian specialists working in Libya and the reactions of the employees to the regulatory norms and circumstances. The increase in the number of Bulgarians aspiring to work in Libya is analyzed in the context of the legal and socio-economic conditions in Bulgaria, the contract clauses for hiring, and their application in practice in addition to the growing needs and possibilities of the Libyan state to hire qualified personnel. The forms of control of the Bulgarian state towards the Bulgarians working abroad, and the attempts to protect their interests, and to create propitious living environment are studied. The behavior of Bulgarians in Libya is presented in the context of the general conditions for residence and work in Libya. The research is based on archival sources of the Ministries of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade of Bulgaria for the Cold War period and on an unprocessed file of the Bulgarian Communist Party archive.

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Нови данни за дюлгерите, работили в Копривщица през XIX век
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Нови данни за дюлгерите, работили в Копривщица през XIX век

Author(s): Svetlana Muhova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2021

The article introduce poorly researched or completely unknown documents, revealing many unknown data about the builders of public buildings in Koprivshtitsa in the period 1817 – 1858. The obscurity of the information contained in this rich source material, creates a great void in our knowledge and sometimes leads to repeated inaccurate or unreliable information, based on uncertain memoirs. The article present the data from the documents containing the names of the people who created wonderful examples of the Bulgarian Revival architecture in Koprivshtitsa in the XIX century.

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Индулгенции, издавани от източноправославни патриаршии. Част I
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Индулгенции, издавани от източноправославни патриаршии. Част I

Author(s): Philippos Iliou / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2021

The study, published in Greek in 1983–1985, is devoted to a phenomenon in the Eastern Orthodox Church that had not, until then, been the subject of a special research in the field of social history. Based on a vast array of historical sources, the author presents and analyzes facts about the production and distribution of indulgences from the Patriarchates of Constantinople, Alexandria, Jerusalem and Antioch from the 16th to the 20th century. The emergence and gradual establishment of the institution of indulgences in Eastern Orthodoxy is traced within the socio-political and cultural context of four centuries, focusing on the reasons for the introduction of indulgences, the stages of gradual standardization of their text, and the various forms of their distribution. The phenomenon is reflected in detail, taking into account its extension into the field of dogma, economics, social and political relations. The study sheds new abundant light on important issues in the history of the church, societies and attitudes in the world of Eastern Orthodoxy. An inventory of 57 printed Orthodox indulgences is also attached.

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