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GLOBAL LIFE WORLD

Author(s): Algis Mickunas / Language(s): English Issue: 72/2007

The essay is designed to disclose one aspect of modern Western civilization that has become the ground for what is known as “globalization.” The argument is presented that this civilization is premised on formal systems that are not derivable either from physical or from empirical grounds. Such systems are constructs and their connection with the environment is technical and productive. Thus the selection among the systems to be applied depends on social valuations with respect to their usefulness. The current global systems of internet communication have no physical presence; they are purely “signitive” in the sense that they have no specific space-time location, although can be embodied at any time and any place. Such systems provide an invisible net that can be utilized to access and communicate messages about all events around the globe. The argument that such communication although very fast, takes some time, since the logic of this communication is signitive, a net of meanings that by themselves, as a matter of course define even space and time. It can be stated without a contradiction that the invisible signitive world is a variant of traditional metaphysics, such as Plato’s understanding of mathematics, or the world of ideas.

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KITO PRASMĖS GENEZĖ HUSSERLIO KARTEZIŠKOSIOSE MEDITACIJOSE

Author(s): Dalius Jonkus / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 72/2007

This article analyses the conception of intersubjectivity in E. Husserl’s Cartesian meditations. E. Husserl is studying not the concrete forms of social life or the personal relation between the I and You, but the preconditions of the openness to the Other. Attention is focused on the constitutive genesis of the sense of the Other. Husserl has gone deep into the experience of the selfhood and shows its paradoxical alienation from itself. Both the one’s own body and the one’s own time experiences are revealed as insisting on the otherness: the living body isn’t fully where it is, and the temporal self isn’t fully coincident with the present. In other words, such experience of one’s body and time is impossible as the identity with oneself. Just because I experience my body as an inter-corporality, I can reject the prejudice of immanence and transcendence. Husserl describes the participation of otherness in the presence in terms of appresentation or implication. The notion of appresentation means that another intentionality is implied in the presence of intentionality. Both appresentation and implication point to the indirect participation in the presence, i.e. co-existence. The “pair off” is the main characterization of the corporeal copula with the Other. The truth is that despite all this experience of corporeal continuality, my own living body is always experienced as the central body. Does it mean that the experience of a living body is always egocentric? I think it doesn’t. It is the reflective twinning which allows perceiving another body as the centre of experience which is different from mine.

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HUSSERLIO IR HEIDEGGERIO GINČAS DĖL FENOMENOLOGIJOS

Author(s): Mintautas Gutauskas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 89/2016

The article aims to explain the controversy between Husserl and Heidegger about the grounds, possibilities, and aims of phenomenology. First the author notes the commitment of both philosophers to phenomenology as the new way of thinking which suspends a naivety of objectivism, gives answers about transcendental preconditions of knowledge and guides to the Ursprungswissenschaft. Then the paper discusses which evidence, intuitions and assumptions became the base for the absolutely grounded science in Husserl’s philosophy. Further, Heidegger’s criticism of the givenness is analyzed, the way he opens the strata of historicity and guides to the deeper question – what is a human being and what is the meaning of being? Lastly is noted that many issues under discussion overlap, but the ultimate goals of both thinkers – the absolutely grounded science and the question of being – lead them in different directions.

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ABOUT PRACTICAL PROBLEM SOLVING

Author(s): Arto Mutanen / Language(s): English Issue: 89/2016

Knowledge is, by definition, reliable and, hence, it can be applied to a variety of different problems. Nevertheless, in practical problem solving, we do not rely on mere truthful knowledge, but also on information which frames the practical acceptability. We are not looking for truthful solution but an optimal solution. Optimal solution is found out by optimizing some given (practical) parameters. The optimization is both theory based and practice based process. That is, practical problem solving is a human deliberation that interconnects theoretical and practical knowledge. So, the philosophical foundation of practical problem solving interconnects theoretical and practical philosophy. Especially ethical deliberation plays – or should play – central role in practical problem solving. The complexity of the advanced scientific knowledge needed in solving present day practical problems separates the people who know, from the people who do (decide). The situation makes immediate that we need some deeper pedagogical conviction: we need ecological education.

