THE INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION FLOW OF LABOR DURING THE PROCESS OF INTEGRATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA WITH THE EUROPEAN UNION

Author(s): Alic Bîrcă / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2015

In this article the author debates the international migration flow of labor during the process of Republic of Moldova’s integration with the European Union. Therefore, the author presents the economic causes and effects of the international migration of workforce. Both emigration and immigration flows grouped by specific categories of persons are presented. The evolution of the number of Moldovan immigrants and emigrants in the member states is also presented. Furthermore, the article shows statistic data regarding the number of Moldovan citizens aged over 15 that are working abroad or searching for a workplace abroad.

MODEL DYNAMIKI RYNKU PRACY Z HETEROGENICZNĄ SIŁĄ ROBOCZĄ

Author(s): Małgorzata Wrzosek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2014

The article presents a model of the labor market dynamics with heterogeneous employment structure, e.g. involving workers with different productivity depending on qualifications. This model allows to examine labor market flows and their dependencies on factors such as the minimum wage, whether it is imposed at all, and finally the structure of workers’ qualifications. Using dynamical systems to describe the issue enables the analysis of existence, type and stability of the labor market equilibrium. Construction of the theoretical model has been supplemented by computer simulations allowing for proposing and verifying hypotheses about the dynamics of employment and unemployment.

Career self-management resources in contemporary career frameworks: a literature review

Author(s): Kristina Paradnikė,Auksė Endriulaitienė,Rita Bandzevičienė / Language(s): English Issue: 76/2016

The aim of the paper is to briefly describe and compare the main individual career resources and competencies proposed in the most acknowledged contemporary career frameworks. The findings of literature review suggest some valuable insights for future research and practice in the field of career management.

A Missing Element in Migration Theories

Author(s): Douglas S. Massey / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2015

From the mid-1950s through the mid-1980s, migration between Mexico and the United States constituted a stable system whose contours were shaped by social and economic conditions well-theorized by prevailing models of migration. It evolved as a mostly circular movement of male workers going to a handful of U.S. states in response to changing conditions of labour supply and demand north and south of the border, relative wages prevailing in each nation, market failures and structural economic changes in Mexico, and the expansion of migrant networks following processes specified by neoclassical economics, segmented labour market theory, the new economics of labour migration, social capital theory, world systems theory, and theoretical models of state behaviour. After 1986, however, the migration system was radically transformed, with the net rate of migration increasing sharply as movement shifted from a circular flow of male workers going a limited set of destinations to a nationwide population of settled families. This transformation stemmed from a dynamic process that occurred in the public arena to bring about an unprecedented militarization of the Mexico-U.S. border, and not because of shifts in social, economic, or political factors specified in prevailing theories. In this paper I draw on earlier work to describe that dynamic process and demonstrate its consequences, underscoring the need for greater theoretical attention to the self-interested actions of politicians, pundits, and bureaucrats who benefit from the social construction and political manufacture of immigration crises when none really exist.

The impact of migrant workers' remittances on the living standards of families in Morocco: A propensity score matching approach

Author(s): Amal Miftah,Jamal Bouoiyour / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

This article attempts to assess empirically the impact of remittances on household expenditure and relative poverty in Morocco. We apply propensity score matching methods to the 2006/2007 Moroccan Living Standards Measurement Survey. We find that migrants’ remittances can improve living standards among Moroccan households and affect negatively the incidence of poverty. The results show a statistically significant and positive impact of hose remittances on recipient households’ expenditures. They are also significantly associated with a decline in the probability of being in poverty for rural households; it decreases by 11.3 percentage points. In comparison, this probability decreases by 3 points in urban area.

Expert commissions and migration policy making

Author(s): Philip L. Martin,Eugen Stark / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2014

More countries are turning to expert commissions to assess labour market and demographic data to help to answer the fundamental migration questions of how many, from where, and in what status newcomers should arrive. Britain has had a Migration Advisory Commission since 2008, and most US immigration reform proposals include com-missions to assess labour market, demographic, and other data to provide advice or set quotas on the number of immigrants and temporary foreign workers admitted.

