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Anthropological Aspects of Józef Tischner’s Philosophy of Drama

Author(s): Bogdan Trocha / Language(s): English Issue: 11/2019

The main aim is to show the evolution of philosophical thoughts and searches of Józef Tischner. He is one of the most important contemporary philosophers in Poland. As a priest and student of Roman Ingarden, he combined phenomenology with the Catholic model of a man in his philosophical work. The specificity of Tischner’s philosophical output needs to be discussed separately because of its polemical character in relation to Thomism and Marxism, as well as the great influence of philosophical essays in which Tischner commented on the condition of society in the times of popular democracy and indicated alternative solutions to Marxism, setting philosophical foundations for a public discussion on the ethics of solidarity, the role of encounter and morality in everyday life, and also indicating the great importance of hope. The article discusses one of the most important problems that Tischner addressed in the context of his studies on Heidegger and Lévinas, creating a unique concept of a man inscribed in the philosophy of drama. This Tischner’s theory has many pragmatic features among many of its audience, which are supposed to lead, above all, to a proper understanding of the phenomenon of the meeting. Most of the studies devoted to Tischner’s philosophy focus on its relationship with a religious tradition, phenomenological tradition or the political perspective of his philosophical essays. In this case, the subject of analysis was made the Philosophy of drama, pointing not only to its sources, which are not always explicitly present in Tischner’s text itself but above all to the discursive dimension of this philosophical proposal. The results of this article not only allow a better understanding of the mechanisms present in Polish Christian philosophy but above all point to the possibility of using philosophical reflection in borderline situations. Thus, the presentation of Tischner’s philosophical concepts concerning the issues of dialogue and drama makes it possible to introduce mechanisms described by their creator into the field of independent cognitive projects concerning dialogue space, undertaken by readers.

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“Moral interiority” and self-realization

Author(s): Martina Galvani / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

The ethics perspective which I shall focus on in this chapter is necessarily founded on Stein’s investigations about the human spiritual dimension, in which her phenomenological and metaphysical-theological research are synthesized. Stein describes the human being as “essentially spiritual”, namely intellect and will. In fact, he can comprehend reality in its “meaning” (Sinn) and act freely in it. The ethical consequences of Stein’s anthropological reflections will be explained through what we shall call “moral interiority”. Following Augustine, Stein perceives the original consciousness of oneself (interiority) as "an inner place, not a place" (interiore loco, non loco), where to start explaining intellective knowledge, and most of all free acting and consequently ethics. Action is not just expressed outwards, and is first of all self-actuation – acting and being are mutually implied. The direction of moral actions is thus already present in the ‘essence’ (Wesen) of each individual and this essence, thanks to the creative ‘essentiality’ (Wesenheiten), is ab eterno in the Logos. In view of this complex theological node, the purpose of this essay is to show how we can say, with Stein, that Christ incarnates the only possible ethics.

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Telo ako ekonómia stvorenia

Author(s): Gabriela Genčúrová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2019

In this paper, we outline the basic characteristics of body and corporeality as presented in Claude Tresmontant‘s work. We logically organize and interpret his thought tendencies in mutual interrelation. We will point out the importance of body and corporeality in Christian theology, and emphasize the argumentative language of Tresmontant‘s philosophy and its contribution to modern theological anthropology.

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Ludwig Feuerbach a problém telesnosti v západnom myslení

Author(s): Kristına Bosakova,Kristína Bosáková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2019

It is hardly an exaggeration to say that the history of philosophy from Plato to Hegel is the history of a loss of human corporality, which has destructive consequences, because human body is the most universal symbol in every culture and society. Ludwig Feuerbach is trying to return the corporality back to human beings through the rehabilitation of emotions and of the intersubjectivity based on the love between the concrete, personal, physical Me and a concrete, personal, physical You. The Christian idea of God should not be based upon the picture of human being without body, but should closely match the entire and real essence of human being that is primarily rooted in nature.