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HEIDEGGERIO TECHNIKOS SAMPRATOS UŽUOMAZGOS ANKSTYVOSIOSE SENOVĖS GRAIKŲ INTERPRETACIJOSE

Author(s): Tomas Nemunas Mickevičius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 90/2016

In this article an attempt is made to explicate the influence that the early Heidegger’s interpretations of Ancient Greek philosophy had on his later conception of modern technology. It is shown, first, how the conception of Being as produced, which has arisen while searching for origins of Ancient Greek philosophy, reflects itself in the later thought on the modern technological opening of Being, named machination (Machenschaft) and, later, enframing (Gestell). Secondly, it is shown how one of the essential structural elements of productive behaviour (herstellende Verhalten) – namely the conception of causality – is important for the later explication of modern technological understanding of Being. And finally, it is shown how the early Aristotelian conception of tέχνη as a mode of truth (ἀλήθεια) or mode of being in truth (ἀληθεύειν) reflects itself in the innovative Heideggerian conception of technology as a mode of understanding of Being.

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NIETZSCHE VERSUS GADAMERIS: „PRASMĖ“ KAIP DOGMATIZMO IR RELIATYVIZMO PROBLEMA

Author(s): Arūnas Mickevičius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 92/2017

The article aims to show the similarities and differences between Nietzsche’s interpretative knowledge and Gadamer’s interpretative understanding. Emphasizing the “interpretative” nature of knowledge and understanding both authors faced the problem: how is it possible to avoid the dogmatic affirmation of one and only “correct” interpretation without lapsing into absolute relativism, which rejects any possibility of speaking about “validity” of competing interpretations. The dilemma of dogmatism and relativism in understanding of “meaning” is also the central problem of modern hermeneutics that had sparkled the debate between H. G. Gadamer and E. Betti, J. Derrida and J. Habermas. This article is intended to support two theses. First, there are irreducible differences between positions of Nietzsche and Gadamer, therefore, any attemptsto reduce Nietzsche’s “perspectivism” to Gadamer’s “philosophical hermeneutics” are not valid. Second, the problem of relativism and dogmatism of “meaning” in Gadamer’s hermeneutics can be solved through the provision of Husserl’s phenomenology, which describes how we recognize the meaning of a “thing” as a “thing in itself” through different “profiles”. However, Nietzsche’s perspectivism, which criticizes dogmatism of “meaning”, does not solve the problem and hence slides to the other extreme – relativism.

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FREGE’S „BEDEUTUNG“ KAIP „REIKŠMĖ“ IR KAIP „NURODYMAS“

Author(s): Albinas Plėšnys,Marius Povilas Šaulauskas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 91/2017

This article deals with the problems of understanding and translating the term Bedeutung as introduced by Gottlob Frege, which arose in the analytic tradition of philosophy of English-speaking world, and with their solutions in the context of Lithuanian philosophical terminology. Two different approaches in the translation of the term should be distinguished: literal, which pays the biggest importance to the lexical properties of the word within the context of the natural source language, and interpretive. Both approaches emerge at the crossroad of contemporary problems in philosophy of language, mind and science, and choice of one over another demonstrates rather methodological attitude than possible defects in one’s translation technique. Thus the development of Lithuanian analytic philosophy is hardly imaginable without the corresponding equivalents in Lithuanian language at hand. Literal translation of Bedeutung as reikšmė satisfies the needs for being used in both such contexts, where literal English translations, such as meaning or significance of word Bedeutung are used, and where the traditional diachronic standpoint of historiography of philosophy is held. Admitting that the vast majority of texts in contemporary analytic philosophy are written in English we suggest adding a new notion to the Lithuanian philosophical terminology, namely nurodymas, as a way to avoid conceptual difficulties and problematic usage of word referencija.

