Zagłada jako horror. Kilka uwag o literaturze polskiej 1985–2015

Author(s): Przemysław Czapliński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 12/2016

The author suggests that the depictions of the Holocaust in Polish literature of 1918–2014 should be categorized as horror. From the chronological perspective, Czapliński divides those thirty years into three shorter periods: 1) the initial period (from Claude Lanzmann’s Shoah and Jan Błoński’s essay “The Poor Poles Look at the Ghetto” to Wilhelm Dichter’s and Michał Głowiński’s memoirs) was dominated by white horror, which presented Jews as ghosts demanding a place in the Polish memory; 2) during the second period (from Marek Bieńczyk’s Tworki and Jan Tomasz Gross’ Neighbors until the end of the 2010s) the horror poetics was used to reveal those principles of pre-war and occupation-period normality which helped the Germans conduct the Holocaust and which conditioned the exclusion of Jews from the Polish circle of ‘normal humanity’; 3) during the third period (from Gross’s Golden Harvest until now) Jews return as the undead, violating the rules of distance and obliging Poles to physically touch the disgusting topic of the Holocaust. The contact with the Holocaust as something abhorring becomes a condition for self-knowledge, purging, and establishment of a new imaginary community.

Тракийският въпрос на страниците на „Македонски преглед"

Author(s): Vanya Stoyanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2014

The author of the article gives an overview of the materials about Thrace and Thracian Bulgarians published in "Macedonian Review" during the two periods in which the magazine was released - from its establishment in 1924 to 1943 and from 1992 to today.

Академик Иван Дуриданов като автор в списание „Македонски преглед"

Author(s): Anna Choleva-Dimitrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2014

Academician Ivan Duridanov is one of the brightest writers, published in the magazine "Macedonian Review" after the democratic changes of 1989 and the recovery of the series, founded in 1924.

Gluhite Kamani: Old Questions and New Approaches

Author(s): Georgi Nehrizov,Lynn E. Roller,Maya Vassileva,Julia Tzvetkova,Nadezhda Kecheva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 20/2012

Големият интерес към Глухите камъни се дължи основно на многобройните ниши, изсечени по увенчаващите билото скални зъбери. Най-впечатляващи обаче са изсичанията в доминиращия над околните скален масив. Върху заравнения му връх е вкопана дълбока правоъгълна щерна за събиране и съхраняване на вода. До нея води добре оформена двураменна стълба. Южното лице на скалата, от където започва стълбата, е оформено отвесно. На това място е издълбано пещерообразно помещение, с правоъгълен план и куполообразно покритие. Първият опит за системно изследване на обекта е поставено от експедицията на Института по тракология през 1975 г. Затова с удоволствие представяме първоначалните си резултати в издание, посветено на 40-годишнината на Института. Първите археологически проучвания на Глухите камъни започват през 2008 г. под ръководството на д-р Г. Нехризов. Резултатите веднага показаха, че е необходимо ново теренно изследване и документиране на нишите с модерни технически средства и според съвременните стандарти за теренно проучване. През 2011 г. с финансиране от Фондация Америка за България чрез конкурс, организиран от Американския научен център в София, започна българо-американски проект с две основни задачи – теренно проучване на района на Глухите камъни и археологически разкопки в централния сектор на обекта. В настоящата работа представяме предварителните резултати от тези изследвания. Основната цел на теренното проучване беше оглед, точно локализиране с мобилни ГИС и GPS устройства, подробно описание и документиране на всички изкуствени изсичания върху скалите в м. Глухите камъни. В резултат на теренната работа бяха установени 459 ниши, част от които неизвестни досега. Те са обединени в 81 единични или групи от ниши, разположени върху 28 обособени скали и скални групи. Вероятно броят на нишите е по-голям, регистрирането им обаче е затруднено от гъстата растителност, която ограничава видимостта към скалите. Още в началото на археологическите разкопки се установи, че на обекта има значителни културни напластявания от ранната желязна епоха. Археологическите проучвания в централния сектор продължиха четири сезона докато културните отложения бяха напълно изчерпани. В резултат на стратиграфските наблюдения се установи, че под пласт от средновековието е отложен седимент от ранната желязна епоха с обща дебелина над 2,40 м. В него се разграничиха три стратиграфски пласта с различен интензитет. При проучванията на различни нива бяха разкрити огнища, замазки и други структури, както и голямо количество фрагментирани керамични съдове и разнообразни находки. Резултатите от четиригодишните проучвания на пластовете от ранната желязна епоха, както и изследванията на целия комплекс ни дават основания да потвърдим досегашната интерпретация на обекта – сложен комплекс с култов характер. Центърът на култовата дейност изглежда е бил на най-високото място, където сега се намират останките от средновековната църква. Предварителните резултати ни дават възможност само предпазливо да се обърнем към хипотези за предназначението на скалните ниши. Връзката на нишите с погребалната обредност не може да се изключи напълно. Трапецовидна форма на нишите би могла да е алюзия за погребални ритуали или възпоменателни ритуали за вожд или герой. Групите ниши може да са предназначени или изсечени от членовете на една социална единица, като например семейство или род. Също така може да се предположи, че те са били правени по време на различни ритуално (календарно) важни моменти. Дали става дума за почитане на божество, местен херой или култ към предците все още е рано да се каже. Бъдещите изследвания на Глухите камъни и съседните обекти вероятно ще помогнат за решаването на тези въпроси.