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MITAS IR ŠIFRAS . POSTSEKULIARYBĖS IMPLIKACIJOS KARLO JASPERSO IR RUDOLFO BULTMANNO MĄSTYME

Author(s): Lina Vidauskytė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 98/2019

The article is focused on the famous discussion between philosopher K. Jaspers and theologian R. Bultmann on demythologization of Christianity. The main points of the discussion, the arguments put forward by both sides, and the proposed alternative to the program of demythologization offered by Jaspers are outlined. Demythologization of Christianity indicates the religious crisis and an attempt to overcome it. For Bultmann, the development of modern science is incompatible with the mythical picture of the Christian religion. Therefore, he announces the program of demythologization and seeks to introduce an existential analysis of the New Testament. M. Heidegger’s philosophy should have been the basis for this existential analysis. The author asks the question of whether it is possible to overcome myths in general. In fact, this is not only a personal view of Jaspers, but a philosophical position shared by philosophers Hans Blumenberg and Odo Marquard.

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Mistiniai politikos elementai. Simoneʼos weil požiūris

Author(s): Rūta Tamošaitytė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 4(92)/2018

The word “mysticism” is known to be a term that is now being used and associated with something which is negative – a mockery. It can be said that this perception of the term is based on certain historical events, when, in the central philosophies of particular religions (in this work, focus will be drawn only on Christian mysticism), a unique shift took place – during the early modernity in most of the Christian Churches, there occurred a split between theology and spirituality. Therefore, everything that had even a slight implication of mysticism was seen as irrelevant and unimportant. In addition to this, it is possible to say that our contemporary era has lost all belief in any reality that surpasses peoples daily tasks. Because of this, the vast majority of postmodernists tend to argue that mysticism can not be part of any philosophy, including a political one. This article concentrates on the thought of Simone Weil, a unique French philosopher and mystic, in order to prove through her work that mysticism can potentially enrich political philosophy. This is being done by analyzing her work and attempting to underline the supernatural element between the human and society. This supernatural element will yield a further investigation of how Simone Weil’s mysticism can affect political philosophy. In order to find this element, the concepts of the human and the society that occur in Simone Weil’s philosophy will be analyzed seperately. In the first part, it is analyzed how Simone Weil perceived humans. She drastically separates the human, who, in her thought, possesses a transcendent core that can be violated, from the person, who is illusionary. Meanwhile, the second part concentrates on Weil’s perception of the relation between society and the human. Society is seen by Weil as the Platonic Great Beast, but it may also be a source of pure fulfillment – roots – for the human being. In this part of the study, the roots of a human being in society and the tragedy of uprootedness are discussed further. The third part develops an idea of why mysticism can be seen as an important part of political philosophy and why it should not be neglected: it provides a different angle – a divine one – for viewing people’s daily lives and their culture. Mysticism always comes from a certain culture, and it is important, since a mystic communicates their thought through that culture; however, a mystic also is able to critically address the surrounding culture because of the divine point of view. That is why mysticism is essential for political philosophy. The analization of Weil’s views on obligations, thehuman transcendental core and roots leads to a conclusion which suggests that the supernatural element between the human and society is an obligation for oneself and for others. This supernatural element allows us to confirm the idea that political philosophy should not neglect the mystical approach.

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Being a Progressive in Divinitia

Author(s): Sebastián Rudas / Language(s): English Issue: 55/2019

In Liberalism’s Religion, Cécile Laborde defends a theory of liberal secularism that is compatible with a minimal separation of religion and politics. According to her view, liberal state—she calls it Divinitia—that symbolically establishes the historic majority’s religious doctrine and inspires some of its legislation on a conservative interpretation of such religious tradition can be legitimate. In this article I analyse how is it like to belong to the minority of liberal progressive citizens in a country like Divinitia. I argue that their political activism will be defeated by Divinitia’s status quo on at least four different grounds. First, in virtue of being a minority, liberal progressive citizens would rarely obtain democratic victories; second, the conservative majority could rightly argue that they do not have reasons to compromise their views in order to accommodate progressives’; third, the conservative majority can rightly complain that counter-majoritarian initiatives advanced by progressives are unfair; and four, Divinitia’s public reason reproduces an asymmetry, for religiously inspired reasons can be accessible and therefore justificatory in politics, while the reasons progressives would desire to present in public deliberation would not be accessible to their conservative fellow citizens.

