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Spory o realismus, Hegel a jazyk(y) matematiky

Spory o realismus, Hegel a jazyk(y) matematiky

Author(s): Jaroslav Peregrin / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2012

Jedna z klíčových filosofických diskusí poslední čtvrtiny dvacátého století se týkala sporu mezi „metafyzickým realismem“ a „relativismem“ (Putnam, 1980, 1990, 1994; Lewis, 1984; Rorty, 1972, 1993). Je jazyk, jak tvrdí „realisté“, pouze prostředkem kopírování na nás zcela nezávislého světa, nebo se, jak mají za to „relativisté“, nějak podílí na utváření tohoto světa? Z hlediska ‘selského rozumu’ se to může zdát být jasné: svět přece jasně je na nás nezávislý a představovat si, že ho my, naším jazykem, můžeme nějak „utvářet“, se zdá být absurdní. Méně absurdní se ale tahle myšlenka stává, když si uvědomíme, že to, čemu říkáme svět, se skládá z kategorizovaných objektů s různými druhy vlastností a vztahů, a že to, jaké kategorie máme či co považujeme za vlastnost či vztah může být – do nějaké míry – věcí našeho jazyka.

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Uwagi na temat starożytnych źródeł i przesłanek teorii Mikołaja Kopernika

Uwagi na temat starożytnych źródeł i przesłanek teorii Mikołaja Kopernika

Author(s): Konrad Dydak Rycyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2024

De revolutionibus [orbium coelestium] by Nicolaus Copernicus was a groundbreaking work for 16th-century Europe. Copernicus’s cosmological thesis was in some opposition to Ptolemy’s thesis and therefore opinio communis, not without some error, called it the heliocentric theory. It seems that the cosmological thesis should not be understood only as a simple negation of the earlier theory and Copernicus’s good knowledge of Greek metaphysics and cosmology also played its part. So, what were the grounds upon which Copernicus’s philosophy was founded? Can these premises be found in the analyses of the Pythagoreans and Greek mathematicians Aristarchus and Eudoxus? Are such premises provided only by Plato and Aristotle? Is it possible to indicate other Greek sources of Copernicus’s theory? If so, do they really support the claim that the Copernican theory is in fact a forgotten ancient theory?An attempt to answer these questions is as follows: after a brief presentation of the historical background of the appearance of Copernicus’s theory and its main early theses (Commentariolus), geocentric positions and views in the Middle Ages and their Greek sources will be presented. Next, going back in history, views and positions which underlie the non-geocentric cosmology will be presented, also those that were recalled and recorded by Copernicus in his treatises. Finally, there will be presented and analyzed — though probably unknown to Copernicus — philosophical and cosmological positions and views, which in Greek thinking, even at its beginnings, may constitute loci philosophici, the premises and sources of non-geocentric cosmology.

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An Introduction to the Topic ‘Copernicus and Astrology’. A Commentary on the Theses of Robert S. Westman

An Introduction to the Topic ‘Copernicus and Astrology’. A Commentary on the Theses of Robert S. Westman

Author(s): Michał Kokowski / Language(s): English Issue: 23/2024

This article is an introduction to the subject of Copernicus and astrology. It presents an overview of a set of facts and positions of researchers exploring the relevant ideas of Copernicus, as well as the author’s own perspective. A key role is played by a critique of R.S. Westman’s theses.

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Wprowadzenie do tematyki ‘Kopernik a astrologia’. Komentarz do tez Roberta S. Westmana

Wprowadzenie do tematyki ‘Kopernik a astrologia’. Komentarz do tez Roberta S. Westmana

Author(s): Michał Kokowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2024

The article is an introduction to the subject of “Copernicus and astrology”. An overview of the set of facts and positions of researchers of Copernicus’s thought related to this topic is presented, as well as the author’s position. A key role is played by the criticism of R.S. Westman’s theses.

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Was Copernicus an Astrologer?

Was Copernicus an Astrologer?