Българо-румънски колоквиум „Етничност, език, идентичност: култура и контакти в Европейския Югоизток“

Author(s): Penka Danova,Vasilka Aleksova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1-2/2016

Quelques Remarques sur les Origines de l’Art Figuratif Thrace (VIe–Ve s.)

Author(s): Jan Bouzek / Language(s): French Issue: 19/2011

In the spirit of the studies conducted by Prof. Ivan Venedikov on Thracian art and its links with Persian, Greek and Scythian art, the author of this paper offers his contribution to the research issues on the basis of more recent archaeological discoveries. In his opinion, similar to the evolution of Etruscan art, the historical periods connected with the artistic style in Thrace do not succeed one another with clearly marked transitions. In order to understand the specificities of the “archaic” style in Thracian art (late 6th – early 5th century BC), it is necessary to take into consideration the political situation and the import of Greek works of art in Thrace. The author defends the view that archaic Thracian art can be perceived only in the context of the relations and cultural exchanges with Macedonia, Greece, Persian and Ionian Anatolia, and Scythia. He has illustrated his study with numerous examples from the Thracian lands: the objects found in the necropolis from Duvanlii, the little deer from Sevlievo, the matrix from Garchinovo, the belt from the village of Lovets, the ring from Brezovo, as well as imported painted Attic pottery. During the archaic stage Thracian art borrowed from neighbouring lands, while preserving certain specificities inherited from the geometric and “Orientalising” periods. At the same time, it laid the foundations for the development of the classical period in its two main regions: Odrysian and Danubian.

„Задушница“ в системе болгарских народных обычаев

Author(s): Valentina Vasseva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 19/2011

The paper presents in detail and on a territorial principle the specificities of the custom of the Bulgarians connected with All Souls’ Day. It involves commemoration of deceased relatives, which is performed every year on specific days at their graves. The author claims that the custom is a relict of the cult of the dead and that it plays a concrete social role, being performed at the cemetery where all deceased individuals from a certain territorial community are buried. The custom is assumed to have a dual nature. On the one hand, it is part of the burial rites and can be perceived as their continuation, in functional terms the custom is close to calendar rites and in most cases it is characterised by the spirit and specificities of the festive cycle to which it is attributed. A specificity of the Bulgarian All Souls’ Day is the abundance of food in honour of the dead and the food served at the feast.

