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ОБРАЗ ГДР В СОВЕТСКОЙ ПЕРИОДИЧЕСКОЙ ПЕЧАТИ 1950-1970-х ГОДОВ: ВЗГЛЯД СВЕРХУ И СНИЗУ

Author(s): S. Vershinin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2014

The author outlines two stages of analysis of relations between the USSR and the GDR in the Soviet periodical press; the first stage (the 1950s – the 1960s) was characterized by the positioning of the USSR’s supremacy in all spheres of life in the GDR; during the second stage (the 1970s – the late 1980s) the cooperation between the sides had been emphasized. The article characterizes the difference between the ideological image of the GDR in the Soviet press and the perception of the GDR in the historical and daily consciousness of the USSR’s citizens, the existence of an inconsistent combination of distancing and aspiration for friendship with the population of the GDR in political journalism.

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ГЕНДЕРНЫЕ СТЕРЕОТИПЫ: О ЧЕМ СВИДЕТЕЛЬСТВУЮТ ИМИДЖИ ЖЕНЩИН В ПОПУЛЯРНЫХ ЖЕНСКИХ ЖУРНАЛАХ СССР И ГДР?

Author(s): I. Gewinner / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2014

In the USSR, media in general and print magazines, in particular, have been designed to create views, patterns of behavior, cultural norms and practices of consumption. Thus, in Soviet Russia, propaganda stereotypes of the new Soviet women throughout decades maintained the image of an “emancipated” woman, i.e. an employed woman with other duties like unpaid housework and child-rearing. In this regard, the images of women of Soviet Russia featured ambivalence of gender orientation of clothes and behavioral roles. They were being reproduced from generation to generation, according to the gender schema theory by S. Bem (1981). This article aims at revealing whether images of women in print magazines are consistent with pictures of Soviet women in other socialist countries, in particular, in the GDR. Thus, I wish to discuss the transfer of patterns of behavior and consumption in print magazines in the "developed socialism", which corresponds to the period of the 1970s. To what extent do magazines affect women in a unified way? Are the images of women dramatically different in popular magazines in other (capitalist) countries? The findings indicate a discrepancy between women’s images in Soviet Russia and East Germany .

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ПОЭТИЧЕСКАЯ МИФОЛОГИЗАЦИЯ БОЛГАРСКОГО ИМПОРТА В СССР: ТРИ СТИХОТВОРЕНИЯ

Author(s): Dechka Chavdarova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2014

The text considers the mythologization of Bulgarian import in the USSR in the poetry from the Soviet era and the beginning of the 20th century, as a symbol of Bulgarian-Russian camaraderie: in a poem by V. Savelev a connection is discovered between the mythologization of Bulgarian tomatoes and some ideologemes of the official political discourse, while a poem by I. Kravtchenko seems to situate Bulgarian cognac in the same order with other signs of Bulgaria (towns, rivers, people), reflecting on imported goods as a means of narrowing the distance with the foreign country. Alongside, attention is paid to another semantics of Bulgarian imported goods in a poem by Y.Brodsky, where the names of “Slantze” and “Shipka” cigarettes, recalling the idea of the Soviet lifestyle, become signs of two different worlds, and lose their meaning of “Bulgarian”.

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ИНОСТРАННЫЕ СТУДЕНТЫ КАК КУЛЬТУРНЫЕ ПОСРЕДНИКИ? (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ СОВМЕСТНОГО ОБУЧЕНИЯ НА ФИЛОСОФСКОМ ОТДЕЛЕНИИ БЕЛОРУССКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА В 1970-1980-е гг.)

Author(s): A.Y. Dudchik / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2014

The article presents the analysis of an image of a foreign student from the CMEA countries in the Soviet Union, based on the questionnaires and interviews of a number of students and lecturers of the philosophical department of the Belarusian State University in the 1970s - the 1980s. The process of communication between the Soviet and the foreign students is represented in the context of cultural transfer research; the figure of a foreign student is represented as a cultural mediator, placed in the area of communications between cultures and participating actively in this process. The peculiarities of behavior and communication of foreign students during the study at the university and everyday life are explicated; some information about the further communications between the graduates of the philosophical department is presented.

