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W odpowiedzi Krystianowi Jobczykowi

Author(s): Jan Woleński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3 (91)/2015

This paper is a reply to Krystian Jobczyk’s critical remarks on my treatment of Putnam’s Model-Theoretic Arguments against (metaphysical) realism. I clarify my position by pointing out that Putnam’s statements are ambiguous and allow for various interpretations. In general, we have no universal criteria for selecting standard models. On the other hand, since models are defined in a suitable metatheory, it is possible to introduce special constraints to define the phrase “to be standard” in concrete situations. The crucial fact is that models of so-called rich theories (arithmetic of natural numbers and beyond) transcend expressive means of such theories.

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Inspiracje empirystyczne w filozofii matematyki

Author(s): Krzysztof Wójtowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4 (92)/2015

The article is devoted to the problem of mathematical empiricism: what could the phrase “to be a mathematical empiricist” mean? There are many interpretations of this position in philosophy of mathematics. The essay discusses relevant views of Quine and Putnam. Some detailed questions concerning e.g. the applicability of mathematics, the status of mathematical proof, the status of mathematical axioms are examined from the point of view of these philosophies.

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Analogijsko zaključivanje i značenja riječi u višedimenzionalnom prostoru

Author(s): Sandro Skansi,Davor Lauc / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 01/149/2018

The present work explores the underlying thought behind symbolic logic which accepts concepts as atomic components, and we introduce a different formalism based on artificial neural networks for the formalization of logical reasoning as a cognitive process, which defines an approach we call subsymbolic logic. We apply this approach to analogical reasoning, which we argue is the proper reasoning. We also explore the cognitive aspects of this approach, especially in isolating and reproducing spontaneous but erroneous forms of reasoning (cognitive biases) which are a part of logical reasoning viewed as a cognitive process. Today, it is the dominant technique in artificial intelligence, but the philosophical aspects of such an approach remain mostly unexplored. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first such attempt at using artificial neural networks to analyse analogical reasoning.

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Praktična filozofija i tehnički svijet. Prolegomena za nedovršenu filozofiju prakse

Author(s): Henning Ottmann / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 04/1979

»Praktična filozofija« doživjela je posljednjih desetljeća »renesansu« ili »rehabilitaciju«. Ona je postala skupnim pojmom za začetke različitoga porijekla, koji sežu, kako je to jednom sažeo Rüdiger Bubner, »od Heideggera preko analitičke filozofije do konstruktivizma erlanške opservacije i neomarksističkih pozicija«.

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Moć kao energija - intencionalna teorija moći Bertranda Rasela. Svestrani mislilac i humanista Bertrand Rasel

Author(s): Vukašin Pavlović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2011

Britanski filozof Bertrand Rasel (Bertrand Russell) predstavlja svakako jednu od najznačajnijih i najsvestranijih figura na intelektualnom nebu Evrope dvadesetog veka. Rođen u vrlo uglednoj aristokratskoj porodici rano je pokazao interes za filozofiju i matematiku, a svetsku slavu je stekao već početkom dvadesetog veka. U matematičkim krugovima je najpre postao poznat 1905. godine, formulacijom čuvenog Raselovog paradoksa. Definitivno je priznat kao jedan od utemeljivača analitičke filozofije, nakon zajedničkog dela, sa svojim kolegom iz studentskih dana na Kembridžu Alfredom Nortom Vajthedom (Alfred North Witehead), koje je objavljeno 1911. godine pod naslovom Principi matematike (Principia Mathematica). U svojim filozofsko- matematičkim rukopisima Rasel je bio pod neospornim uticajem Lajbnica. S druge strane, kod njega je studirao filozofiju Ludvig Vitgenštajn (Ludvig Wittgenstein) autor svetski slavne knjige iz 1921. godine Tractatus logico-philosophicus, za čije je englesko izdanje iz 1922. godine Rasel napisao uvodnu studiju. [...]

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L. WITTGENSTEINO PSICHOLOGIJOS FILOSOFIJA: GEŠTALTPSICHOLOGIJOS KRITIKA

Author(s): Nerijus Stasiulis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 98/2019

This is the first of a series of three articles dedicated to a discussion of Wittgenstein’s remarks on psychology. It demonstrates that Wittgenstein’s philosophy of psychology developed on the basis of critique of W. Köhler’s gestaltpsychology. The gestaltpsychology rejected the mechanistic explanation of psychological phenomena and was based on the holistic principle while Wittgenstein critiqued physiological explanation as such. His philosophical investigation pays attention to the way the meaning of psychological concepts (words) “shows itself”. The self-showing obeys a logic of Sprachspiele while the scientistic program of Köhler’s is based on unjustified philosophical images.