The Sword God

Author(s): Maya Vassileva / Language(s): English Issue: 19/2011

The paper offers an analysis and reinterpretation of relief No 82 displayed in hall B of the most famous Hittite rock complex-sanctuary near Yazılıkaya. The relief, which represents a human head and body formed by lion protomes complemented with two more vertical lion’s images with heads downwards, shapes the grip of a sword. A part of its blade is also depicted below the described composition. The author proposes instead of the generally accepted identification of the sword figure with Nergal to perceive the image as Ullikummi – a monstrous stone giant in Hurrian mythology – whose functions are semantically close to those of Ubeluri, and a parallel is proposed with Atlas in Greek mythology. The cosmogonic elements in the figure of the mediator Ullikummi are indicated, as well as the structure of the stone relief from Yazılıkaya, which is developed in three zones: a human head at the tip of the grip, lion’s figures shaping the actual grip, and the blade that is presented as if struck into the ground. In conclusion, emphasising the parallels between ancient Greek and Middle East mythologies, the author recalls the information in Herodotus about the Thracian and Scythian Ares worshipped as iron sword.

Погребения на конници в Тракия*

Author(s): Rumyana Georgieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 19/2011

The earliest bridles and horses in Thracian burial context appeared first in the lands to the north of the Balkan Range (7th–6th century BC) and became widely popular to the south no sooner than the 4th century BC. The animals were buried close to the deceased individual or were inhumated/cremated together with him. They accompanied the dead, being mediators between the worlds of the dead and the living because of their role in the economy, war, hunt, as well as being symbols of power and rank of the dead. The social rank of the buried horsemen is hypothetical. Some of them accumulated both military and secular power, and they can be defined as representatives of a military tribal aristocracy. Another part of the buried men probably belonged to a stratum from which the closest surroundings of the ruler were chosen. The hypothesis that the riders buried in the Thracian rich graves and monumental tombs from the 4th century BC onward were kings could only be held for some of them. In their vast majority they were probably aristocrats or warriors who had accumulated significant wealth during different military missions in and outside Thrace. Possibly, emphasis on the warrior nature of men in burial practice was related to their belonging to military tribal nobility, to their military and hunting activities, as well as to ideas about their afterlife.

Обредите на Бромиос според епиграфски сведения

Author(s): Rossitsa Gicheva-Meimarie / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 19/2011

The study presents a multi-faceted and detailed analysis of the ritual practices in honour of Bromios and the beliefs connected with them. Bromios is a popular epithet of Dionysos in the ancient written and epigraphic monuments dated between the 6th century BC and the 4th century. The epithet Bromios (“Noisy”) has different interpretations that usually follow the link to the noise of the Dionysian festivities proposed by Diodorus (I, 61), but there are also opinions that it was an epiclesis of Dionysos. The author of the present study supports the theory of a possible cult use of the name. The analysis of the texts containing the name Bromios indicates that most of them mention Bromios in an unambiguous ritual context. The proposed analysis focuses on the reconstruction of elements of the rituals connected with Bromios on the basis of epigraphic evidence as a relatively direct source on the cult reality. Arguments are presented in support of the idea of associations of Bromios rites and beliefs with other mysterial cults, above all with the Orphic rites and with the cult of the Kabeiroi, emphasising that it is possible to identify separate elements that are specifically characteristic of the Bromios mysteries. One of their most important specificities is that the mysterial logos and rite were apparently not subject to such a strict secrecy, unlike the Orphic, Eleusinian and Cabiric mysteries.

Encore une Fois sur la “Déesse de Razgrad” et les Plus Anciens des “Cavaliers Danubiens”

Author(s): Zlatozara Gočeva / Language(s): French Issue: 19/2011

In the proposed text the author examines and analyses three tablets with images of the so-called “Danube Horsemen” and tablets from Razgrad featuring an anonymous goddess, placing them in a broader cultural and historical context. A critical survey of research conducted so far on the theme was made in the course of the study. The author believes that the origin of the iconography of the Danube Horsemen” can be sought in the Thracian Horseman. As regards the tablets from Razgrad with the image of the goddess, their cult character is beyond any doubt: the Thracian Great Goddess-Mother is depicted on them. A comparative analysis is made with the phalerae from the village of Galiche and with other monuments. The same local Thracian goddess offering a wreath to the ruler is depicted in the scene from the tomb in the village of Sveshtari, which is also in the Razgrad region. In conclusion, the view is accepted that the examined goddess and horsemen present a local Thracian cult connected with Asia Minor.