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Laborde’s Liberalism’s Religion: The Problem of Religious Exemptions

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Laborde’s Liberalism’s Religion: The Problem of Religious Exemptions

Author(s): Miklos Zala / Language(s): English Issue: 55/2019

In this paper, I critically examine Cécile Laborde’s Liberalism’s Religion and argue that her approach to religious exemptions faces significant difficulties. I first highlight some methodological disagreements with Laborde’s theory. I raise concerns about her theory’s ‘two-pronged’ structure being too narrow. Moreover, Laborde’s ‘disaggregation approach’ promises a context-sensitive, bottom-up theory of exemptions which examines exemption claims on a case-by-case basis, but instead offers a top-down theory that provides an idealized explanation for potentially all religious exemption cases. I argue that a non-ideal approach which does not offer an overarching explanation of exemptions is preferable to Laborde’s. Next, I discuss further problems with Laborde’s theory, which concern her assumption that if there is something ‘ethically salient’ about religious practices, it must be located at the personal level. Laborde claims that if we want to ascertain the ethical salience of a practice, we must focus on the relationship between the person and her commitments. But this individualistic focus cannot always account for why we want to accommodate religious practices. Such practices, I claim, are sometimes accommodated not on an individual, but on a group-based rationale. Finally, I address Laborde’s dismissal of the analogy between religion and disability.

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Актуальное свидетельство богослова и мыслителя

Author(s): Sergey Mihailovich Usmanov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2018

The article discusses the collection of scientific articles by Archpriest George Florovsky published in 2017 under the title «Testimony of Truth». From 41 articles of Father George in this collection, only one work is published in the original version in Russian, and the remaining forty — in translations from English, German and French, the compiler of the collection, the St. Petersburg researcher Alexey Anatolyevich Pochekunin. The peerreviewed publication also has an introductory article and an afterword. As a preface, the article is published by the famous expert on Russian theology, A. A. Yermichev. The afterword was written specifically for this publication by the French translator Yves-Noel Leluvière and the compiler of the collection A. A. Pochekunin. In general, the «Testimony of Truth» compilation turned out to be very informative. It includes many works of Archpriest George Florovsky on the Christian Sacred Tradition, on the history of the Church, on the problems of ecumenism. There is also a collection of articles by father George dedicated to individuals in history and the church life. All this can be very relevant in the research of historians, religious scholars, philosophers, and cultural studies. It is worth taking into account the nature and style of the scientific works of Archpriest George Florovsky. The depth and sharpness of his thoughts, the clarity of formulations, extensive erudition give his writings a real fundamental nature. A rooted in the foundations of Christian dogma — and significant stability in the context of the changing conjuncture of scientific research. Therefore, the opinions and assessments of Father George often become more weighty and significant over the years. Despite the fact that the collection «The Testimony of Truth» has as many as three editors, it contains many stylistic errors and even mistakes in grammar and terminology of translations of Father George’s works into Russian. Such flaws in their own way only set off the high level reached by the eminent theologian and intellectual of the Russian abroad, Archpriest George Florovsky.

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HEYTING’İN ÜÇ DEĞERLİ MANTIĞI AÇISINDAN DİNÎ SÖZCELERİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Author(s): Fikret Osman / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 11/2016

In this study, consistencies of religious utterances within themselves and each other, their equivalencies to each other and validities of the inferences generated based on these utterances were analysed from the point of Heyting’s threevalued logic. Besides, validities of these utterances and the inferences generated based on these utterances were also demonstrated from the point of two-valued logic and Łukasiewicz’s three-valued logic and these three logics were compared. Truth table method was adopted as the method.

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THE PROBLEM OF LOGICALITY OF AGNOSTICISM

Author(s): Fikret Osman / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2015

The term agnosticism was introduced by Thomas Henry Huxley. With this term, Huxley tried to signify a neutral approach to believing in God. In other words, the agnosticism was used by him to designate the state between theism and atheism. Theism is a special kind of life which includes believing in God. There is in this kind of life a special kind of epistemology. This epistemology is valid only if we consider such a special kind of life. And there is in this kind of epistemology a special kind of logic. If we look at the theistic expressions from this point, we can see that they are valid and consistent. Whereas atheism is not a special kind of life. It is just an attitude against theism. Therefore there is not a special kind of epistemology and a special kind of logic in a certain atheistic life. An agnostic cannot be inclined towards any of these two ways because he will leave agnosticism if he chooses one of them. It means we cannot say that agnosticism has any epistemological or non-epistemological, logical or non-logical structure.