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Consciousness Endomitosis: A Cyclic Cosmological Theory

Author(s): Rafael Pulido-Moyano / Language(s): English Issue: 27/2021

A cyclic cosmological theory called “Consciousness Endomitosis Theory” (CET) is proposed. Whatever is taken as being real, any particle, any structure in the universe, any object, or any type of interaction, all of them are derivative from consciousness, and are described as modulations of consciousness. In CET, consciousness is assumed to be the field from which all other fields described by general relativity and quantum mechanics emerge and into which all of them coalesce. Other cosmological cyclic models can be partly embedded within CET or can be shown to be compatible with it, including some apparently distant models like Steinhardt and Turok’s two-brane cyclic model, as well as other models much closer to CET principles, like Amoroso’s Noetic Field Theory (2000, 2003, 2006) and Di Biase’s Quantum Holographic Informational Model (2019). In CET, consciousness is metaphorically compared to a spherical cell in which an iterative endomitotic process takes place, a process that flows into the “Big Bang.” Once the evolution of visible universe is completed, “Big Crunch” triggers endomitosis reversal. Time, space, energy, mass and the four fundamental interactions are reinterpreted in the light of this cosmic dynamics of consciousness.

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Transhumanism and Posthumanism: Reflection of the Human Civilization Future

Author(s): Olga Dobrodum,Olga Kyvliuk / Language(s): English Issue: 26/2021

Modern future forecasts, based on analytical studies of evolutionary and revolutionary social processes and phenomena, with scientific justification for society’s development, generate a broad discussion in the world scientific community. The series of theories (the cyclical development of civilization, synthetic evolution, globalization, information and the digital revolution, the hypothesis of technical singularity, Great Filter, ecophagy, etc.) respond to the rapidly changing social reality. These theories lead to the realization of a fundamentally new paradigm of the scenario of the civilization’s development that is different from the traditional hierarchy of the ontology. The modified social reality under the influence of the progress of high technologies, virtualization, techno-genesis, artificial intelligence, etc., produces the need to comprehend the moral, ethical, normative, and legal causal links of humanism and technology.

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ФЕНОМЕН МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНОГО ПЛЮРАЛІЗМУ ЯК ОЗНАКА РОЗВИТКУ ІСТОРИЧНОЇ НАУКИ

Author(s): Rachuk Svyatoslav / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2021

The purpose of the research is to study the influence of methodological pluralism as a meta-approach on the formation of modern historical science; to examine the role that diverse approaches played in the scientific study of the past; to demonstrate the importance of a multi-vector view of history as an integral part of the study of the past. The relevance of the research: these are interdisciplinary interactions between both socio-humanitarian and natural sciences. The consequence of this is the emergence of the phenomenon of methodological pluralism as the basis of modern historical science. Conclusions: in the process of research we discovered that diverse methodological approaches influence the historical science, which ultimately leads to the emergence of the new directions in historical knowledge. Research methods: analytical and synthetic, inductive and deductive, comparative approach. The novelty of the article lies in the analysis of the potential of methodological pluralism in the discourse of post-classical historical science. The productivity of using modern interdisciplinary approaches in the study of processes that have taken place in the past is substantiated.

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Poznanie geometryczne z kognitywnego punktu widzenia

Author(s): Jerzy Pogonowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 70/2021

This review discusses the content of Mateusz Hohol’s new book Foundations of Geometric Cognition. Mathematical cognition has until now focused mainly on human numerical abilities. Hohol’s work tackles geometric cognition, an issue that has not been described in previous investigations into mathematical cognition. The main strength of the book lies in its critical analysis of a huge amount of results from empirical experiments. The author formulates his theoretical proposals very carefully, avoiding radical and one-sided solutions. He claims that human geometric cognition is based mainly on two core systems, both being phylogenetically hardwired, namely the system of layout geometry and the system of object geometry. The interaction of these systems becomes amplified in the individual development of the mind, which, in turn, is supported by the use of language. The second part of the review contains the reviewer’s remarks concerning the history of geometry, experiments related to spatial representations, and the role of geometry in mathematical education.

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Organization of Documentation in Ukraine during the Soviet Period

Author(s): Vira Gamaliia,Igor Dovzhuk,Halyna Sichkarenko / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

The article discusses issues surrounding the introduction of new forms of documents and the organization of document circulation in Ukraine during the Soviet period, revises the organization of office work and presents a selection of valuable documents. The authors also explore the organizational and scientific activities in the field of management, stipulated in regulatory enactments, and describe the creation of a network of public organizations, institutes and laboratories that dealt with issues of scientific organization of labor and reference activities. In the article, an analysis of the organization of office work and archival management through the evolution of regulatory framework is presented, highlighting the most important stages of the organization of documentation in the USSR. It is noted that, by the end of the 1980s, a holistic system of documentation support, which met at that time the requirements of Soviet business broadcasting and the standards of compiling official documents, had been formed.