Thracian Beliefs in Afterlife

Author(s): Peter Delev / Language(s): English Issue: 19/2011

The study focuses on the considerable diversity and heterogeneity of the Thracian notions of death and life after death, known to the ancient tradition. Pomponius Mela, as well as Solinus, inform that the Thracians welcomed death willingly as a result of their different beliefs: some imagined that the soul of the deceased individual would return, others believed that the soul does not die, but does not return either, passing to a better life, while a third group believed that the soul dies and that this is better than to continue living. Each of these concepts is examined in detail with additional source data. The author recalls that the concept of the soul of the deceased individual is mentioned in connection with Thrace only by relatively late authors: Pomponius Mela, Solinus and Iamblichus. It is emphasised that the specificities of the Thracian burial practices and their millennial evolution suggest parallel existence of different ritual and – accordingly – ideological traditions, whereby direct association of certain burial practices with concrete beliefs is unjustified. The existing ancient evidence on the Thracian notions of eternal happiness and the “good things” that they receive after death are linked with feasts, hunting and horses, a loving wife, servants and wealth, all of which are of a markedly aristocratic nature.

Греко-скифские отношения в Нижнем Побужье V в. до н.э. (О начале реколонизации сельской округи Ольвии Понтийской)

Author(s): Konstantin K. Marchenko,Yuri A. Vinogradov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 19/2011

The paper examines the direct connection of Olbia Pontica with the events taking place in the steppe regions of the Northern Black Sea coast. It is emphasised that the most salient proof of that dependence can be seen in the establishing and development of its chora. According to the authors, one of the most characteristic manifestations of that dependence is the termination of the existence of the predominant part of the agrarian settlements from the archaic periods along the lower course of the Bug river at the end of the first third of the 5th century BC. Numerous archaeological examples illustrating that process are presented. The authors assume that the Scythians and the emerging animosity to the Greeks were the most probable reason for those radical changes. It is assumed that the end of the first quarter of the 5th century BC marked the beginning of the decomposition of the big tribal union of the Scythians, which occurred in response to the Scythian march of Darius. Thucydides focuses attention to the lack of unity among the Scythians, which was the reason for the transformation of a large part of the territory of the Northern Black Sea coast into an arena of conflicts and wars. The situation in the steppes improved gradually in the second part of the 5th century BC, which was visible in the intensive activities along the lower course of the Bug river from the last third of the 5th century BC onward, and the recolonisation of the territory of Olbia and of the coasts of the Dniepr-Bug liman started at the beginning of the next century, i.e., simultaneously with the emergence of the first Scythian settlements along the Northern Black Sea coast, which turned half a century later into the most important economic and political centres of Great Scythia.

Вуиновое перо Девы-юнака

Author(s): Yosif Moroz / Language(s): Russian Issue: 19/2011

The paper examines the folklore motif in the epic tradition of the Southern Slavs concerning the maiden-hero and her arrows with feathers, who put Krali Marko and his confreres to the test. The author explains the meaning of vuina as juniper and spruce for the Bulgarians, and as fir in the Russian language, and recalls the semantic closeness between cedar and cypress – the trees symbolising Artemis and Aphrodite, being associated later with the Virgin Mary. The role of the maiden-hero, who is often depicted dancing and the feather is seen not only on her arrows, but also as a part of her garments – above all as head-dress – was associated with the idea of fertility and with the archetypal image of the Great Goddess. The colour of the feathers and their number appears to be of essential importance to the magic power of the arrow that the maiden-hero (samovila) shoots against the hero, while – on the other hand – the hero manages to kill the maiden (samovila) precisely with such an arrow. The feather motif is known in another semantic order as well: the hero’s fight against a mythological dragon-monster, in which he is victorious owing to a feather from the mythical bird Noah (known among the different peoples as Nog, Nogot, Nagar-tur, Nogarshin, Cher-nogot, Cher-nagar, Astratir, Ostrafil, etc.). The different notions about that mythical bird are united by common iconographic features: huge size, radiance, living at the end of the world in a cave, or on top of cliffs, or on a sacred tree. In conclusion, the author stresses that the diversity of feathers in folklore is connected with their magic properties, whereby the emphasis changes depending on their function and origin (from vuina, from a bird or from a mythological creature.

