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RECENT CASE LAW OF THE ROMANIAN COURTS AND THE EUROPEAN UNION COURT OF JUSTICE RELATED TO THE OBJECTIVE ENVIRONMENTAL LIABILITY

Author(s): Cristian Mareş / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2013

Although the economic interests have played a major political role in the recent period, in a number of litigations the courts applied the “polluter pays” principle and rendered favorably judgments to the claimants which suffered a damage caused by pollution. In this respect, it is worth analyzing the case law of the European Court of Justice which has recently provided the presumption of liability for pollution of the operators which operates installations on land adjacent to a polluted area. As the Romanian case law is concerned, given the novelty of the framework of an objective environmental liability and the low number of cases related to this issue, it is to be developed a constant jurisprudence as the decision rendered by the Romanian Court of Appeal as of March 9, 2009, which forced a polluter to remedy totally and in kind the damage caused to an individual’s house.

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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ECONOMIC GROWTH, ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND TRADE OPENNESS: THE CASE OF SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANISATION COUNTRIES

Author(s): Hamza Çeştepe,Bersu BAHTİYAR / Language(s): English Issue: 25/2022

This paper aims to analyze the relationship between energy consumption, trade openness and economic growth for the countries of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization that have started to follow open foreign trade policies with the transition to market economy since the early 1990s. The study examines validity and aspect of the relationship between variables for the eight countries studied covering the period of 1990-2018 by using panel causality, panel cointegration and panel vector error correction model methods. According to the results of the study, there is a causal relationship among three variables mentioned. While there is a bidirectional causality between economic growth and trade openness and economic growth and energy consumption; there is unilateral causality between energy consumption and trade openness from trade openness to energy consumption. The results support long-term equilibrium among the variables, but the direction and validity of the relationship are different in the short term. Therefore, periodic differences need to be taken into consideration when determining the energy policies that will be implemented in the economic growth process by these countries’ policymakers.

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THE STAKEHOLRDERS’ ENGAGEMENT IN IMPLEMENTING THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS IN AGRICULTURE

Author(s): Florin Aurelian Bîrchi / Language(s): English Issue: 38/2022

The challenges facing humanity have been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic and the war between Russia and Ukraine. In addition to the set of crises caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, a global food crisis is on the horizon and a worsening humanitarian crisis. In this context, the active involvement of all stakeholders in promoting Sustainable Developments Goals in agriculture is imperative. The relationship between Resilience and the sustainable development of agricultural organizations is seen as a systemic one that aims to reduce the negative effects of the complex crises facing humanity.

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Green Transition – Theoretical and Practical Implications of Applied European Legislation in Creating Public Policies and Practices: The Case of the Republic of North Macedonia

Author(s): Katerina Veljanovska Blazhevska / Language(s): English Issue: 10/2022

This paper presents a theoretical-practical categorical apparatus for defining, concept, legislation and applicability of green transformation and the concept of green public policy. Green transition is a particularly topical issue in modern society, in terms of the need to adjust public policies and overall regulation according to the necessary adaptations. At the same time, for the Republic of Northern Macedonia, the implementation of the directives and regulations of the European Union is especially important as a signpost for easier overcoming of all the challenges presented in this domain. The methodological framework applied in this paper refers to the analysis and interpretation of secondary data, in order to provide final recommendations and guidelines for future action in socio-institutional frameworks. Thereby, a method of content analysis, a comparative method and a method of generalization and specification are applied. The paper notes characteristics of applicability in the implementation of the indicated recommendations for the manner of conducting green public policies but also their compliance with the existing legislation and practice.

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A Review of the Monograph by T. Pimonenko, O. Lyulyov, N. Letunovska "Circular and Carbon-Free Economy: The Roadmap for Harmonizing National and European Standards for Energy Market"

Author(s): Jelena Titko / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

Circular and carbon-neutral economic development are the topical areas of implementing the climate strategy in many countries. According to these concepts, the main basis for economic development is the growth of the renewable energy share in the structure of energy consumption. The fact that Ukraine has announced that in the future its evolution will be determined by the European integration vector of development means that a prerequisite for the transition to the next steps of development is the synchronization of the national energy policy in accordance with the strategic guidelines of the European region. To develop an effective roadmap for harmonising Ukrainian and European standards of energy market regulation, it is advisable to analyse the experience of implementing energy efficiency practices in the policies of other countries in the European region. The authors forecast the structure of energy production from renewable sources, based on empirical calculations. The development and implementation of modernized mechanisms for regulating the energy market in European countries is a prerequisite for the successful adaptation of the Ukrainian energy sector and the introduction of effective approaches to the management of local businesses and all industries that depend on energy resources.