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Access to Artificial Intelligence for Persons with Disabilities: Legal and Ethical Questions Concerning the Application of Trustworthy AI

Author(s): Kristi Joamets,Archil Chochia / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

Digitalisation and emerging technologies affect our lives and are increasingly present in a growing number of fields. Ethical implications of the digitalisation process have therefore long been discussed by the scholars. The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) has taken the legal and ethical discussion to another level. There is no doubt that AI can have a positive impact on the society. The focus here, however, is on its more negative impact. This article will specifically consider how the law and ethics in their interaction can be applied in a situation where a disabled person needs some kind of assistive technology to participate in the society as an equal member. This article intends to investigate whether the EU Guidelines for Trustworthy AI, as a milestone of ethics concerning technology, has the power to change the current practice of how social and economic rights are applied. The main focus of the article is the ethical requirements ‘Human agency and oversight’ and, more specifically, fundamental rights.

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СТАТУС НАУЧНЫХ ТЕОРИЙ В ЭКЗЕГЕЗЕ КН. БЫТИЯ И ХРИСТОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ПОЛЕМИКЕ ПЕРВОЙ ПОЛОВИНЫ VI В.: МЕТОДЫ ДОКАЗАТЕЛЬСТВА ПОСРЕДСТВОМ ἀναλογία И παράδειγμα

Author(s): Oleg NOGOVITSIN / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2021

This article analyzes the use of scientific theories in the exegesis of the Book of Genesis and in Christological dispute between Diophysites and Monophysites in the first half of the sixth century, focusing on the conditions under which traditional methods of rhetorical argumentation could be applied and on using scientific models for explaining the phenomena of the created nature in order to clarify the aporias from the Book of Genesis and Incarnation. The argument using παράδειγμα (example) and ἀναλογία (analogy), which belonged to the repertory of methods from the Neoplatonic scholarly tradition, made it possible to discuss such heterogeneous phenomena as created and non-created as well as divine and human in theological texts by providing the rules for correct descriptions and for verifying their theological and philosophical accuracy. These two methods are analyzed against the background of Neoplatonic commentaries of Aristotle, while their application to theology is viewed through polemical argument in John Philoponus and Leontius of Byzantium. The Monophysite Philoponus used the argument from ἀναλογία to defend the Christological formula of one composite nature of Christ, while the Chalcedonian Leontius of Byzantium employed the method of argumentation from παράδειγμα for defending the presence of two natures in Christ.

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“Bones in the sandbox”: museum as “world picture” vs. museum as “lifeworld”

Author(s): Vladimir Plokhotnyuk,Irina Przhilenskaya,Vladimir Przhilenskiy / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

This article deals with the issues of museum communication and interpretation of museum exhibits in a philosophical and cultural context. As an example, it considers two different ways of presenting palaeontological material – specifically, the skeleton of a southern mammoth – revealing differences in how the semantic content is interpreted. The first method – the traditional approach of assembling the skeleton – gives a “world picture” of a certain era, as it appears to a palaeontologist. The second approach presents the skeleton in a “sandbox”, representing how it was found during excavations, such that viewers deal not with the interpreted “ready-made” material, but with the contemporary experienced reality – the “life-world”, the “raw” source material. This allows visitors to realize their own creative potential and to recreate the nature of the Pleistocene epoch in their imagination. Thus, through the mutual correlation of the roles exhibition’s author and of the visitor as an interpreter, the semantic field of museum communication expands. In Heidegger’s conception, a “picture of the world” hides the world rather than explains it, while the “life world” represents it as it is.

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Mała książka o wielkim wszechświecie

Author(s): Sebastian Szybka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 71/2021

We live in extraordinary times for cosmologists. A vast amount of new astronomical data is pushing our model of the universe to its limits. An interest in cosmology is growing. The Little Book of Cosmology by Lyman Page offers a concise, up-to-date, and comprehensible introduction to the subject.

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Dlaczego metoda krytyczna Poppera jest fascynująca?