Author(s): George Borski,Ivan Kolkov / Language(s): English Issue: 23/2024

The question ‘Was Copernicus an astrologer’ is prima facie very clear, while in fact being quite ambiguous. This question should rather be regarded as a vast topic covering lots of more concise questions such as ‘Was Copernicus thoroughly educated in astrology?’, ‘Did Copernicus believe in astrology?’ or ‘Did a mature Copernicus practice astrology?’Unfortunately, thus far, consensus has not been achieved among historians on any of them. Accordingly, the topic has been for some time, and still is, a battlefield of the most acrimonious debates in Copernicology, nay, perhaps in the whole history of science.Carefully made distinctions and subsequent analysis of the common pro et contra arguments enabled this paper to arbitrate the different perspectives. None of the arguments has been found to have a decisive force. In general, while the pro lines of reasoning are normally based upon insecure or even faulty inductive logic, their contra counterparts often suffer from ex silentio inferences or even ad ignorantiam fallacy.Two new, subtle arguments have been introduced instead. They can be considered as genuine new evidence allowing for the resolution of some lingering doubts. First, the natal charts of Copernicus that were cast in the middle of the 16th century have been studied. The excessively exact birth hour of Copernicus at 4:48 PM has quite naturally been expected to be a result of a preliminary astrological rectification. However, apparently it was not rectified by the algorithms most popular at the time. The findings suggest the number-symbolic rather than astrological inclinations of Copernicus.Further, a careful analysis of Copernicus’s annotations in the Alfonsine Tables revealed a link between the misprints corrected by him and the ancient observations he included in De Revolutionibus. Consequently, an extensive astrological use of the tables by him can be excluded with a high probability. Moreover, Copernicus likely never used Regiomontanus Tables on a regular basis either.The conclusion integrates all the available arguments pertinent to the relationship of Copernicus with astrology.

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Was Copernicus an Astrologer? From the Perspective of a Historian of Astrology

Was Copernicus an Astrologer? From the Perspective of a Historian of Astrology

Author(s): Sylwia Konarska-Zimnicka / Language(s): English Issue: 23/2024

Nicolaus Copernicus’s achievements in the field of astronomy are widely known and undisputed, but few people know that he also studied astrology – in his time recognised as a science and a subject of academic lectures. Evidence of this activity, though scarce, is preserved in the margins of one of the popular astrological treatises of the 15th and 16th centuries, which was owned by Nicolaus Copernicus. Thanks to these marginal notes it is possible to undertake a consideration of the scale and reasons for the involvement of the astronomer in the exploration of astrology.

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Motivace k popularizaci jazyka a lingvistiky

Motivace k popularizaci jazyka a lingvistiky

Author(s): Hana Dufková,Ondřej Dufek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4-5/2024

Popularization is often seen as an integral part of scientific work, but from our experience, in Czech linguistics, it is not an obligatory part, required for a scientist’s activities to be viewed as of high-quality or complete. Therefore, one can assume that the content, the manner and the level/quality of popularization activities depend strongly on the motivation of particular scientists, their teams or their superiors. The paper aims to map what motivates people who popularize language and/or linguistics to do so. We asses that qualitatively, using the method of semi-structured interview with both linguists and non-linguists involved in popularization. Our respondents described as their motivations the feelings of personal gratification, satisfaction, contentment, joy or pleasure of the popularization, the feeling of meaningfulness, added value, self-realization, and ego. Based on these results, we conclude that both groups of popularizers like to popularize language and/or linguistics, but for linguists, meaningfulness and little or no feedback are characteristic, while non-linguists are more focused on building social media communities that are able to digest only very simplifiedcontent.

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On the philosophy and logic of human action: A Neo-Austrian contribution to the methodology of the social sciences

On the philosophy and logic of human action: A Neo-Austrian contribution to the methodology of the social sciences

Author(s): Michael Oliva Cordoba / Language(s): English Issue: 76/2024

Philosophical action theory seems to be in pretty good shape. The same may not be true for the study of human action in economics. Famous is the rant that the study of human action in economics gives reason to tremble for the reputation of the subject. But how does this come about? Since economic action is about action, the broader study must surely have a strong impact on the more specific field. The paper sets out, from the ground up, how an essential concept in economic theory–the concept of competition–can fundamentally benefit from insights derived exclusively from analytical action theory broadly conceived. In doing so, the paper delivers on an old Austrian promise: it is sometimes claimed that Austrian economists understand competition better than most economists. This may be a bold claim, since Austrian economists have neither traced the understanding of subjectivity to its very origin (the theory of intentionality), nor have they traced their sympathy for methodological individualism in relation to market processes to its very ground (the theory of (human) action). This paper aims to fill this gap. Moreover, by grounding an Austrian view of competition in analytic action theory, it succeeds in avoiding the serious problems of the dominant equilibrium approach. By explaining competition as rivalry, the paper draws on the philosophy and logic of human action to bring the (economic) agent back into play. In this way, a case is made for an integrated view of Austrian theory as an amalgam of Austrian economics and analytic action theory.