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A Review of the Monograph by Yu. Bilan, O. Chygryn, S. Kolosok “Environmental and Economic Impacts of Energy Transformation: Concepts Innovation and Business Models”

Author(s): Radosław Miśkiewicz / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

In recent decades, there have been dramatic changes in the energy sector, which significantly influence other areas of activity. It is widely believed that traditional energy sources are the leading cause of air pollution, although they play the most prominent role in electricity generation. Such dependence on fossil energy sources is a significant challenge on the path to sustainable development. The introduction of sustainable business models and innovative concepts in the energy sector is a tool for transitioning from traditional to "green" energy to reduce the negative impact on the environment. Therefore, it is essential to estimate the effects of energy transformations and identify the environmental and economic effects of the deployment of such solutions. Sustainable business models can solve environmental problems associated with harmful emissions from the energy sector. These models are more environmentally friendly and are part of "green" growth. They ensure the creation and maintenance of the organizations’ values and provide competitive advantages in the industry. Although moving to sustainable business models is quite complex, they contain alternative solutions to avoid a global collapse due to energy shortages and climate change. In this regard, the priorities are to improve regulatory policy in the energy sector, the formation of environmentally friendly competitive advantages of energy companies, the description of opportunities to deploy smart energy networks, development of sustainable business models for energy sector transformation, optimization of energy financing.

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CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES – THE EXPERIENCE OF POLAND AND UKRAINE

Author(s): Mariusz Czupich,Svetlana Kucherenko,Viacheslav Riznyk / Language(s): English Issue: 38/2020

The article reveals the key problems of the development of cities facing modern challenges. The demographic, ecological and financial problems connected with the functioning of modern cities are determined. The range of issues that need to be solved with the purpose of effective development of cities is clarified. The principles of the functioning of the smart city system due to the continuous processing and updating of data coming from various information channels are revealed. The key approaches to understanding the main components of the smart city are presented. The perspective of the idea of a smart city was substantiated and comparison of the current state of the smart city concept in Poland and Ukraine was made. The article uses literature studies to define the ideas and challenges of a smart city as well as case studies to present solutions in this field used in Warsaw and Kiev. It turns out that these cities, though they have a great development potential, are based on individual innovations rather than on a coherent strategy. It is particularly visible in Warsaw, where the problem is the lack of integration of activities that are undertaken in a selective manner. A positive fact is the increasing involvement of ICT in the city management process. The added value is the systematic improvement of the quality of public services and the increase in social participation in the process of making public decisions. The latter aspect makes it possible to integrate local society and build trust in public institutions.

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TƏBİİ RESURSLARLA ZƏNGİN ÖLKƏDƏ TİCARƏTİN AÇIQLIĞININ İQTİSADİ ARTIMA TƏSİRİ: AZƏRBAYCAN NÜMUNƏSİNDƏ

Author(s): İlgar SEYFULLAYEV / Language(s): Azerbaijani Issue: Sp. Issue/2022

A review of modern economic literature shows the lack of consensus on the relationship between the trade openness policy and the economic growth of countries. There is also an opinion that the policy of openness in emergent and resource-rich countries presents more opportunities for growth and development. Is this true, and under what conditions does openness lead to growth? Exploring the nature of the relationship between trade openness and economic growth in resource-rich emerging countries is the purpose of this article. The economy of Azerbaijan, rich in hydrocarbon resources, has been chosen as the object of study. The VAR model using ADF tests and Johansen's cointegration was chosen as a method of analyzing and evaluating the causal nature of the relationship between openness and growth. Trade openness ratio and GDP per capita are chosen as model variables. The study covers annual data from 1995 to 2020. It was found that in the long run there are no cointegration relationships between variables, in the short run there is a unidirectional causal relationship from openness to growth, and the effect of growth to openness is not statistically significant. The results show that Azerbaijan, by selling oil to the world market, receives economic benefits from openness, but the short-run nature of such benefits and the lack of feedback from growth to openness suggest that there are certain problems in the diversification and quality of the country's exports.