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Artkino Pictures Argentina: a Window to the Communist Europe in Buenos Aires Screens (1954–1970)

Author(s): Valeria Galvan,Michal Zourek / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2016

The aim of this paper is to study a specific aspect of the Communist foreign propaganda policy in Latin America: its cultural influence through the export of films. Renewed after Stalin´s death, Soviet cultural propaganda concentrated on gaining the favour of foreign public. Particularly in Argentina, several propaganda techniques were implemented. Although the export of films was just one of them, it soon became very successful thanks to the collaboration of a local cultural mediator, the film distribution company Artkino Pictures, as well as its owner and founder, Argentino Vainikoff. His expertise in the field actually gained him a new business deal with Czechoslovak filmography, which somewhat contested USSR imagery. In all, here –with the aid of oral history as well as contemporary press analysis– we argue that Artkino´s role in the import of an idealised imaginary of Communism was crucial and had a particularly strong impact on middle-class citizens of the cultural and artistic regional centre that Buenos Aires was in the 1950s and 1960s, and from where all Latin America, as the Soviets soon acknowledged, could be reached.

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КРИТИЧЕСКИЙ ПОДХОД К ПОТРЕБЛЕНИЮ

Author(s): A. Gurov,A. Tolkachev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2014

До недавнего времени потребление рассматривалось социальными исследователями как гедонистическая деятельность или погоня за удовольствием ради удовольствия [2, 6]. В России такое значение потребления стало актуальным относительно недавно, в постсоциалистический период. С потребительским гедонизмом связыва- ется первое десятилетие 2000-х годов, называемое «жирными нулевыми», когда новая инфраструк- тура (торговые центры, кредитные карты и т.д.) и выросшие доходы создали условия и возможности для гедонистического потребления. Несмотря на то, что не все группы в российском обществе по- лучили полный доступ к таким возможностям, изменения коснулись заметной его части.

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ДУАЛЬНОСТЬ СТРУКТУР ИНДИВИДУАЛЬНОГО ПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ В ИСТОРИЧЕСКОЙ ДИНАМИКЕ: ОТ СОВЕТСКОГО К ПОСТСОВЕТСКОМУ ОБЩЕСТВУ

Author(s): V. Ilyin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2014

The article studies consumption in Soviet and post-Soviet society in the context of its dual structure. The analysis is based on the assumption that consumption always occurs in the context of existing culture and ideology and is a part of social reproduction. Every type of social reproduction features particular type of individuality. Ideally, a person with such a type of individuality is a function of a social system, i.e. an ideal consumer. However, in reality people are reluctant to turn into the ideal consumers who ensure the interests of the existing system and powerful groups who control social reproduction. Activity of these reluctant consumers results in various resistance practices and consumer culture that corresponds to them. As a result, the structures acquire the dual character and serve as a sustainable form of consumer behavior of those citizens who freely materialize their needs within an available amount of resources. This is, however, not an organized protest, but rather an individual form of resistance that the sociologists call “the art of the weak”.

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НОВЫЕ ТЕНДЕНЦИИ В ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКОМ ПОТРЕБЛЕНИИ РОССИЯН ПОД ВЛИЯНИЕМ СПОРТИВНЫХ МЕГА-СОБЫТИЙ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ УНИВЕРСИАДЫ 2013 г., КАЗАНЬ)

Author(s): P. Ermolaeva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2014

The article investigates the main trends in green consumption in Russia that were inspired by sport megaevents. The analysis is based on the case study of Universiade, which took place in the city of Kazan in 2013. The results of this empirical study confirm that the dwellers of Kazan have become more aware of green consumption and the green consumer practices have started to spread after the Universiade had been finished (for instance, waste sorting and ecologization of way of life and leisure). The author of the article links these trends to the increased availability of urban “green” infrastructure; the Year of Eco-culture that was held in Russia and promoted ecofriendly ideas; the local governments’ reorientation towards international environmental standards that have been maintained in other host-cities of international sport events; the popularization of post-materialistic values; globalization and increased population mobility; and growing value that is ascribed to health as symbolic capital.

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МУЗЕИ-ЗАВОДЫ НА СРЕДНЕМ УРАЛЕ: ОСМЫСЛЕНИЕ ПРОШЛОГО И ИНДИКАТОР НАСТОЯЩЕГО В КУЛЬТУРЕ ИНДУСТРИАЛЬНОГО УРАЛА

Author(s): Lidia Dobreytsina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2014

The article explores the aspects of development and operation of the industrial museums in Middle Ural, i.e. in the towns of Solikamsk, Nizhny Tagil, and Polevskoy. It contains the description of their present conditions, their popularity, plans and projects for further development. Analysis of an image of an industrial museum as it exists in the minds both of local residents and visitors is followed by the attempt to clarify the symbolic function of an industrial museum as a tool for shaping the image of Ural for contemporary age. Also, the article delves into the contradictions between the actual situation of industrial museums and the declarations of their importance and usage made by the local official media (based on the case of Demidov Park project). The main problem here is the failure, both by authorities and by local residents, to comprehend the role and the place of such museums in the future development of local and regional culture; as a result, we can witness underfunding and dismal material conditions of the industrial museums in Solikamsk and Nizhny Tagil, lack of adequate advertising, no interesting projects implemented at these plants and so on.