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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND RELIGION: BETWEEN SLAVERY AND THE PATH TO SALVATION

Author(s): Constantin Valer Necula,Daniela Dumulescu / Language(s): English Issue: 68/2024

The people of the XXI century seem to search for salvation in the hands of technology such as artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, internet of things etc. There is an increasing trust in the capacity of artificial intelligence to transform and transcend life and death. Unfortunately, post-humanist technologies aimed to liberate humans from all existential burdens and dilemmas challenge the liberation and salvation itself. One big question that arises in the minds of modern Christians is: Where is the hand of God in the world conquered by technology? The current paper explores the specificity of using Artificial intelligence for religious and spiritual needs and activities, focusing on the implication and limitations of AI tools in religious life. The main questions that our study addresses are: Which aspects of religious life are and may be impacted by Artificial Intelligence? What are the main limitations of AI-tools regarding individuals' spiritual needs? Can conversational AI-agents redefine the relationship with the priest? The analysis revealed that artificial intelligence needs to be addressed as a tool. It is neither ultimate doom nor the way to salvation. The wisdom of human beings has the power to liberate themselves from all the slaveries, including technology. The salvation brought by repentance and forgiveness can only be revealed through religious and spiritual development.

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RELIGION, TECHNOLOGY AND COOPERATIVE RATIONALITY: A PHILOSOPHICAL APPROACH

Author(s): Ubat Pahala Charles Silalahi,Serepina Yoshika Hasibuan,Gloria Matatula / Language(s): English Issue: 68/2024

The conflict between religion and science reached its peak after the Enlightenment. People today exhibit a greater inclination towards science as compared to religion. Religion's influence in shaping human progress diminished as science gained favor. Following over a half-century of strained ties, a movement arose that opposed the growing hostility between religion and science. Today, the era of digital disruption has become part of human civilization. As a result of scientific progress, information technology requires reconciliation with faith. After all, religion needs secular methods and ideas for its advancement. So, this paper offers a new type of entanglement between religion and technology based on cooperative rationality. Cooperative rationality considers reason as the foundation, then cooperation as the next step. Because religion and technology both rely on human reason, with cooperative rationality, religion and technology can find complex, coordinated actions that allow both to benefit. So, organized scientific inquiry is not merely for taking on intellectual tasks but also for humanity. Cooperative rationality relies on fundamental intellectual concerns to pay more attention to technological goals, considering scientific and human values.

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THE HUMAN CONDITION IN THE DIGITAL AGE

Author(s): Elena Abrudan / Language(s): English Issue: 68/2024

Review of Sandu Frunză's volume Căutarea autenticității în era digitală. Eseuri despre poezie, filosofie și spiritualitate (Searching the Authenticity in Digital Era. Essays on Poetry, Philosophy and Spirituality) (București: Eikon, 2023).

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Kriticizam

Kriticizam

Author(s): Momčilo T. Selesković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 12/2024

Da bi čovek mogao da odgovori na pitanje šta može da zna, on mora prethodno da odgovori na pitanje kako dolazi do znanja. Ako čovek, naime, ne zna kako dolazi do znanja, njemu ne ostaje ništa drugo nego da za sve postavke svoje dogmatički, tj. nekritički tvrdi da su one identične sa znanjem, pa prema tome, i sa istinom. Pošto se, međutim, nekritički postavljene tvrdnje ne samo neće poklapati jedna s drugom, nego će, naprotiv, jedna drugoj protivrečiti, čovek će, samim time, biti naveden da tvrdi da nijedna od tih postavki nije identična sa znanjem i da, prema tome, istina uopšte ne postoji. On će, drugim rečima, dogmatizam da zameni sa skepticizmom i time ponovo da protivreči sebi, pošto se tvrdnjom da istina ne postoji, očevidno, uništava i sama ta tvrdnja.