The case for a foreign worker advisory commission

Author(s): Ray Marshall / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2014

This paper outlines the case for an independent Foreign Worker Advisory Commission (FWAC) to assemble and develop data and research to assist the administration and Congress make better and more timely decisions on employment-based migration (EBM), a relatively small (14 per cent in 2010) component of total immigration. An in-dependent, professional FWAC should be an important component of comprehensive immigration reform. Indeed, the FWAC should be established and operational before any substantive changes are made in current foreign worker programs. The United States should, however, immediately improve the enforcement of the rights of foreign and domestic workers, simplify and modernize administrative procedures, and strengthen data relevance and reliability.

The next generation: Experiences of higher educated Turkish-Dutch on The Hague labour market

Author(s): Karijn G. Nijhoff / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2014

This paper explores the relationship between education and labour market positioning in The Hague, a Dutch city with a unique labour market. One of the main minority groups, Turkish-Dutch, is the focus in this qualitative study on higher educated minorities and their labour market success. Interviews reveal that the obstacles the respondents face are linked to discrimination and network limitation. The respondents perceive “personal characteristics” as the most important tool to overcoming the obstacles. Education does not only increase their professional skills, but also widens their networks. The Dutch education system facilitates the chances of minorities in higher education through the “layering” of degrees.

Africa - Israel - Africa Return-migration experiences of African labour migrants

Author(s): Galia Sabar / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2013

This paper analyses homecoming experiences of African labour migrants who lived in Israel and returned home. Using qualitative research methodologies, I discerned what factors - material and non-material - determine the relative success of the return process. Focusing on these factors’ effects, I offer a new under-standing of labour migrants’ homecoming experiences: those who are “content,” “readjusting,” or “lost. Following Ulrich Beck's (2006) analysis of cosmopolitan-ism, I suggest that these categories portray significant new life spaces that are neither what they left nor what they came from, and are dynamic, fragile, and constantly changing. In some cases the influence of economic assets on the returned migrants’ homecoming experience was indeed crucial, in many other cases the challenges of reconnecting oneself with home, family, and existing social norms and customs was much more influential on their homecoming experience including on their sense of well-being. Furthermore, some of the non-material goods such as individualization, personal responsibility, and long-term planning proved useful, others such as trust, particularly in relation to family, were detrimental.

Interlinkages of the Czech Regional Labour Markets

Author(s): Vít Pošta / Language(s): English Issue: 04/2018

The key issue of the structural policy are the specifics of the respective regions which comprise the whole economy. This paper focuses on the possible interlinkages of the regional labour markets of the Czech economy. The analysis rests on the key variables of the search model, which are probability of finding a job, separation rate and labour market tightness. The possible interlinkages are detected via multivariate GARCH models between the particular regional labour market and the whole economy. The results show that by no means can it be expected that there are any stable links between the markets. The interlinkages are many times absent at all and also significant asymmetry with respect to the variable in question arises. The results point to significant structural specificities of the respective regional labour market.

Staż jako instrument polityki zatrudnienia aktywizujący bezrobotnych absolwentów

Author(s): Ewa Hofmańska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2010

Labour Market Transitions and Their Determinants in Slovakia: Path from Crisis to Recovery

Author(s): Daniel Gerbery,Tomáš Miklošovič / Language(s): English Issue: 07/2020

The paper brings analyses of the transitions between employment, unemployment and inactivity during and after the period of the financial and economic crisis, using longitudinal micro-data from the European Union Survey on Income and Living Conditions. The empirical analysis consists of two steps. An overall picture is obtained by computing transition probabilities and Shorrocks’ summary mobility index. Effects of personal and household characteristics are explored through multinomial logit models. Our results confirm the low level of labour market mobility in Slovakia and the role of some determinants highlighted by previous research. In addition, analysis takes into account several new determinants that have not been included in the previous analyses.

Time-Varying Rigidity of the Czech Regional Labor Markets

Author(s): Vít Pošta / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2020

While the empirical economic research has long focused on capturing the rigidities of the labor markets on the level of the whole economy, the structural policy might benefit much more from a regional perspective. This paper follows exactly this path, focusing on the regional differences in labor market rigidities. The concept of the labor market rigidity is captured by the sensitivity of probability of finding a job on the labor market tightness, a key relationship behind the search model of the labor market referred to as matching function. The relationship is estimated as time-varying using the Kalman filter procedure. Indeed the results go to prove that the situation among the regional labor markets in the Czech economy varies with respect to space as well as time.