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REFERENCE, INTUITION, AND INTUITION ABOUT REFERENCE – NOTES ON THE EXPERIMENTAL PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE DEBATE

Author(s): Mihai Rusu / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

The introduction of experimental techniques as a tool of philosophical investigation has created quite a stir in analytic philosophy in the last two decades. Experimental results have shed a new light on traditional debates in various fields and have led to a reappraisal of the use and merits of various methods and types of arguments in philosophy. This paper provides an overview of the central debate regarding Machery et al.’s results and conclusions about the interplay between theory and various methods that are supposed to provide evidence for (a certain) theory. The debate is connected with the initial setting of the question of reference and, more generally, with the main staples of the philosophy of language. A large part of the paper is devoted to a discussion of the most important arguments and perspectives that have been developed or reformulated as a result of the debate on experimental philosophy. The final aim of the discussion is to provide a basic description of the contemporary landscape of philosophy of language and related epistemology, to inform future research designs and developments.

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Lajbnicov pojam nauke – početak i kraj optimizma

Author(s): Zoran Dimić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 23/2015

One of the most important founders of the modern notion of science was Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. By his own determination of modern science, his name and his philosophy are linked in many ways to the famous catastrophe at the start of the modern epoch in Europe, namely the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. Leibniz’s ideal of science was expressed through the idea of mathesis universalis (universal mathematics). According to Leibniz’s interpretation, all things in nature should be understood and explained through size (magnitudo), form (figure) and motion (motus). We could say that according to this idea of modern science particular natural phenomena always need to be explained mathematically. Leibniz’s idea of science is the complete expression of the modern era. The mathematics should not only provide science with certainty (certitude) but our lives as well. Leibniz’s mathematical interpretation of natural phenomena takes us in this way to ”optimism” and the idea of the best of all possible worlds. Unfortunately Leibniz’s optimistic view of the world, which was generally typical for the end of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th century, was later dramatically interrupted by Lisbon earthquake. The ability to measure and compute the strength of the earthquake and the height of the tsunami did not bring tranquility and serenity to the souls of Portuguese and other Europeans. On the contrary, the computing knowledge of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake incorporated into their lives the enormous fear of recurrent catastrophe. The past catastrophe was regarded as a portent of the new catastrophe to come. Hence the author of this paper argues that it is not the 1755 Lisbon earthquake itself which marked the end of the optimism, but the modern notion of the science which brought the fear into the souls of the people by counting and predicting the probability of the new catastrophes.

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Poliformnost kao nastavni, naučni i filozofski princip

Author(s): Šefket Krcić,Đogo G. Marković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 22/2014

In this paper, the authors examined by the means of a dialogue the very current question of speculative confluence of philosophy and mathematics. In this collegial discourse, they start off from a methodological position that states that polyformism is an inevitable principle based on the dialectical law of negation, which is present in the science of philosophy since the time of Aristotle. The key essential question of this scientific and philosophical phenomenon is in its permanent insistence upon integral examination of various approaches of hermeneutic understanding and reasoning of notions, especially while studying scientific, educational or philosophical phenomena. By studying and exploring the possibility of applying this principle, the authors arrived at the following conclusion: if it is undisputed that evidence (presenting by the means of trivial proof by laws of logic) is a principle, and permanence (maintaining formal order) founded on evident proof is also a principle, then every finite chain of conjunctions of evident scientific, methodic, philosophical proofs, or a multiple conjunction thereof, itself a scientific, methodic or philosophical principle.

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Franz Rosenzweig: Das „Neue Denken“

Author(s): Kurt Walter Zeidler / Language(s): German Issue: 14/2010

According to his own understanding, in his work The Star of Redemption (1921) Franc Rosenzweig offered „the system of philosophy“ which tended to new thinking, i.e. to philosophy renaissance by virtue of „theological notion of revelation“, but his critique of the „old philosophy“ was primarily focused on historical-relativistic cultural conscience, by which god, world and man – „the three last and first subjects of all philosophizing“ – are scattered away in a disarray of gods, worlds and men. Therefore it can be asked whether Rosenzweig’s critique of the three former ideas of reason (Kant) should be understood only as an existential rejection of „universality of thinking“ (Levinas) or as something more – as a demand that the logic of ideas and mediation of ideas be reconsidered again.

