ОНТОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ПАМЯТЬ: БЫТИЕ ПРОШЛОГО

Author(s): Tapdyg Khafizovich Kerimov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2014

The article is devoted to the problem of understanding the concept of ontological memory. The author analyzes the metaphysical tradition of problematization of time. This tradition is based on the existence of an atemporal way of personal perception and interpretation of the past. Through the critical rethinking of the previous traditions and the presentation of four paradoxes of memory, a transition is carried out to the comprehension of the being of memory as an ontological memory, which cannot be reduced to the ontological representation of the past present (some empirical knowledge), but is a genuine basis of the world.

Wojna Strzemińskiego

Author(s): Luiza Nader / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2017

Nader treats selected cycles from Władysław Strzemiński’s so-called “war drawings” (1939-1944) as a particular mode of visual testimony where a liminal experience is constructed from an observer’s position. Nader reads the drawings as an “abstract” or “universal” idiom. Her interpretation is based on Strzemiński’s “empirical method” as outlined in his The Theory of Sight. She examines the autobiographical and referential value of the works discussed, exploring each cycle of drawings with reference to the artist’s experience and understanding, as well as the particular framework of wartime events that Strzemiński witnessed – deportations under the Soviet Occupation of the Eastern Borderlands, the resettlement of the Polish population of Litzmannstadt and the mass murder of Jews. Using both historical and neuroaesthetical frameworks (based on the work of Vilayanur S. Ramachandran and William Hirstein), Nader proposes to describe Strzemiński’s wartime drawings in terms of neurotestimony: a visual image that supposes not only an active process of seeing but also a process of understanding that must begin on the level of the body’s neurological phenomena.

Implikacija kao središnji pojam inferencijalizma

Author(s): Kenan Šljivo / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 11/2018

This paper is focused on the analysis of Brandom’s approach to implication and its importance for philosophy of inferentialism. The goal is to show that the implication is the central concept in the philosophy of inferentialism and that it is essential for understanding of inferentialism as an epistemic important position. For this purpose, the paper analyses Brandom’s turn towards material inference which allows the implicative content to expand in the way it takes into account the factual, material conditions and state of things. The paper wants to show that Brandom tries to reject the dogmas of formalism in that way and to turn towards practical discourse and language practices as the only framework where we can relevantly speak about the cognitive and epistemic problems in general.

L. Wittgensteino psichologijos ir religijos filosofija

Author(s): Nerijus Stasiulis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 100/2019

This is the third and last of a series of articles on Wittgenstein’s philosophy of psychology. It continues the discussion of the previous topics: the critique of scientific psychology; of seeing aspects of experiencing meaning directly. The article does this now with respect to their practical or „cultural“ significance. Wittgenstein’s remarks on psychology are placed in the context of his thought on religiosity and culture. The major ends of current philosophical thought are also interpreted within the context of personal and cultural „meaning-blindness“. The article suggests that a direct experience of the logic of Sprachspiele indicates also a practical change both in the broader cultural context and the narrower personal one.

Intelekto antrojo veiksmo aiškinimas scholastinėje logikoje Lietuvoje XVI a. antrojoje pusėje

Author(s): Vytis Valatka / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 38/2004

The analysis of the second operation of the human intellect presented in lectures on logics by the main representatives of scholastic logic in Lithuania of the second half of the sixteenth century, Marcin Úmiglecki and Diego Ortiz, virtually belongs to the so-called major logic (logica major). That is, the cardinal object of the above-mentioned analysis was the content of proposition. On the other hand, such an analysis involved some elements of dialectics, or minor logic (logica minor sive dialectica), namely, certain rules of logical square and conversion. Following the Aristotelian-scholastic tradition, Úmiglecki and Ortiz defined the proposition as a correct or false sentence (oratio vera sive falsa). Meanwhile, opposition, equivalence (aequipollentia) and convertibility were regarded as the main properties of proposition (propria propositionis). These properties were also interpreted in the spirit of the scholastic tradition. Úmiglecki and Ortiz traditionally considered necessary propositions the main elements of scientific knowledge. As for the terms of necessary proposition, it was affirmed that neither subject nor predicate ought to bear actual existence. That is, two conditions alone are necessary for these terms: a) there must be at least a logical potentiality (potentia logica) for the existence of a subject (that is, the subject needs not be a contradictory being, such as a circular square); b) such an existence having been assumed, the predicate must be inseparable from the existing subject.