Can Increasing the R&D Intensity Lower Unemployment Rate? Case of Five Selected European Countries

Author(s): Amin Sokhanvar,Serhan Çiftçioğlu / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2020

This paper empirically examines the short-term and long-term effects of changes in R&D intensity on particularly the rate of unemployment in addition to economic growth for a sample of five European countries. Utilizing annual data for the sample period of 1991 – 2017, two alternative methodologies, namely the ‘ARDL bounds testing’ and ‘PMG estimation’ are employed. The empirical results have shown that there exists a long-run relationship between R&D, unemployment rate, and economic growth in four of the five countries investigated. Furthermore, the results of panel data analysis have suggested that even though in the long-run a given increase in R&D is likely to lower the rate of unemployment (in the average country of the sample), in the short-run, it can have adverse effects on unemployment. The paper argues that these empirical results can be taken as an evidence for the idea that even though the dominant form of technological change is in the form of ‘new task creation’ instead of ‘automation’, in the short-run new technologies may lead to an increase in the rate of unemployment due to the possible mismatch between the skills required by the newly created tasks (jobs) and the skills of the existing pool of workers.

SĂ NU NE UITĂM STRĂMOȘII

Author(s): N. Grigorie Lăcrița / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 56/2023

It is said that we truly die not when the doctor records the time of death, but when the last loved one forgets us. That is why the commemoration of loved ones who have passed away is a moment of great spiritual significance as well as an occasion for remembrance and meditation.

ELEVATING JOB SEARCH EFFECTIVENESS: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SELF-DIRECTED LEARNING AND SELFCONTROL

Author(s): Rewan Kumar Dahal,Binod Ghimire,Dipendra Karki,Surendra Prasad Joshi / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

Purpose. Securing employment in the current dynamic job market necessitates the proactive prioritization of one’s employability. The purpose of this study was to determine how self-directed learning (SDL) and self-control practices (SCPs) influence job-seeking behavior (JSB).Design/methodology/approach. A comprehensive survey was conducted to collect data from 323 students graduating from esteemed educational institutions in Nepal. The survey included various components, such as SDL, SCPs, JSB, and participant details. The assessment was conducted with JSB, which was divided into behavioral factors, personal factors, and skills and competencies. SDL, comprising goal setting and planning, cognitive control and focus, and skills and competence, and SCPs, comprising impulse management and self-discipline, cognitive control and focus, and emotional regulation and resilience, were evaluated. These factors were assessed using a Likert-type scale comprised of 5-point ratings. The credibility of the data was validated through confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM).Findings. The research hypothesized, on the basis of self-efficacy theory, that both SDL and SCPs have significant effects on JSB. A positive correlation between SCPs and JSB (β = 0.628; p < 0.01) and SDL and JSB (β = 0.356; p < 0.01) was confirmed through path analysis. The research emphasized that SCPs and SDL attitudes constituted 89.0% of the variance in JSB in Nepal, demonstrating their significant influence. The fitness indices of the model were deemed satisfactory, providing policymakers and educators with vital insights.Research implications. The findings emphasize the significance of cultivating emotional regulation skills, self-efficacy consciousness, and guided counseling to enable graduates to embark on their professional trajectories with resilience and a sense of purpose in their education. Academic institutions and instructors significantly influence students toward successful career progression through their emphasis on the interplay between self-regulation and self-directed learning.

ORGANIZATIONAL SUPPORT FOR REMOTE WORKERS IN EXTREME SITUATIONS: THEORETICAL INSIGHTS

Author(s): Renata ŽVIRELIENĖ,Diana LIPINSKIENĖ / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Due to extreme situations caused by natural, technical, ecological, or social reasons or acts of war, to ensure the continuity of operations, organizations must adapt to new changes related to changed working conditions, when direct contact with people is avoided and a form of remote work is switched to. This means that at such a time, organizations must reorganize work processes and provide support to employees to ensure the successful implementation of remote work. For organizations seeking to ensure the productive work of employees remotely, technology alone is not enough, they need appropriate employee qualifications, motivation, and organizational support, which plays an important role in shaping employee job satisfaction.