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Fleksja imienna i werbalna XVI w. – stan badań i perspektywy badawcze. Rekonesans

Fleksja imienna i werbalna XVI w. – stan badań i perspektywy badawcze. Rekonesans

Author(s): Joanna Kamper-Warejko,Joanna Kulwicka-Kamińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 12/2024

The article provides a review of the literature on sixteenth-century nominal and verbal inflection of recent decades. It also addresses the issue of caesuras of language development phases, including the 16th century, an important one in the history of Polish. In doing so, we draw attention to vernacularization and literalization of the Polish language. We adopt a research perspective which assumes the separation in the synthesizing descriptions of a shorter period than several centuries, conditioned by change. We therefore postulate the need to develop a synthesis of sixteenth-century Polish using as source material Słownik polszczyzny XVI wieku [Dictionary of sixteenth-century Polish] and the method of synchronic cross sections. This is justified by the current state of research, which we show on the limited material of sixteenth-century Polish inflection, as well as in the syntheses created so far (e.g. of the seventeenth or nineteenth century) covering periods shorter than the historical era. An attempt at an overview of the literature on inflection in different periods of the development of the Polish language in 2023 by Władysława Książek-Bryłowa, and here the most recent literaturę concerning the historical-linguistic epoch of interest is indicated.

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Znovuobjavenie personálneho Stvoriteľa ako ponuka viery pre dnešnú spoločnosť

Znovuobjavenie personálneho Stvoriteľa ako ponuka viery pre dnešnú spoločnosť

Author(s): Gloria Braunsteiner / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2025

The scientific and technical development is connected also with Theology, which is not isolated from new scientific knowledge. The Church has learned from the conflict with Galilei, to whom she was not open enough. The Biblical story on Creation is neither a historical nor a scientific report, but it wants to describe in a backward sight the testimony of faith in the Creator and does not need to supply missing knowledge but to express the rationality of being convinced in faith, that God is in his strength of being the Savior of the world the only and unique Creator. The world did not come to being by chance of evolutionary mutation and selection, although development is rooted in everything what God has created.

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Zmartwychwstanie przez technikę. Problem tożsamości umysłu w koncepcjach rozwoju sztucznej inteligencji

Zmartwychwstanie przez technikę. Problem tożsamości umysłu w koncepcjach rozwoju sztucznej inteligencji

Author(s): Olgierd Sroczyński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 34/2024

Mind uploading is mentioned by authors associated with transhumanist movements as one of the paths to Artificial General Intelligence. The belief that such hypothetical technology is possible to develop, is primarily based on biological reductionism, i.e., equating the mind with the brain (or the entire nervous system), and secondly, on the assumption that neurobiological processes are computable. However, analysing both assumptions from the perspective of personal identity raises doubts about the logical possibility of such technology existing in the way transhumanism proposes.

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On lifting of embeddings between transitive models of set theory

On lifting of embeddings between transitive models of set theory

Author(s): Radek Honzík / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

Suppose M and N are transitive models of set theory, P is a forcing notion in M and G is P-generic over M. An elementary embedding j : (M, ∈) → (N, ∈) lifts to M[G] if there is j+ : (M[G], G, ∈) → (N[j+(G)], j+(G), ∈) such that j+ restricted to M is equal to j. We survey some basic applications of the lifting method for both large cardinals and small cardinals (such as ω2, or successor cardinals in general). We focus on results and techniques which appeared after Cummings’s handbook article [Cum10]: we for instance discuss a generalization of the surgery argument, liftings based on fusion, and compactness principles such as the tree property and stationary reflection at successor cardinals.

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E-LEARNING AND THE TECHNOLOGICAL ERA. WHY THE MOST TECHNOLOGICALLY ADVANCED COUNTRIES ARE IN THE FOREFRONT OF E-LEARNING INDUSTRY?

E-LEARNING AND THE TECHNOLOGICAL ERA. WHY THE MOST TECHNOLOGICALLY ADVANCED COUNTRIES ARE IN THE FOREFRONT OF E-LEARNING INDUSTRY?

Author(s): Alba-Iulia Catrinel POPESCU / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2022

Human history has shown that the future belongs to technological powers. From the chariots of the Hyksos, which shattered the armies of the Pharaohs of the fifteenth dynasty, to the nuclear bombings, which put an end to all Japanese resistance in World War II, the difference between victory and annihilation was made by technology. Technology created by educated human minds, curious, eager to overcome the knowledge of their own times. This is still the case today, in the era of the conquest of outer space and of the artificial intelligence, when the education system represents both the training framework and the vanguard of future transformations. Viewed with skepticism at the beginning of its implementation, e-learning has demonstrated its viability during the SARS-COV II pandemic, when it successfully replaced the traditional classroom teaching system. But today, e-learning knows the most diverse development directions, from microlearning and gamification to adaptive learning and augmented & virtual reality. And not only that. The unprecedented development of the e-learning industry is well known. Industry controlled by companies belonging to the great technological powers. Therefore, we wonder why the most technologically advanced countries are at the forefront of the e-learning industry? Is digital education the educational tool of the great technological powers? Same powers that will shape the world of the future. Or it will remain just a replacement for the classical educational system. This article aims to analyze the development directions of digital education, the dynamics of the related industrial sector and the relationship between digital education and technological power in the context of the international game.