Menas versus religija: romantinė sąmonės struktūra ir religiškumo anihiliacija

Author(s): Rita Šerpytytė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 35/2003

Studies in romanticism disclose the equivocal character of the term: on the one hand, it could be treated as a historical phenomenon (Romanticism); on the other hand, it is a universal “spiritual category” (romanticism). The article displays an effort to reveal the structure of romantic consciousness in order to distinguish the place of religiousness in this structure and its relation with aestheticism. The description of the phenomenon of Romanticism could be carried out only by taking into consideration the features of Romanticism as a historical phenomenon. Thus, the description of the structure of romantic consciousness is accomplished through the analysis of the concrete context of the art of the romantic epoch. The author exposes Novalis’ and Solger’s aesthetic attitudes, as well as interpreting Hoffman’s, Goethe’s and C.D. Friedrich’s works. The conclusion is drawn that the annihilating act of romantic consciousness involves clearing out the religiousness from this consciousness. The romantic consciousness becomes basically aesthetic consciousness.

Vjera i znanje. Dva vrela »religije« u granicama pukoga uma

Author(s): Jacques Derrida / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 24/2019

Kako »govoriti religiju« ? O religiji? Napose o određenoj religiji, danas? Kako se usuditi o njoj govoriti napose bez straha i drhtanja na ovaj dan? I tako malo i tako brzo ? Tko bi to mogao biti bestidan pa pretendirati na to da je tu posrijedi tema koja je istodobno i prepoznatljiva i nova? Tko bi mogao biti toliko tašt da na temelju nje sroči kakav aforizam ? Da bi se imalo hrabrosti, arogancije ili prijeko potrebne vedrine, možda je učas potrebno pretpostaviti časovitu apstrakciju, apstrakciju svega, ili gotovo svega, stanovitu apstrakciju. Možda valja krenuti od najkonkretnijeg i najpristupačnijeg, no isto tako i od onoga najnapuštenijeg apstrakcije. [...]

Bir Aktivist Olarak Hasan Basri Çantay’ın Düşüncesinde Pratik Ahlâk Temaları: Din ve Ahlâk Psikolojisi Perspektifinden Semantik Analizler

Author(s): Mustafa Koç / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2015

The aim of the article is to make semantic analyses of a number of practical moral themes which takes part in Hasan Basri Çantay’s thought as an activist. In the article, beginning with brief information about Çantay’s life, works and personality, the semantic analyses of practical moral themes have been performed by considering the relationship between religion and social integration-social disorganization. In this context, it has been discussed that moral values which emphasize on social integration such as ‘(i) to be tolerant, (ii) to enjoin the good and forbid the evil, (iii) to heap coals of fire, (iv) to protect orphans’ as well as moral problems which emphasize on social disorganization such as ‘(i) discord/ to disrupt social order, (ii) to make flattery, (iii) to have sex outside of marriage, (iv) to drink alcohol etc. harmful habits’ in relation with religion. In conclusion, it has been determined that Çantay who constituted the thoughts that practical moral theme based on ethnomethodological and nomothetic approaches, (a) interested the individual and social problems of era when he lived; (b) tried to offer ‘social ethic prescriptions’ that containing practical solutions in the context of religious and moral values to the problems which are unresolved in the country during and after the war.

“İnancım Olmasaydı Kendimi Öldürürdüm!” Şizofreniden Muzdarip Hastalarda Manevi Başa Çıkma

Author(s): Hilde Hustoft,Knut A. Hestad,Lars Lien,Paul Møller,Lars Johan Danbolt / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2015

Spirituality, religiousness, and existential thought were qualitatively investigated in six patients suffering from schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The present study is a deepening of a recently published quantitative investigation by Danbolt, Møller, Lien, and Hestad (2011). The patients in the present study were chosen on the basis of diversity as to how they experienced their spirituality to be of significance when coping with their disorder. The informants displayed many signs of spiritual struggle and transitional spiritual coping strategies, all of which seemed to be linked to hallucinatory experiences. Even though their spirituality met the criteria of religious delusions, the patients described their spirituality to have vital importance. The informants showed little spiritual preknowledge and seemed to be left alone without any clerical support in their spiritual struggle. This may underline the importance of including spiritual issues in the treatment of these patients.