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Partnership and Cooperation Agreements and the European Union's energy security in the context of Central Asia

Author(s): Erwin Metera / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

This article presents a qualitative research with the aim of analysing and prognosing the future of relations between the European Union and hydrocarbon exporting countries in Central Asia, based on bilateral Partnership and Cooperation Agreements. The results of analysis, set within the broader geopolitical competition for influence in the region, distinguishes Turkmenistan’s significant role as both potentially important state for the future of the EU’s energy security, as well as the greatest challenge in building relations with the states of the region in a framework that requires a common axiological foundation.

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CZY PERYFERIE POTRAFIĄ UPRAWIAĆ NAUKĘ?

Author(s): Jakub Barszczewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

Review of: JAKUB PIOTR BARSZCZEWSKI - Raewyn Connell, Fran Collyer, João Maia, Robert Morell, Knowledge and Global Power. Making New Sciences in the South, Monash University Publishing, Clayton, Victioria 2019, stron 217.

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Monitoring Democracy in the Eastern Neighbourhood: When Are the EU’s Assessments Lenient and Why?

Author(s): Lusine Badalyan / Language(s): English Issue: 04/2022

How reliable are the EU’s reports when assessing its Eastern neighbouring countries’ progress towards democracy? To explore this question, I first developed an original scale that enables us to identify the variation in the quality of the EU’s assessment reports across the partner countries and over time. Subsequently, by employing both quantitative and qualitative research techniques, I carried out a systematic analysis of the key structural factors that tend to influence and compromise the quality of the EU’s assessments. The main results of the study suggest that the more dependent partner countries are on the EU as a source of development aid and export market, the less lenient the EU’s institutions appear in their assessment reports. Furthermore, the findings of the study show that somewhat counter-intuitively, the more authoritarian the regime in question is, the less willing the EU appears in criticizing the country’s poor democratic performance. However, when a certain level of political liberalization is underway, the EU institutions become rather critical in their assessment reports by explicitly and openly denouncing the country’s poor democratic performance.

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“Paradoxical” Dissatisfaction among Post-Socialist Farmers with the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy: A Study of Farmers’ Subjectivities in Rural Poland

Author(s): Aleksandra Bilewicz,Natalia Mamonova,Konrad Burdyka / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2022

Farmers in post-socialist Central and Eastern Europe are the major beneficiaries of the European Union’s (EU) Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), at least in monetary terms. Why, then, are they dissatisfied with the CAP? This study aims to understand farmers’ subjectivities (i.e., judgments shaped by personal opinions and feelings) regarding CAP and compares these subjectivities to the actual impact of CAP in rural areas. It is based on empirical research in the Błaszki commune in central Poland, where the farmers’ movement Agrounia originated. The study has found that in addition to its benefits, CAP created a number of new problems, such as socio-economic differentiation and related tensions in rural communities, misuse of the CAP’s direct payments, disappearance of rural (peasant) lifestyle, and environmental degradation. The empirical material has also revealed the fragile position of Polish farmers in the domestic market, which affects their dignity and self esteem. Agrounia seeks to address the latter issue, yet it faces the problems of farmer mobilization and negative representation in the media. This article contributes to the discussions about the applicability of CAP in the post-socialist context, the impact of farmers’ subjectivities on their practices, and the farmers’ mobilization and social movements in post-socialist countries

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The use of selected tax tools for the implementation of pro-ecological goals in Poland on the example of cities with poviat rights

Author(s): Jacek Witkowski / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

Motivation: Environmental protection requires action at various levels. Local governments managing the smallest territorially administrative units have been equipped with a number of competences enabling a positive impact on the condition of local natural resources. Their powers include, inter alia, determining the rates of certain taxes along with the possibility of applying preferences that may be aimed at stimulating environment- friendly behavior and the implementation of various pro-ecological goals. Therefore, a research problem can be raised regarding the use of this type of instruments by municipalities to improve the condition of the natural environment. Aim: The purpose of the article is to investigate whether and to what extent local governments managing communes in Poland use their powers in the scope of applying reliefs and exemptions in local taxes to initiate activities involving the protection and proper use of environmental resources. The study covered 63 cities operating with poviat rights, and the analysis covered the resolutions adopted by the city councils of these units in the years 2019–2021. Results: As a result of the research, it was found that the local governments of the largest Polish cities rarely applied exemptions from property tax and transport means tax exemptions due to pro-ecological activities undertaken by taxpayers. Local government officials were much more willing to use the statutory right to apply different tax rates on means of transport depending on the type of drive. In the group of the 10 largest urban centers, only in one case there is no lower tax rate for 2021, and thus no relief for owners of vehicles with a drive that meets certain emission limits or electric power. Importantly, the reliefs were most often accompanied by the reduction or maintenance of the real tax rates at a stable level.