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The History and Development of Modern Pharmacognosy in Ukraine: The National University of Pharmacy, Kharkiv

The History and Development of Modern Pharmacognosy in Ukraine: The National University of Pharmacy, Kharkiv

Author(s): Alla Kovalyova,Tetiana Ilina,Olga Goryacha,Andriy Grytsyk,Ain Raal,Oleh Koshovyi / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

This historical essay presents an analysis of the origins and development of modern pharmacognosy in Ukraine and explores the founding and development of the Department of Pharmacognosy at the National University of Pharmacy (NUPh, Kharkiv), providing an overview of the department`s history, a framework of its educational and methodological processes, primary research directions, and its main achievements. The paper also includes biographical data and outlines the main scientific and pedagogical achievements of prominent individuals who made a significant contribution to the development and formation of pharmacognostic and pharmaceutical science and education in Ukraine. Over the years, the staff of the pharmacognosy department has authored and published 14 monographs, 8 standard training programs, 25 textbooks, practical guides, and training manuals, 47 lecture notes, and 103 educational and methodological developments. Furthermore, 16 doctoral and 77 candidate theses have been defended at the Department of Pharmacognosy. The staff has also secured 63 author’s certificates and 171 patents, and published about 1,050 articles, 1,060 abstracts, and 16 monographs. In addition, the department has developed numerous medicinal products and therapeutic as well as preventive items that have been introduced into medical practice. These achievements create a solid background for the department’s fruitful development and future success.

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The Being of Science in Al-Farabi’s Philosophy

The Being of Science in Al-Farabi’s Philosophy

Author(s): Peeter Müürsepp,Aslan Azerbayev,Gulzhikhan Nurysheva / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The purpose of the article is to identify the forms of being of science in the philosophy of the Muslim thinker Abū Naṣr Muhammad al-Fārābī, who lived in the 9th–10th centuries. In this regard, the article first addresses the problem of the origin of science. The enumeration of sciences is manifested in al-Farabi’s research as “divine science,” that is, metaphysics and individual sciences, with a Muslim specificity. Science as a process of cognition is an ascent from the imperfect to the perfect. The First Cause (the First Being) of everything is the absolute perfection. It is also a deity and the “cause” of the origin of sciences. The comprehensive encyclopedism of al-Farabi’s predetermined science is a kind of worldview. In this context, he distinguished between the science of language, logic, mathematics, physics, metaphysics, and civil science, which explains the essence of real happiness. Only members of the ideal community (“the inhabitants of a virtuous city”) are able to achieve happiness. Therefore, the study of sciences in totality creates the respective “virtuous” worldview. Science as a cognitive activity forms an intellectual and moral category of “elites” whose mission is enlightenment. Morality is the foundation of intelligence. Thus, the problem of being of science in al-Farabi’s philosophy is undeniably relevant in the framework of Enlightenment 2.0.

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ANDRAGOGY: CONSTITUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENTIFIC FUNDAMENTALS

ANDRAGOGY: CONSTITUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENTIFIC FUNDAMENTALS

Author(s): Vladimir Guțu / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2022

This article attempts to develop the theoretical foundations of adult pedagogy - andragogy. The emphasis is made on characterizing adult learning as the object of andragogy and defining andragogy as an educational science and practice. The functions, principles and legitimacy of adult pedagogy are described in detail. The epistemological aspects, the forms and the types of learning and education of adults are substantiated. The connection, link of andragogy with other sciences: philosophy, psychology, biology, anthropology, general pedagogy is widely presented. The data of express study confirm the topicality of problem of the adult pedagogy development and, first of all, of the theoretical and methodological foundations. The conceptual approaches presented in the article will essentially contribute to the development of andragogy as a pedagogical science, but also to the practice of adult learning and education.

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