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Nastava logike u srednjoj školi – od 1950. do 2010.

Author(s): Ana Kuburić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 14/2010

This historical overview of logic teaching shall begin with school year of 1952/53, when eight years long elementary education was introduced. It can be noted that, in literature concerning logic teaching in our country, emphasis is not put on that period. Considering the fact that the state of Yugoslavia was existent at that particular time, formal decisions immediately related to all republics. Valuable ideas from one territory were implemented in others, being of common interest. Intensive engagement in the field of methodics of logic teaching took place in Croatia, as it is today. Textbooks Logic from Gajo Petrović and Methodics of philosophy teaching of Josif Marinković are still in use in Serbia today, due to the fact that they are still considered as the best solution. That is why history of logic teaching should be analysed since that period up to today.

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Filozofija i spekulacija: Links Orientirt, Politisch Verdächtig!

Author(s): Mina Okiljević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 9/2008

The review of: Milan Kangrga, Klasični njemački idealizam, Filozofski fakultet, Zagreb, 2008.

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Apsolutni princip teorije relativiteta. Ajnštajn i Njutn

Author(s): Mirko Aćimović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/2005

Philosophical bases of Einstein's conception of space-time and motion, as a crucial development of knowledge in this field of mathematical physics and cosmology based on it, presuppose a difference between theoretical statements of Euclidean geometry and non-Euclidean geometries, as well as their relations towards the science of physics and cosmology. That constitutes the foundation for differentiation between Newtonian classical conception of space, time and motion, and the conception of these notions within the theory of relativity.

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Bergson, Einstein and the Conceptual ‘Transformation’ of a Meter

Author(s): Matthew Morgan / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2005

Although the light based definition of a meter was not established until 1983, the current resolution to use light as a standard for measurement has roots in Einstein’s theory of general relativity. Even though general relativity has enjoyed widespread support, critics like Henri Bergson challenge essential assertions within this theory. Following Bergson’s challenge, this essay will explore faulty assumptions operating in general relativity and then show how these assumptions adversely affect current practices like using light to determine the length of a meter. The critique developed in this paper serves primarily as an example pointing to a larger problem affecting the natural sciences. Scientists do not always understand the restricted nature of their studies. When these scientists overstep the limits of their discipline, theoretical problems emerge. This illustrates one reason philosophers need to interact with the scientific community.

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Branislav Petronijević

Author(s): Slobodan Sadžakov / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2004

Kada je reč o filozofskom stvaralaštvu u Srbiji u prvoj polovini dvadesetog veka, mišljenja su uglavnom jedinstvena u tome da taj period pre svega obeležava ime Branislava Petronijevića. Takva jednodušnost ocena o Petronijevićevom mestu u našoj filozofskoj tradiciji podstaknuta je činjenicom zaista obimnog i višestranog dela kojim se ovaj mislilac afirmisao i u evropskim okvirima. Ove godine se navršava 50 godina od smrti Branislava Petronijevića te je i to, između ostalog, povod za podsećanje na rad ovog istaknutog filozofa. [...]

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К вопросу о бесконечности в философии И. Канта

Author(s): Vladimir Nikolaevich Katasonov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2004

Роль понятия бесконечности в философии И.Канта в высшей степени любопытна. Кант как-бы резюмирует в своей философской .системе 200-летний опыт развития науки нового времени. Однако, при чтении его трудов создается впечатление, что все философские бури XVII века, касающиеся актуальной бесконечности, прошли мимо него. А ведь классическая механика, этот “чудо-ребенок” новой цивилизации, обоснованию которой и сам Кант уделяет немало страниц своих сочинений, прогрессирует именно с помощью дифференциального и интегрального исчислений, использующих актуально - бесконечномалую. Разве Кант не понимал значения математического анализа и, тем самым, проблемы бесконечности для механики? Это трудно предположить... Анализ показывает, что кантовское разделение разума на теоретический и практический позволило ему осознать проблему бесконечности в перспективе, далеко выходящей за пределы господствующей в его время “догматической философии”. В этой статье мы анализируем кантовские представления о бесконечности (в основном в рамках его первых двух “Критик”). [...]

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Megjegyzés az asszerció illokúciós aktusának elemzéséhez

Author(s): Alpár Gergely P. / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2018

The basis of this article is the Searleian analysis of the illocutionary act of assertion. I try to sketch an alternative interpretation of the illocutionary act of assertion based on the arguments brought forward by John R. Searle, Paul Grice, Rom Harré, Robert Brandom. This possible interpretation might help us raise some questions about the Searleian interpretation.