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Co takiego lewica może widzieć w Rosji?

Author(s): Michał Sutowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 689/2022

Wypaczone rozumienie konkretnych wartości lewicy w połączeniu z błędną diagnozą sytuacji prowadzi czasem do horrendalnych moralnie i intelektualnie wniosków. Wskutek absolutyzacji i oderwania od analizy empirycznej czy przez zwykłą niewiedzę lewicowe założenia zamieniają się wtedy w swoje przeciwieństwo.

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The trend forecast model in the achievement of energy security of the countries and regional complexes

Author(s): Petar D. Stanojević / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 3/2022

The paper describes and illustrates a simple, robust, yet sufficiently detailed model that ensures quick and accurate enough forecast of trends and their possible effect on the processes related to energy security and, accordingly, global security. The heuristic model also takes into account diversity in the understanding of the energy paradigm. It is based on the 4Аs definition of energy security (Acceptability, Availability, Affordability, Accessibility) and uses the regional security complex theory. It considers four factors of the first and twenty-three factors of the second level. The created model enables consideringthe factors that are difficult to measure, which makes the forecast comprehensive. The model is applied in the cases of the EU, Serbia and China. The conclusion is that a set of factors acting towards the reduction of energy security of the countries whose strategic aspiration is the “green paradigm” exceeds by far the number of those with positive effects. The results point to the conclusion that China should continue the current energy strategy. The actual application of the model, through the analysis of influential factors, indicates the problems that will have their security-related repercussions. The factors that need to be treated as priorities have been singled out if the actual situation needs improvement for the purpose of increasing and maintaining energy security of a country or a regional complex.

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STAVOVI NASTAVNIKA O EKOLOGIJI I FUNKCIONALNOSTI SADRŽAJA EKOLOGIJE U UDŽBENICIMA OSNOVNOŠKOLSKE ISLAMSKE VJERONAUKE

Author(s): Nermin Tufekčić,Izet Pehlić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 3/2022

The research aim was to examine teachers’ attitudes on ecology and to determine whether ecology contents in elementary school textbooks of Islamic religious education are in the function of developing the ecological awareness and whether teachers give an equal significance to all impact factors and activities at school in the function of developing ecological awareness of their students. The descriptive analytical survey method was used as a research method in examining the teachers’ attitudes. The following research instruments were used: a survey questionnaire on ecology contents in Islamic religious education textbooks, a questionnaire for the teachers regarding ecology and a scale of ecological values (SV-3). The research sample encompassed 100 religious education teachers of different education levels, years of service and the place where they live. According to its nature, it was a target sample. The research results showed that teachers think that the contents in the Islamic religious education textbooks were not sufficiently formed so as to be in the function of developing ecological awareness of students and that teachers give equal importance to all influence factors and activities at school in the function of developing ecological awareness of their students. Teachers think that their families, followed by their schools, mass media and peers have the highest influence on young people’s attitudes towards the environment, whereas free time has the least impact. Teachers ranged the school factors according to their influence degree on students’ upbringing and education for environmental protection in the following way: 1. Professional competence of the teacher, 2. Didactic-methodological competence of teachers, 3. Visits, trips, excursions, 4. Classes, 5. Socially useful work, 6. Textbooks, 7. Public and cultural activities of the school, 8. Class community, 9. School ambience, 10. Students’ free activities and 11. Students’ press.