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ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЯ СОЦИОКУЛЬТУРНОЙ ИДЕНТИЧНОСТИ ГОРОЖАН В УСЛОВИЯХ ИНДУСТРИАЛИЗАЦИИ ВО ВТОРОЙ ПОЛОВИНЕ 1950-х – НАЧАЛЕ 1980-х гг. (НА МАТЕРИАЛАХ АНГАРО-ЕНИСЕЙСКОГО РЕГИОНА)

Author(s): N.V. Gonina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2014

The industrialization developed in the late XX century in Angara-Yenisei region promoted not only the territory development and the cities growth but also considerable sociocultural changes. In the cities of the region transition from traditional consciousness to the industrial one goes at an accelerated pace. The important role in this process was played by the large industrial enterprises of the Union value which had defined urban environment development parameters of that period of time. As a result of industrialization and urbanization of the region one can observe the transition from paternalism and collectivism to individualization, understanding of personality worthiness, material needs priority growth. These tendencies are of fragmentary and changeable character. Features of traditional, industrial and post-industrial society in the framework of the Soviet system are interwoven with polychromatic picture of sociocultural identity of a transition period. They gained the greatest expressiveness in the regional centers, the smallest level — in the peripheral not industrial cities.

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Rhetorical figures and rhetorical strategies in The Minotaur by Harrison Birtwistle

Author(s): Dominika Micał / Language(s): English Issue: 03 (30)/2016

Rhetorical figures and rhetorical strategies in The Minotaur by Harrison Birtwistle The Minotaur is the opera composed by Harrison Birtwistle to libretto by David Harsent. It was premiered in 2008 in Royal Opera House, Covent Garden. Birtwistle’s musical language is basically modernist: atonal, centralised, based on interval or number patterns, pre-compositional operations, scales invented by the composer himself. His music is recognised as generally intellectual and connected with great avantgarde of 20th century. On the other hand, Birtwistle has never denied expression in his pieces. Titles and extra-musical inspirations are common (i.e. Melencolia 1). Birtwistle is inspired by music of the Middle Ages, Renaissance, and, less often, Baroque. The score of The Minotaur is full of rhetorical figures: both hypothyposis and emphasis. They are evident and immediately recognised in spite of contemporary, atonal language of the opera. Mostly, they are inspired by Baroque musical-rhetorical figures but there are examples of individual, contemporary means. Figures are local and connected with only one or few words. General atmosphere of fear and isolation can be created with ‘rhetorical strategies’, which are active much longer than figures. Birtwistle uses musical symbols as well. There are two main symbols in The Minotaur: the iambic ‘glissando gesture’ which opens the opera and appears in its key moments, and the ‘motif of fate’ – repetition connected with powers of fate and with tragic irony. The question is, why Birtwistle used so traditional and instantly recognisable means, as he is known for his highly intellectual music. Answer given in this text is that they stay in service of narration. They are audible and visible signs of telling the story.

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ГОРОДСКАЯ И СЕЛЬСКАЯ ИДЕНТИЧНОСТИ ПРИАЗОВЬЯ: УСТНО-ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ

Author(s): V. N. Konstantinova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2013

The article presents the methodology and results of the oral history expeditions aimed at studying the urban and rural identities in the context of the research of the Northern Pryazovya citizens’ perception of peasant settlers and their place in the social structure of cities. Materials of these oral history expeditions give the opportunity to see through the eyes of the Northern Pryazovya inhabitants, of the first half of the twentieth century, the urbanization processes of this period; to make some observations about how deeply in the minds of the urban population of this region rooted myths and stereotypes about peasant-settlers and vice versa. The urbanization processes have been one of the most significant characteristics of the Northern Pryazovya history from the last quarter of the XVІII century. It is substantiated that the rural element played a prominent role in the urban colonization of the region; the character of perception by traditional rural population of Pryazovya of new settlements in a certain extent influenced the course of urbanization; the formation of «urban lifestyle» has undergone a significant impact on the part of the rural population life of the region; the categories «Own» -«Alien» were among the key in the perception by the peasant population of the region of the urban citizens; the cities since the time of their appearance played a role of outposts of policy of unification and centralization in the region, which was one of the reasons of the ambiguous attitude of the local peasants to the urban way of life.