Парадигмальні аспекти взаємодії психоанализу й арт-терапії: проблема якісної класифікації психотипів (закінчення)

Author(s): Galina Popoyena Poserezhna / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 39/2017

Purpose of Article. The article substantiates the psychological type classification based on universal ontological grounds, and demonstrates an ability to scan psychic characteristics of an individual. Thus, the mentioned idea provides an effective interaction of practices based on the psychoanalysis and art therapy. The certain claim opens the space for the actual interaction of psychoanalytic and art-therapy practices. Methodology. The methodology of the study applies methods of classification and typological analysis as well as integral and symbolic-numeric approaches. Their application allows to reveal the disadvantages of the existing quantitative classifications of psychological types and to offer the universal and qualitative ones instead. Scientific Novelty. The scientific novelty of the article is presented through the fundamentally new method of psychological types classification practice. The approach appeals to the conglomeration of objective psychic modes that form a certain psychological type (altogether there are 16 of them, which are systemically represented). In addition, the logical justification for the selection of mental functions, which are taken into account in the proposed qualitative classification, is provided for the first time. As a result, each person appears as a carrier of an exclusively individual set of specific mental qualities, unique as to their "bouquet," which can be "woven" from objective data, rather than reflections of a psychoanalyst. Conclusions. Only by using a qualitative classification of psychological types, psycho- and art therapy-related practices will develop a strong paradigmatic basis, thus, combining their actual ontological aspects in harmonious coherence, and allowing to accelerate the psychodiagnostic process radically. At the same time, from the scientific and theoretical perspective, the developed method will open new channel of the essence of man as a cosmic phenomenon realization.

Індивідуальний виконавський стиль диригента-хормейстера як теоретична проблема

Author(s): Victoria Volodymyrivna Shevchenko,Svitlana Albertivna Dobronravova / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 40/2018

Purpose of the Article is an analysis of existing works on the individual performing style of conductor-choirmaster in the modern scientific work, as well as the generalisation of the criteria of the study of the personal performing style of conductor-choirmaster. Methodology. The work used an interdisciplinary approach, through which the analysis of the claimed problem is carried out with the involvement of scientific developments in the field of art history, theory, the practice of performing arts and psychology. Also used general scientific methods: inductive, deductive, hermeneutic. The approach of analysis and systematisation, - to generalise information about the phenomenon of "individual performing style." Scientific novelty of research consists in the systematisation of works devoted to the study of the problem of the individual performing style of the conductor-choirmaster; For the first time in the domestic humanities, attention is focused on the aesthetic components of the personal performing style of the conductor-choirmaster. Conclusions. The individual performing style of the conductor-choirmaster includes a set of "actions", which forms potential opportunities for revealing the internal energy of the conductor-choirmaster, achieving the goal, implementing artistic ideas. In setting the criteria for the individual style of the conductor, the specificity of the own interpretation of the work plays a significant role. The basis of the individual conductor style is the specificity of artistic thinking. It is associated with aesthetic and psychological components, which, in turn, affect the image-emotional and technical-manual interpretation of choral works. All this as a whole is a factor and an indicator of mastery of the conductor-choirmaster.

Феномен смерті і пошук трансцендентного виміру в екзистенційній культурі

Author(s): Valeria Valeriyivna Melnyk,Liudmyla Leonardivna Slavova / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 3/2018

The purpose of the article is to consider the phenomenon of death in an existential dimension, which is one of the most important determinants of human behavior and ways of self-determination of his being by a person. Methodology. The article deals with the phenomenon of death in the context of the search of authentic existence by a person. The fear of death is described as emotion which is important to avoid dangers, so the authors used hermeneutical methodology and anthropological integrative approach while doing the research. This topic has been most elaborately developed within the framework of the philosophy of existentialism, where it is believed that just the realization of the finiteness of a human life contributes to the search of meaning of life and urges a person to various attempts to overcome the fear of death, in particular, through the appealing to transcendental as one of the methods available in modern western culture. Within this culture, death brings to mind the usual way of human existence and is viewed as a certain testing. Sientific novelty. On the basis of a comparative analysis of various levels of human existence (biovital, psychovital, existential, and social), a generalization is made on the specifics of the existential level, where there is a "breakthrough" to the transcendental, "true" existence of a person. It has also been proved that the collision with death, as well as any phenomenon in the human world, is, in fact, ambivalent, and therefore it can cause various reactions from resistance and rejection to approval and cultivation. Conclusions. The authors conclude that the inevitability of death together with the uncertainty, which becomes a characteristic feature of the era of postmodernism, gives rise not only to fear but also to an intensive and powerful internal work that raises it to the level of transcendence. The fear of death is also interpreted as the result of a person's inclination to escape from freedom resulting in alienation from true being.