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Cooperation between Russia and China in the oil and gas energy sector: common prerequisites, political and legal framework, key areas and development projects

Author(s): Vyacheslav Karlusov,Dmitry Yarkov / Language(s): English Issue: 09+10/2021

China’s economic cooperation with Russia has been expanding since 2016. Since 2010, China has been the main trading partner for Russia, and in 2020 the volume of imported energy resources to China amounted to USD 32 billion with total imports of USD 130 billion – a record in the history of relations between the countries. The oil and gas sector is no exception in this case, and China is trying to increase its position on the import of Russian oil and gas by participating in the financing of various gas and oil pipelines being built near the border with Russia. At the same time, and from an economic point of view, China has no more profitable option to receive oil in large volumes, including to support heavy industry.The purpose of the work is to analyze the past experience of supporting oil and gas energy in the framework of cooperation projects between Russia and China.Scientific novelty. In this article, from the methodological point of view of a systematic retrospective analysis, the general prerequisites, the political and economic base of the study, the main trends and problems, directions and specific projects of cooperation between Russia and China in the oil and gas energy sector are considered.Practical significance. The results of the work will be useful for analyzing projects in the field of oil and gas cooperation at the country level.

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Urban Ecosophy for a Post-Colonial Ecohumanism of the City

Author(s): Dominique Sellier / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Ecosophy traces its etymological roots to the ancient Greek wisdom (sophia) of the household (oïkos), and can be understood as a form of ethics to inhabit the earth. Reflecting on the current challenges of the city, like the relation to the nature, or the social and ethnic inequalities in the urban space and through the ecosophical gaze of Arne Næss and Felix Guattari allows us to address core issues of an urban ecosophy. Within Næss ecosophy of the “self-realization”, the paper is pointing the link with his ontology of the relation with Gandhi´s insight on non violence and the importance of the “sense of place” with the understanding and identification to the local environment. Guattari´s ecosophy as the paper will show, leads also to the concepts of relation and of the “Tout monde” from the post-colonial thinker, and friend of him, Edouard Glissant. Furthermore, Stiegler´s concept of neguanthropocene and considering cities as “complex exorganisms” echoes Guattari´s urban ecosophy with the emergence of the “data city” performing a new kind of colonialism with data in the urban space. Finally, the essay will demonstrate how the urban ecosophy, as a practical ecosophy, in correspondence with ecohumanism, is proposing a decentring of humanism by considering the ecology in the city. It makes then possible to reconcile a modernist philosophy of individual and collective emancipation and deployment of subjectivities in the city, the idea of universalism with a world citizenship, with an emerging philosophy of respect and ethic for the living.

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Impact of International Environmental Agreements on Procyclicality of Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Business Cycles

Author(s): Bige Küçükefe,Nilüfer Kaya Kanlı / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

The relationship between cyclic components of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and gross domestic product (GDP) growth is procyclical for a typical economy. Potential effects of a policy decision on the environment require policymakers to consider the impact of GDP growth on CO2 emissions for a country. This paper investigates the changing dynamics of procyclicality of CO2 emissions with respect to GDP growth following the Kyoto protocol which represents a strong commitment for a green economy by the industrialized countries. We compare two time periods (1970-2005 and 2006-2017) before and after the Kyoto Protocol by calculating the Pearson correlation coefficients and using linear regression models for 48 countries which produced 79% of the world total CO2 emissions in 2017. Our study finds that the procyclicality of the CO2 emissions and GDP growth decreased in 29 countries and increased in 19 countries in the period 2006-2017 following the Kyoto Protocol. We extract the cyclical components by Hodrick-Prescot filter. We also build VAR models and compute impulse response functions, which agree with the statistical findings.

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THE LIMITS OF THE EU’S NORMATIVE POWER ON INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION EFFORTS. CASE-STUDY: THE INTERACTION WITH THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

Author(s): Emilian-Marian Stoica / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

When it comes to climate change mitigation, both the European Union (EU) and the People’s Republic of China (PRC) are regarded as the main actors driving international efforts, but for different reasons. While the EU’s status as a climate change champion is based on its ability to regulate and set high international norms and standards, the PRC is one of the world’s great powers that have the economic and technological resources and the capacity needed to significantly reduce global greenhouse gas emissions. Benefiting from its institutional and regulatory framework, the EU seeks through its foreign policy and other cooperation mechanisms to persuade other international actors, such as the PRC, to adapt their climate change policies to European demands in this area. In this paper, I analyze the normative power of the EU over the PRC in fighting climate change, and I will argue why the Brussels efforts to mitigate the speed of the global climate change after the signing of the Paris Agreement (PA) are only partially supplemented by those of the PRC. The reason why EU’s influence on Beijing’s climate change policy is limited has to do with the PRC’s own ambition on this issue, which is driven by its great power aspirations.

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