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Na styku epok. Porównanie warsztatu twórczego Josepha Riepla i Marcina Józefa Żebrowskiego na przykładzie utworów pro processione

Author(s): Wojciech Karasiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 02 (29)/2016

In this paper, the author compares aesthetic and stylistic attitude of two composers who worked in Jasna Góra Monastery at the turn of Baroque and Classical eras. The aim of this article is to capture the differences and similarities between the creative output of both artists by comparison of their pro processione pieces, which are a local variant of a church symphony. Collating complexive analysis, the author points characteristic solutions implemented by the composers, which gives rise to denotation their output as baroque or classical. In this way both composers were located on a stylistic timeline – Riepel as a baroque composer who already has implemented some classical elements into his style, and Żebrowski as a representant of galant style with baroque remainders. Outline of the compositional technique was depicted, what in the future can be a starting point for the further researches.

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Stan zachowania rękopisów symfonii Carla Dittersa von Dittersdorfa w Polsce – rekonesans

Author(s): Miłosz Kula / Language(s): Polish Issue: 02 (29)/2016

Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf (1739–1799) has been remembered in history of music in the 18th century as a significant contributor in developing singspiel (comic opera) genre and as a composer famous among double bass players because of two double bass concertos. But recent studies brought to the fore information about a variety of his instrumental music. Between the others, there are more than 120 symphonies. This paper is a report-attempt about present condition of extant Dittersdorf symphonies’ manuscripts, preserved in the contemporary Polish area. There are nine archives and libraries mentioned, where these manuscripts are stored. The richest collection of Dittersdorf’s symphonies is located in Pauline Monastery Archive in Jasna Góra in Częstochowa (PL-CZ), where seventeen manuscripts are stored. All of them preserved in good condition, arisen in last quarter of the 18th century. Other manuscripts we can find in: Archive of Polish Dominicans Province in Kraków (PL-Kd), Cistercian Abbey in Kraków-Mogiła (PL-MO), Benedictine Abbey in Krzeszów/Grüssau (PL-KRZ), Library of Theological Faculty of Opole University (PL-OPsm), Archdiocesan Archive in Poznań (PL-Pa Muz MM), Diocesan Library in Sandomierz (PL-SA) and Special Collections Department of Wrocław University Library (PL-WRu). There is also a piece of information about the manuscript from Pilica (PL-PIk), presumably lost in recent time, which was one of very few examples Dittersdorf’s manuscripts written in the 19th century.

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„Angels and Men’ assisted by this Art, May Sing together, though they Dwell apart”-Angielskie antologie świeckiej i religijnej muzyki wokalnej z drugiej połowy XVII wieku w kolekcji Biblioteki Jagiellońskiej

Author(s): Róża Zuzanna Różańska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 02 (29)/2016

The article describes the group of seventeen early English prints from the second half of the 17th century. The prints are part of the collection of the former Preußische Staatsbibliothek in Berlin kept in The Jagiellonian University and contain ayres and religious songs. Fourteen of them were published by John and Henry Playford. The first part of the paper shows the biographies of the publishers and brings the state of research on their work. The second part includes the detailed description of the seventeen of early English prints. The final part presents the content of the prints and biographies of its most important composers.

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Kadry muzyką opatrzone

Author(s): Wioleta Muras / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01 (28)/2016

Creation of film music is only an episode in all of Witold Lutosławski’s way of oeuvre. He composed music to five films – three of which were not preserved (short films from the 1930s), two others that have been preserved were middle-feature films from the 1940s. This article is an attempt to reconstruct the character of the cooperation between Lutosławski and the directors, outlining the historical context and the circumstances of the works’ creation, and in case of the preserved films, to discuss their musical aspect. Uwaga – komunikat filmowy z frontu pracy (Beware! A Film Communiqué from the Front Lines of Work, 1934) and Gore! (Fire!, 1936) were directed by Eugeniusz Cękalski in cooperation with Stanisław Wohl. Zwarcie (Short Circuit, 1935) was created by Franciszka and Stefan Themerson. We know very little about Lutoslawski’s music in these films, but it was always appreciated in press reviews. After the Second World War documentary films became popular, but they contained propaganda features, which aimed to inform about the scale of devastation of Polish territory. One of them was Odrą do Bałtyku (Via the Oder to the Baltic, 1946) directed by Stanisław Urbanowicz. The sound element of the film has largely an illustrative character (in neoclassical style), it is a background for the narrative’s comment. Various arrangements of songs (Zasiali górale [The mountain people have sown], Przybyli ułani pod okienko [The lancers have come to the window]) which are incorporated in the soundtrack, underline the propaganda message of the film. The last film with Lutosławski’s music was Suita warszawska (Warsaw Suite, 1946) directed by Tadeusz Makarczyński. Again we can hear illustrative music, even real music (urban folk – polka and waltz), but sometimes music is more independent and abstract. After that the composer got several proposal to write film music, but he did not undertake this anymore (mainly for financial and time reasons).