Theoretical Reflections of the Leisure Activities in the Culture of the European Enlightenment

Author(s): Iryna Vladislavovna Petrova / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

The purpose of the research is to identify the suppositions and factors that form the base of the enlightenment model of the leisure activities. Methodology of the research lies in the usage of a set of systemic, historical and chronological and hermeneutical methods. Scientific novelty of the research is grounded with the origin of the pragmatic approach to the assessment of the leisure activities and leisure practices in the period of Enlightenment. Conclusions. It is proved that the formation of the Enlightenment model of the leisure activities was influenced by such tendencies as the acknowledgement of the leading role of science among other kinds of cognitive activity and the cult of Mind, absolutization of education that formed the belief in the possibility of solving social problems, provided the appropriate conditions for this; deism and secularization of worldview, which led to the denial of religious fanaticism and blind faith in to Church dogmas; social stratification of society. That’s why there were dominated such leisure practices that were aimed at the objective cognition of the reality and were based onto the pragmatic ideas.

Recenzja: Chantal Delsol Kamienie węgielne. Na czym nam zależy?

Author(s): Maciej Raczyński-Rożek / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

Intelektualista jako upadły prorok. Dyskretny, retoryczny urok Syrakuz

Author(s): Artur Żywiołek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2019

The article makes an attempt at describing the socio-symbolic field in which the contemporary intellectual has to act. The intellectual has undergone the processes of his/her position and his/her role in academic (intellectual) life, which is one of the reasons of the failure of thinking (reason). The article also encompasses an attempt at answering the following questions: what is the role of the three basic components of classical rhetoric: logos, ethos and pathos, in thinking? Why has the contemporary homo academicus ceased to be a guide and a translator? What is the influence of affections on thinking and where did all the intellectuals go? (Frank Furedi). What is the relation between knowledge, affections, and power, and stupidity?

O pożytkach z gniewnych ekspresji bólu. Przywrócona podmiotowość i perwersyjne pragnienie przynależności w kontekście opowiadań Thomasa Bernharda

Author(s): Sebastian Porzuczek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 42/2019

The aim of this article is to present the relation between pain and anger in Thomas Bernhard’s autobiographical stories: Der Atem. Eine Entscheidung and Die Kälte. Eine Isolation. The Austrian writer precisely reconstructs the social context of recognising disease and the status of suffering in institutional medicine. In this article, the tension between individual experience of pain and therapeutic procedures is analysed in the context of power and domination. However, the author pays special attention to the problem of subjective transformation of pain into anger (the logic of rebellion, agon).

Релевантность понятий «гештальт», «фигура», «фон», «фокус» для анализа концептуальной области «кажимости»

Author(s): Elena Vadymivna Cherntsova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2019

The paper suggests the metacognitive representation of the conceptual framework of кажимость gestalt. The metacognitive representation is based on the inferential conclusions obtained by cognitive-discursive analysis of the functioning contexts of polysemous verbal predicates казаться, показаться. The Gestalt script includes native speakers’ experience conceptualized in the semantics of contexts. This experience can be presented by the following meta-utterances: The speaker knows that it is not possible to see an object being observed properly from afar, i.e. the first impression of it could turn out to be mistaken. The speaker also knows that it is possible to come closer to the object afterwards and observe it, i.e. to re-verify the results of perception empirically. This allows them to form a more complete idea / knowledge about the object. Subsequently, the speaker reflects on his first visual impression based on the received idea / knowledge, evaluates it as “true” or “false”. In addition, the speaker is aware that there are particular circumstances under which effect the visual images of objects in the real world are distorted and the recipient receives visual illusions. In the paper, a cognitive Gestalt script was formed. Based on it, all contexts with the words казаться, показаться are built. Due to the dialectical combination of perceptual and epistemic modes, a single /unified Gestalt script consists of two parts. On the one hand, there is supposed to be a subject-experiencer as well as his perceptual act, the object he observes, the first, potentially erroneous /distorted image of the object. There should also be a potential opportunity to implement an act of reflexive verification of the first impression and establish the truth. On the other hand, there is supposed to be the subject as a bearer of knowledge, his knowledge of the distorted character of the subject-experiencer’s perception as well as his knowledge of the inconsistency between the subject-experiencer’s first impression and what exists in reality. In addition, there should be implicit /explicit awareness of the reasons that led to the distortion of the perception results. The author demonstrates the integrity of the conceptual semantics of the Gestalt script. The correlation between the conceptual level and the level of language semantics is shown in a sketchy way in terms of figure, background, and focus. The author also describes focus shifts which underlie the construction of different contexts – background and figure.