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ELEMENTE DE FILOSOFIE WITTGENSTEINIANĂ A MATEMATICII ÎN SPAȚIUL IDEATIC AL ANILOR ’30

Author(s): Iulian GRIGORIU,Iulian Grigoriu / Language(s): Romanian,Moldavian Issue: 5/2019

With the dispute between logic, formalism and intuitionism as a backdrop, Wittgenstein continues to develop his own philosophy of mathematics which he begins to present to the members of the Vienna Circle. At the 1930 Königsberg „Congress of Theory of Knowledge in the Exact Sciences”, he will have Friedrich Waismann as a spokeperson against Carnap (logicism), Heyting (intuitionism) and Neumann (formalism).The critique of the fundamentals of mathematics, the expression of a general form of the proposition and of the natural number, the connection between the system, the proposition and the mathematical demonstration, the situation of the arithmetical calculation, the debates in the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus and continuing in Philosophical Remarks and Philosophical Grammar, become recurrent themes and constitute central concepts of the Wittgensteinian philosophy of mathematics.The question of universality in relation to the definition of the natural number reflects on an original Wittgenstein concept of general mathematical function, which emphasizes its peculiarities but also the difficulties of reception. In the continuation of the Intensionalist conception of the number I illustrate that Wittgenstein elaborates a formal grammar of the name of numbers, I rebuild the addition operation and I highlight a type of Wittgensteinian definition for the mathematical proposition. In order to achieve these goals, I draw the "coordinates" of a new conceptual space auspicious for the development of the Wittgensteinian philosophy of mathematics, namely the Grammatical Space. This follows the Tractarian Logical Space, which it encompasses and transforms, offering new linguistic and representative possibilities for the syntax of mathematical elements. "Mathematics" becomes an autonomous field of reason, it does not need fundamentals, it develops through independent concepts, specific constructions, punctual strategies, provisional, rules and internal laws, constituting a bridge between various human activities as a criterion for sciences and their applications.

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Bazele neuro-fiziologice ale intuiției

Author(s): Dan PSATTA / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2019

This paper makes a review of some old and new ideas that philosophers had on insight. It is shown how different they are. Psychologists created tests with which insight could be demonstrated and measured. All these have only a relative value, as long as the cerebral contribution to the intuitive process is not assessed. This became possible when we implemented a computer program of EEG Spectral Reaction Mapping (evidencing the specific cerebral Delta, Theta, Alpha, Beta rhythm changes, during a functional activation). Using it, we studied comparatively the intellect and insight performance EEG effects on an intellectual (objective) proverb interpretation and an intuitive (subjective) paintings selection testing. The Mapping EEG effects of musical audition or playing, and the mental (intellectual or intuitive) effects of left and right cortical EEG dysfunctions are also described. We concluded that insight is a conscious thinking process, parallel to the intellectual one. Whereas the intellect is processed by the left associative parietal (Wernicke area), insight performances are generated by the correspondent parietal area in the right Hemisphere. Both develop ideas and logical acts of reasoning (deductive in intellectual, inductive in case of intuitive thinking). A supplementary activation of the Frontal Lobes (dorsal granular or ventral, orbital areas) ensures ideas validation, (rational or emotional) selection and decision making. Insight activates mainly the orbital affective-emotional fields. Intellectual ideas are mainly addressed for selection to the dorsal Frontal rational cortex area.

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Proclus the Neoplatonist’s proposals on education: epistemological prolegomena

Author(s): Christos Terezis / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

This historical and systematic study discusses in the form of a reconstructive proposal the system of the general epistemological principles followed by the eclecticist Proclus, who attempts to organize and present questions on Education directly associated with Practical Reason. From the methodological point of view, the example emerged from his commentary on the Platonic dialogues Alcibiades I and Respublica for providing instruction is multidimensional and holistic and aims at a complete transformation of human personality. The foundation for any philosophical and political approach, as constantly stressed, is that human is a special and unique being that can be able to influence decisively the social status. Considering the content of the study, we are discussing, mainly from a historical point of view, the position and the purpose of Education in Late Hellenistic Period, as well as Proclus’ contribution to the disciplines of Anthropology and Ethics, which are closely related to the objectives of Education. We complete the study with some further remarks with regard to the deepest meaning of Proclus’ proposal and the possibility to implement it in these days. The above-mentioned are not presented as final conclusions, but as questions-inquiries, in order to propose an internally developing methodology for investigating.

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