Author(s): Paweł Polak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 71/2021

This review article presents an important, newly published study of Popper’s critical method by Zbigniew Liana. The review emphasizes the very high level of the study, points to its originality, and explains why the book is recommended mainly to specialists of Popper’s thought. It is also explained how the book manages to contain so many original and valuable analyses in a small volume.

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Metaphors and metaphorical language/s in religion, art and science

Author(s): Sybille C. Fritsch-Oppermann / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2020

Languages play an essential role in communicating aesthetic, scientific and religious convictions, as well as laws, worldviews and truths. Additionally, metaphors are an essential part of many languages and artistic expressions. In this paper I will first examine the role metaphors play in religion and art. Is there a specific focus on symbolic and metaphoric language in religion and art? Where are the analogies to be found in artistic metaphors and religious ones? How are differences to be described? How do various (philosophical) concepts of aesthetics and theological concepts explain those different kinds of language and how, if at all, do they make use of them? Lastly: what could be added to aesthetics, philosophy and theology by examining carefully the role and importance of language, including nonverbal, sign language and especially metaphorical language? Without the human capacity for language, religions are scarcely imaginable. A widening of traditional exegesis and hermeneutics by taking into account nonverbal semantics is needed. Religion is a cognitive and linguistic phenomenon. By taking this seriously, we set and enable an agenda to discuss religion scientifically, leaving aside for the purpose of a scientific understanding and discourse about the inter-religious and the inner-religious claims of truth and absolutist claims. To sum it up: metaphor is introduced as an important means of language when it comes to religious conceptualization. Next, I will show that art, more than religion, deals with visual metaphor – the latter being an image that suggests a particular association, similarity or analogy between two (or more) generally unconnected visual elements. This often, but not always, functions in a roughly comparable fashion to the better-known concept of verbal metaphor. In addition, visual metaphor has developed many original and unique characteristics. These two sections are followed by another one dealing with (inter)cultural philosophy of religion and aesthetics, as well as the meaning of metaphors for these disciplines. The next section is on metaphor and metaphorical language in mathematics, natural sciences and art and how they are related, i.e. influence and help each other. I will discuss the critical approach to metaphors in natural science and provide a short introduction to the cultural history of mathematics and art. Mathematicians and artists have long been on the quest to understand the physical world they see before them and the abstract objects they know by thought alone. How have art and mathematics helped each other in representing each other’s concepts?

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Evolutionary theology: a new chapter in the relations between theology and science

Author(s): Wojciech P. Grygiel / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2020

Despite many arduous attempts to reconcile the separation between theology and science, the common ground where these two areas of intellectual inquiry could converge has not been fully identified yet. The purpose of this paper is to use evolutionary theology as the new and unique framework in which science and theology are indeed brought into coherent alignment. The major step in this effort is to acknowledge that theology can no longer dialogue with science but must assume science and its method as its conceptual foundation. This approach successfully does away with any tensions that may arise between the two disciplines and establishes a firm ground on which neither of them will turn into ideology. Moreover, it enables the dialogue with contemporary scientific atheism on solid grounds and the restoration of the credibility of theology in the secularist culture of the day.

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Daniela C. Dennetta hipoteza językowej genezy świadomości

Author(s): Witold Marzęda / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2021

The paper discusses the lingual genesis of consciousness. The author reconstructs Daniel C. Dennett’s naturalization strategy, showing how, according to Dennett, language enables the emergence of consciousness in the evolution of humankind. This naturalization assumes a behavioristic view according to which consciousness is a covert verbal behavior. The author shows that Dennett adopts and transforms Mead’s, Skinner’s, and Jaynes’s original behavioristic approaches inscribing them into a course of human evolution. This inscription leads to specific problems discussed in the final part of the paper:There are actually two definitions of consciousness in Dennett’s philosophy—first says that consciousness is a kind of verbal behavior, second says that it is a virtual memetic machine.There is no explanation of the execution rule that could show how given mind content becomes conscious; Dennett introduces the competition metaphor instead. Some contentful events in the brain (mind contents) simply win with others. Inscription of the possible scenario of consciousness development in the evolutionary landscape does not mean that one can testify the theory yet.

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