Pan Maoming’s Philosophy and Cosmology: a Historiographical Research on the Sources and Cultural Background

Author(s): Sergii Rudenko,Chang Feng-Shuo,Zhang Changming / Language(s): English Issue: 25/2020

This paper presents the results of the authors’ study of the philosophical heritage of the Ancient Chinese philosopher Pan Maoming, who played an essential role in the development of spiritual culture, as well as Philosophy and Science of Ancient Southern China (nowadays, Guangdong Province). The authors carried out historiographical research of currently available ancient and modern sources, which contain data on the life and philosophical ideas of Pan Maoming; reconstructed the Pan Maoming’s intellectual biography; revealed the main features of his worldview. The authors reconstructed the social, cultural, and philosophical context of the historical epoch in which Pan Maoming’s philosophical and scientific views arose and developed; clarified the philosopher’s historical role in the development of local culture in the Southern region of Ancient China. The article contains the author’s description and interpretation of the main philosophical ideas of Pan Maoming, the main amid which the authors consider the ethical concept of “peace and emptiness,” the concept of “clumsiness”; the idea of “monasticism for the happiness of the people.” The authors compared Pan Maoming’s philosophical ideas with Lao-tzu’s philosophical doctrine and came to the conclusion that Pan Maoming formed his own unique and original elaboration of Taoist philosophy, significantly developed its linguistic (conceptual) apparatus and worldview. The authors paid particular attention to the description and analysis of Pan Maoming’s cosmological views, which include the doctrine of “Inner alchemy” (Neidan), the doctrine of “chaos, order and causality.” The authors concluded that Pan Maoming’s cosmological ideas significantly developed a way of understanding the Universe, the relationship between “inert” and “living” matter, the “world of nature” and the “world of human” in the Taoist philosophical culture.

Petrićev argument o cjelovitosti u kontekstu suvremene psihologije

Author(s): Luka Janeš / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 03/155/2019

In this paper, I consider Patricius’s argument on integrality laid out in “Pampsychia”, least researched book belonging to Nova de universis philosophia (1591), in comparison with the notions, methodologies and pragmatic reach of the contemporary science of human psyche. I attempted to determine can the argument correspond to the methodological instrument of psychology or the relation is disjunctive, that is, in animosity. I emphasise Patricius’s reflection on the mind-centeredness of the soul while trying to point at the dynamic and dialectical character of the psyche phenomenon as the fundamental determinant of Patricius’s psycho-ontology and the importance of implementing philosophical reflection into the mental health system framework, as a precondition for the holistic, integrative approach to the problem.

The homunculus brain and categorical logic

Author(s): Steve Awodey,Michał Heller / Language(s): English Issue: 69/2020

The interaction between syntax (formal language) and its semantics (meanings of language) is one which has been well studied in categorical logic. The results of this particular study are employed to understand how the brain is able to create meanings. To emphasize the toy character of the proposed model, we prefer to speak of the homunculus brain rather than the brain per se. The homunculus brain consists of neurons, each of which is modeled by a category, and axons between neurons, which are modeled by functors between the corresponding neuron-categories. Each neuron (category) has its own program enabling its working, i.e. a theory of this neuron. In analogy to what is known from categorical logic, we postulate the existence of a pair of adjoint functors, called Lang and Syn, from a category, now called BRAIN, of categories, to a category, now called MIND, of theories. Our homunculus is a kind of “mathematical robot”, the neuronal architecture of which is not important. Its only aim is to provide us with the opportunity to study how such a simple brain-like structure could “create meanings” and perform abstraction operations out of its purely syntactic program. The pair of adjoint functors Lang and Syn model the mutual dependencies between the syntactical structure of a given theory of MIND and the internal logic of its semantics given by a category of BRAIN. In this way, a formal language (syntax) and its meanings (semantics) are interwoven with each other in a manner corresponding to the adjointness of the functors Lang and Syn. Higher cognitive functions of abstraction and realization of concepts are also modelled by a corresponding pair of adjoint functors. The categories BRAIN and MIND interact with each other with their entire structures and, at the same time, these very structures are shaped by this interaction.