Generacje internetowe na rynku pracy

Author(s): Grażyna Wieczorkowska,Kinga Wilczyńska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2023

Objectives: When describing generational differences, the concept of a collective (prototypical) unit is used, which has been shaped by prevalent social and cultural conditions during the formative period of secondary socialization. Generations whose privileged period coincided with the widespread use of the internet have been referred to as internet generations. The article aims to draw attention to the need to separate the effects of biological age (younger doroworkers differ from older ones in terms of factors such as muscle strength and fresh memory) from the effects of generation resulting from environmental differences during the privileged period of secondary socialization. Methodology: The article presents analyses of survey research results from the World Value Survey in 2005 and 2020, as well as the European Social Survey from 2018/2019. Results: Using WVS data, the article demonstrates an empirical approach to distinguish the generational effect from the effect of biological age in the study of work attitudes. It shows that, compared to older generations, work is less significant for internet generations. Using ESS data shows that the intensity of internet usage positively correlates with self-focused hedonism among all respondents. The negative correlation with others-centred conformity depends on age (younger respondents exhibit a stronger correlation). Limitations/Implications: Unfortunately, most scientific reports on generational differences are based on cross-sectional measurements at a single point in time. Such studies do not allow for the separation of age, period, and cohort effects, thus posing a high risk of making false generalizations regarding generational differences. Originality/Value: The Internet revolution, which has taken place on a nearly global scale, has radically changed intergenerational relationships. Internet generations no longer need to look for information by asking older employees.

LEADERSHIP. DECISION-MAKING. LEGITIMACY. HOW DELIBERATIVE ARE THE LABOR UNIONS IN ROMANIA?

Author(s): Diana Cristina Cosma,Sergiu Mișcoiu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Deliberative democracy theory highlighted democratic deliberation as a modus operandi for facilitating group decision-making. In 2023, members of Romanian labor unions in several sectors took to the streets in strikes and protests, demanding higher revenues and better work conditions. Nevertheless, misunderstandings and internal ruptures shadowed their noble ends and fueled mistrust amongst unionists. This dynamic reminds rather of interest party politics as it employs vertical power relations, influenced by social and professional background segmentation. One question that reasonably arises in this context is how deliberative the decision-making process is within the unions in Romania. We specifically analyze elements of deliberative organizational leadership and the power relations within labor unions through a qualitative study in the form of interviews.

MAIN STAGES OF EMPLOYEE EMPOWERMENT STRENGTHENING IN PRODUCTION ORGANIZATIONS

Author(s): Giedraitis Algirdas,Romerytė-Šereikienė Rasa,Modestas Vaikšnoras / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

As management strategies and organizational structures change, the aim is to discover ways that will help make the activities of each employee, as well as the entire production organization, more efficient. In each successful organization, the leader’s and employee's ability to understand each other and to work together in a team is very important. At present, a new term is being emphasized and promoted- empowerment – the leader's actions towards the employee in order to successfully achieve the goals of the organization. Dimensions of structural empowerment: opportunities - the employee's perception of the extent to which he has opportunities to perform challenging work using existing abilities and at the same time acquiring new abilities, information - to the extent that, in the employee's perception, information is available to him in a wider context than his individual work, support - to the extent that the employee feels that he can receive advice or feedback during the performance of various tasks, resources - to what extent all the necessary resources are available to the employee to perform the planned tasks. Empowerment is essentially a democratic process that allows employees to have more say in decisions that are currently made by managers in traditional command and control centers. A model for strengthening employee empowerment is presented, consisting of 3 stages, which allows identifying employee empowerment problems when making decisions on quality issues and providing solutions. The quantity of features and characteristics of a product reflects its quality. One of the most important aspects is that managers and executors (team members) must understand the importance of quality and know what factors affect it and what solutions take place with identified problems. Based on the identification of product quality from the point of view of managers and executives, problems are identified, and solutions are provided to change the situation. If they do not have a common understanding of product quality issues, the situation in production only worsens. Organizations must empower their frontline employees with the authority and training to make decisions related to equipment operation and maintenance. The obtained results of a quantitative study carried out in a manufacturing company proved that employees partially feel empowered by managers to make decisions: especially in the second stage, which is associated with work performance, quality requirements, job satisfaction and efficiency. Recommendations are provided for management to develop a sense of personal efficacy through employee empowerment. The role of managers is to empower their subordinates to make decisions on their own, relying on established (approved) requirements. This research about employee empowerment can be useful for organizations in assessing the effectiveness of measures, enabling leadership, and the innovations implemented, as well as in forming a holistic approach to the phenomenon of employee empowerment, combining the assumptions that make up empowerment into a common system and the consequences that are significant for work and the organization.