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Kilka uwag o Mszy F-dur Józefa Poniatowskiego

Author(s): Karol Rzepecki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01 (28)/2016

The music of Polish composers of the Romanticism is still quite a forgotten and undiscovered area. One of the examples of that issue are the works of Joseph Poniatowski (1816–1873), a composer who spent a significant part of his life abroad. His work concentrates mainly on the opera music, which was largely dictated by the environment from which he descended and in which he stayed. The purpose of this article is to draw attention to one of the composer’s forgotten works – Mass in F major, and also to presently selected topics related to this work.

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ЧЁРНАЯ «ВОЛГА» И ГОЛЫЕ НЕГРИТЯНКИ: СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ МИФЫ, ГОРОДСКИЕ ЛЕГЕНДЫ И СЛУХИ О ВРЕМЕНАХ ПОЛЬСКОЙ НАРОДНОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКИ

Author(s): Zuzanna Grębecka / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2013

Каждый польский ребёнок слышал о «чёрной “Волге”». Якобы именно на этом автомобиле, ездили то ли ксёндзы, то ли монашки, то ли сотрудники госбезопасности, или даже высокопоставленные советские чиновники, которые, соблазнив детей конфетами, похищали их и убивали [21, с. 312-313]. Возможно, здесь проявляется отголосок «легенд о крови» — рассказов о хищениях и убийствах христианских детей, якобы совершаемых евреями, которые затем использовали кровь для приготовления мацы [24]. Байки о «чёрной “Волге”» — один из самых популярных современных нарративов, называемых городскими легендами. Впрочем, в области терминологии современного фольклора царит хаос, отражающий, на мой взгляд, существующие дефиниционные проблемы. Дионизиуш Чубала, главный польский исследователь этого явления, пишет: «В своей работе я употребляю множество терминов. Я говорю: “сплетня”, “слух”, “сенсация”, “новость”, “городская легенда”, “современный миф”. Ранее Дорота Симонидес пользовалась терминами: “рассказ из жизни”, “невероятная история”, “ужасная история”, “вампирическая”, а Чеслав Хернас употреблял словосочетание “легенда факта”. Этот номенклатурный плюрализм указывает на некоторую нашу терминологическую беспомощность, одновременно доказывая необ- ходимость срочного уточнения отдельных понятий» [6, 32]. Также и в английском языке нет в этом плане терминологического единогласия: самые часто употребляемые определения — это «urban legend», «modern legend», «contemporary legend», «rumor legend», «modern myth», «rumor», «gossip». По моему мнению, самая важная опознавательная черта рассказов данного типа — это способ отсылки к их подлинности.

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АРХАНГЕЛЬСК. ГОРОД НА КРАЮ ЕВРОПЫ

Author(s): S.N. Tretyakov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2013

Любой исторический город несет в себе те или иные следы своего прошлого. Это памятные места, архитектурные сооружения, старые названия и т.п. Но это могут быть и культурные коды, знаки, символы, образы. Н.П. Анциферов главным в понимании города считал познание его «души» на основе единства его исторического развития, природы, архитектурного пейзажа, духовной жизни. Душу города можно почувствовать через его «запахи, звуки, краски, формы, игру света и тени, пространство» . Признаем ограниченность восприятия города как «цельного культурно-исторического организма» иностранными посетителями, но одновременно это и «свежий» взгляд со стороны, подмечающий главное и необычное. Поэтому наблюдения иностранцев, несмотря на свойственные им недостатки, позволяют создать образ(ы) города.

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Западная интеллектуальная элита и феномен «роскошь»: социально-психологический аспект

Author(s): Elena A. Ageeva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2016

The article analyzes the researches of luxury in the western scientific tradition of the 18th — the beginning of the 20th century. Considered are the main approaches to research, evolution of concepts, system of values of thinkers. The conclusion is drawn that views of intellectual elite objectively reflect civilization features of society’s development.

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