Montemno – Temenites Mons – Света Гора

Author(s): Tosho Spiridonov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 19/2011

The paper presents an analysis and an attempt at identification and localisation of the oronym Temenites mons, which appeared on maps from the 16th–19th century. In some cases it was placed to designate a small mountain separated from the main body of the Hemus mons between the sources of the Yantra and Ossam rivers in the Troyan part of the Balkan Range, while on other maps it is placed near a settlement named Ternoua. In conclusion, the author stresses the uncertainty in the interpretation of the oronym. On the one hand, it is possible to assume a connection with the toponym Montemno (Roman road station on the road from Oescus to Philippopolis localised near Beklemeto) and it may designate a mountain between the Yantra and Ossam rivers (probably Vassilyovska mountain). The second possibility is connected with literal translation of the oronym as Sacred Mountain related to the Sacred Mountain of Tarnovo, hence on some maps the oronyms is placed close to Tarnovo.

Arhitekta Blaž Misita-Katušić: stvaralački opus u Bosni Srebrenoj

Author(s): Miroslav Malinović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 45/2016

This paper deals with research and critical review of the work of architect Blaž Misita- Katušić in the area of the Franciscan Province of Bosna Argenitna. Misita-Katušić, although in the professional surrounding known for its conservation and restoration projects done at end of his career, primarily in Slavonia and Vojvodina, was earlier engaged in important projects, religious buildings, including those built for Bosna Argentina in Belgrade, Visoko and Petrićevac. The paper presents the architectural properties of these projects and their historical development in later epochs. The additional value of this paper is the presentation architectural drawings of mentioned projects, parts of archive collections, which until today have been rarely or not published at all.

THE FORMATION OF THE CRIMEAN TATAR PERIODICALS

Author(s): Liliya Dynikova / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2016

The goal of the present article is to investigate non-Slavic typography of the XVIII–XX centuries. There are ma-terials about the first Printing house in Crimea and the activity of the Crimean Tatar Printing house in Bakhchisarai. The methodology of the research consists in historical, cultural and comparative methods that allow to investigate the whole process of the formation of the Crimean Tatar periodicals. Academic novelty lies in the grounding of the fact that the development of the tatar periodicals was influenced by certain historical processes that formed its contextual filling. There is an Interesting story about publishing of newspapers “Terjiman” and “Enclosing to Terjiman”, where compositions of the Crimean Tatar authors were published. Conclusions. Due to the deportation of the Crimean Tatar people, the typography has not been developing for a long time in Crimea. Most of print and electronic media in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea are issued in the Russian language.

Katharina Ute Mann, Polonia. Eine Nationalallegorie als Erinnerungsort in der polnischen Malerei des 19. Jahrhunderts (Katharina Ute MANN, Polonia. Narodowa alegoria jako „miejsce pamięci” w malarstwie polskim XIX wieku)

Author(s): Anna Myślińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2017

Novopazarska “Kolo” džamija

Author(s): Redžep Škrijelj / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 71-72/2016

Graditelj „Kolo“ džamije je Hadži Mehmed Кapudžibaši Hamza-aga koga ubrajamo u red najistaknutijih graditelja Novog Pazara. U osmanlijskim izvorima je poznat s kraja XV i početka XVI vijeka, kada je u istoimenoj mahali podigao džamiju i 25 dućana, zbog čega se uz osnivača grada Isa-bega Ishakbegovića, smatra jednim od najvećih vakifa svoga doba. U ovom radu je obrađena prošlost Кapudžibašine džamije, izgrađene u istoimenoj Кapudžibaši Hamza mahali, poznatije kao “Кolo” džamija, koja se u istorijskim izvorima pominje kao najveća novopazarska džamija. Džamija je zbog oštećenja u bombardovanju 7. novembra 1944. godine postala neupotrebljiva, a njeni ostaci uklonjeni 1957. godine.

Дойно Христосков Дойнов (16 юли 1929 - 18 януари 2014)

Author(s): Nina Dyulgerova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2014