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LEV SHESTOV’UN ATİNA VE KUDÜS ESERİNDE AKLIN ÇÖKÜŞÜ

Author(s): Bernard MARTIN,Brian Horowitz / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 13/2017

Review of: Brian Horowitz, Bernard Martin, “The Demolition of Reason in Lev Shestov’s Athens and Jerusalem”, Duke University Press, 1998, Poetic Today, Vol. 19, No. 2, Hellenism and Hebraism Reconsidered: The Poetics of Cultural Influence and Exchange II (Summer, 1998), PP. 221-233.

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O pewnym matematycznym modelu Boga i jego zastosowaniu

Author(s): Stanisław Krajewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2019

In the paper a new model of God, or rather of the relation man-God, is presented. It uses the model of the projective plane. The resulting picture illustrates Martin Buber’s conception, and in fact his statements inspired the construction presented here. Further, it is shown how to apply this model to visualization in the course of the Jewish prayer involving the verse “Hear, oh Israel…”. Having indicated the merits of the model, the author critically analyses its adequacy, and, more generally, the suitability of mathematical models in theology.

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Czy Bóg zna zło? Antyczne rozwiązanie problemu na przykładzie filozofii Temistiusza

Author(s): Monika Komsta / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2019

Greek philosophy, especially Aristotelianism, because of the concept of God present in this thought, did not raise the issue of divine omniscience and divine knowledge of evil. The divine omnisciene seemed to be contrary to God’s perfect being. In the time of Themistius, whose thought I present in this paper, Neoplatonism and Christian Neoplatonism showed new possibilities of solving this problem. Themistius being aware of these new topics and including them in his own philosophy, still however represents ancient Aristotelianism with all its limitations. He asked about divine knowlegde of evil, but in his answer he repeated only the Aristotelian doctrine: God knows only Himself, because He Himself is the most perfect object of knowledge and cannot know less perfect beings.

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„Wiara oświeconych”. Uwagi metodologiczne o rozprawie Władysława Witwickiego oraz kilka przykładów stosunku „oświeconych” do Boga i wiary

Author(s): Anna Brożek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2019

The first part of the article contains a logical reconstruction and a methodological analysis of some aspects of the famous Władysław Witiwcki’s work “Faith of Enlightened”. In particular, the classifications of believers and the principles of these classifications are analyzed; methodological errors committed by Witwicki are indicated. In the second part of the text, Witwicki's distinctions are illustrated by attitudes towards God and faith represented by four representatives of the Lvov-Warsaw School: Kazimierz Twardowski, Jan Łukasiewicz, Tadeusz Kotarbiński, and Józef Maria Bocheński.

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Kierkegaard wobec problemu ukrycia Boga

Author(s): Marek Dobrzeniecki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2019

More than a few contemporary analytical philosophers of religion have tried to answer the atheistic argument from hiddenness presented in 1993 by John L. Schellenberg. In the paper the author focuses on the objections raised by Søren Kierkegaard with respect to the concept of faith that is displayed in Schellenberg’s philosophy of religion. The insight from the author living 150 years before the current debate allows us to notice the premises of the hiddenness argument that are commonly overlooked. One can, i.e. suppose that Kierkegaard would cast doubt on Schellenberg’s claim that the best evidence allowing the development of a mutual relationship between God and the human being is an experience of an accepting presence of God in human consciousness. Kierkegaard argues in his works that only the hiddenness of God guarantees a free and a selfless relationship between men and God. He shows this in a colourful language of metaphors in which he compares faith to conjugal love; a human life to an exam and a relationship between God and the human being to a relationship between a king and a female servant. This way of reasoning reveals the importance of the role of the images of God in the reflections of philosophers tackling the hiddenness argument.

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Zindywidualizowany teizm sceptyczny

Author(s): Miłosz Hołda / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2019

In the paper I propose a modification of the position called “Skeptical Theism.” It was created as a response to two most serious arguments against the existence of God: “the argument from evil” and “the argument from hiddenness.” The paper attempts to answer the questions: how sceptical theism differs from other forms of theism? Is “Skeptical Theism” a step forward in dealing with the problem of evil and the problem of hiddenness? Is it possible to modify “skeptical theism” in such a way that it is able to cover individual cases of experiencing evil and the feeling that God is absent. “Individualized Skeptical Theism” that I propose not only contains all the new elements that “Skeptical Theism” has brought to the discussion of the problem of evil and the problem of hiddenness, but also secures the element of individuality that is present in every person’s struggle with these problems. It also allows us to outline strategies that may prove useful for supporters of theism, the most important of which is the testimony of one’s own struggle with the problem of evil and the problem of hiddenness.

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Między nietzscheańskim ateizmem i kierkegaardowskim idealizmem. Na podstawie powieści Niels Lyhn Jensa Petera Jacobsena

Author(s): Anna Głąb / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2019

The article analyses Niels Lyhne, a novel written by the Danish writer Jens Peter Jacobsen. The authoress believes that the novel can be interpreted through the prism of Søren Kierkegaard’s philosophy of despair and melancholy, as well as Friedrich Nietzsche’s philosophy of deicide. She investigates the issue of atheism and contradictions that result from it by, firstly, (1) focusing on arguments proving the weakness of religion and then (2) by discussing arguments supporting atheism that are advanced by the main protagonist in the novel. What draws attention in Niels’s line of thought is, on the one hand, an unambiguous departure from religion and, on the other, adopting naturalism, which is difficult to reconcile with his idealism. Furthermore, (3) the authoress concentrates on Niels’s worldview, pointing out that it is constituted by a metaphysical rebellion, i.e. refusing to accept an ontic status of man, which involves suffering and death. She claims that Niels has not mastered „the art of losing,” which is addressed by Elizabeth Bishop in her poem. (4) In her conclusion, the authoress indicates contradictions in Niels’s line of thought, which undermine coherence and usefulness of his atheistic worldview.

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Klasyczny i współczesny hylemorfizm a dusza ludzka

Author(s): Mariusz Tabaczek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2019

Hylomorphism and related to it classical concept of the human soul—understood as a substantial form of the human being—are traditionally supported and commented on by the followers of the Aristotelian-Thomistic thought, both in its classical and contemporary (analytic) approach. At the same time, hylomorphism has recently found a new group of followers, coming from the circles of analytic metaphysics, unrelated to the classical school of thought. This article strives to answer the question of the relation of the new, analytic versions of hylomorphism to its classical definition. Moreover, it also analyzes their application in the debate concerning the mind-body problem in philosophy of mind, as well as the question of their reference to the concept of the human soul. It seems that the mereological and structural reinterpretation of the material and the formal causes (the latter is also understood as a part of a whole, an incomplete entity or substance, a power uniting other relevant powers, or a principle of re-identification of the elements of a substance) departs considerably from the classical definition of hylomorphism. Moreover, the suggestion of William Jaworski – who argues in favor of the new hylomorphism in the mind-body debate – to define mental phenomena as “structured manifestations of powers” belonging to the parts of human body, not only raises some serious metaphysical concerns, but also seems to leave no “space” for the classical concept of human soul. These difficulties notwithstanding, one should appreciate an attempt of the proponents of the new analytic hylomorphism at finding an alternative to the extreme positions of substance or property dualism and eliminative or reductionist materialism in the contemporary discussion concerning the mind-body problem.

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Czy niepojętość Boga tłumaczy jego ukrycie? Refleksja z punktu widzenia teizmu personalistycznego

Author(s): Marek Dobrzeniecki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2019

One of the counterarguments to the hiddenness argument that gains the popularity in the recent years refers to the inconceivability of God. If God is transcendent, state the proponents of the argument (i. e. Michael Rea and Roger Pouivet), then we do not know if the divine love is expressed in the openness to personal relationships with finite beings, as the first premise of the hiddenness argument claims. They accuse J. L. Schellenberg of shaping the concept of God on the model of modern concepts of person. In response I am indicating at the fact that even though there is a danger of anthropomorphism in Schellenberg’s writings, personalistic theism is bound to accept the first premise of the hiddenness argument. I justify my thesis by referring to the scholastic principle that allows to attribute to God all perfections and by arguing in favour of the thesis that personhood (understood in terms of rationality and freedom) is one of the perfections.

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