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Suwerenność i zwierzchnictwo ludowe: egzystencja prywatna i egzystencja polityczna

Author(s): Anna Krzynówek-Arndt / Language(s): Polish Issue: 18/2016

Research objective:The article is an attempt to highlight inherent tensions and mutual contradictions that popular sovereignty perceived as a category of modern political thought is marked by.The research problem and methods:Through the analyses of crucial passages of Rousseau’s political writings I show that different interpretations of popular sovereignty should be analyzed in the context of Robert Spaemann’s reading of rousseauian thesis of the irreversible disintegration of political unity and separation of public and private.The process of argumentation:I argue that the thought of Jan Jakub Rousseau may be a basis for deriving different meanings of popular sovereignty according to different and sometimes mutually exclusive interpretations typical of neorepublicanism, civic humanism, communitarianism and political liberalism. Rousseau’s idea of popular sovereignty may be perceived as combining classical and nominalist traditions (an actual consensus of the majority as a representation of the general will).Research results:The main conclusion of the article is that the tension implicit in the idea of popular sovereignty is inherently linked with a dual condition of modern man incapable of both political and private existence.Conclusions, innovations and recommendations:The idea of well-ordered society as described in The Social Contract and Considerations on the Government of Poland shows the tensions and ambiguities in modern idea of popular sovereignty, which could be taken into consideration while analyzing it as one of the main constitutional principles.

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau i James Madison. Dwa modele obywatelstwa w tradycji doktryny suwerenności ludu

Author(s): Rafał Lis / Language(s): Polish Issue: 18/2016

Research objective:The aim of the article is to analyse the thought of J.J. Rousseau and J. Madison (counted among the most prominent theorists of popular or republican government in the Eighteenth century), with a special emphasis on the issue of citizenry.The research problem and methods: The author focuses on the relationship between the accounts of the people and the associated concepts of citizenship. He wonders whether they can provide us with any coherent vision of the citizens’ role in government or – rather – reveal serious discrepancies within a broader doctrinal tradition. To that purpose the author refers to main works of these authors, supporting his conclusions by critical references to secondary sources, dealing especially with their views on popular sovereignty.The process of argumentation: The article begins with the analysis of Rousseau’s thought, turning then to that of Madison. It finishes with a sort of summary, which gives an opportunity to emphasise the main similarities and – above all – differences between their arguments.Research results: The analysis of the both authors’ thought indicates that there were at least two different views on citizenship within the Eighteenth century tradition of popular sovereignty. It points out that Rousseau viewed the common citizenry in a very active role of a sovereign, insisting on frequent assemblies of the people as a necessary means of identifying the general will. In that respect, Madison kept warning against a more direct or locally-oriented citizens’ activity, looking for such electoral and constitutional devices of majority rule that would more appropriately serve the public interest, securing the rights of minorities as well.Conclusions, innovations, recommendations:The far-reaching conclusion is that the two depicted models of citizenship reveal in fact considerably broad possibilities of defining popular sovereignty and – more specifically – the constitutional function of civic activity. The latter will be ultimately determined by assumptions of the public sphere and evaluations of the moral and political capacities of the very citizens.

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W sprawie idiogenicznej teorii sądu

Author(s): Adam Olech / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2017

The subject of this article is an analysis of three sentences from Franz Brentano’s The Psychology from the Empirical Point of View. These sentences speak about the essence of the idiogenic theory of judgement. This essence is that the judging subject affirms the objects that were already presented by him as true or rejects them as false.

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Božansko u Petrićevoj Poetici

Author(s): Mladen Živković / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 03/2005

The works of Frane Petrić have been studied intensively in Croatia and abroad in the last decades. Petrić does not stop to amaze us with his great erudition. Ali the themes he wrote about - beginning with his juvenile works and taking its mature shape in Nova de Universis Philosophia - were studied systematically and in opposition to authorities and contemporanities. This also applies to his Poetics. That huge work is not fully presented in this article, but, instead, it’s one aspect have been investigated. This work is considered to be a specific defense of poetry, which has been taken by Petrić’s unbreakable connection and joining together poetic and divine, which has the miracle as their common. In reading this work, we could not help but to be amazed over the quantity of issues it elaborates. Even more amazing is the clarity of Petrić’s language in most complicated themes, as vvell as the impression that in front of us we have a book which can say a lot to contemporary scholars of poetics and aesthetics.

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Утопичните острови на тропиците – възможни и реални

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Утопичните острови на тропиците – възможни и реални

Author(s): Maya Gorcheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2021

In the European cultural tradition, the image of the islands brings together the geographical strangeness with a social utopia. The paper traces its historical alterations, as attested in documentary and literary travel stories, in comparison with Leibniz's thesis of the “best world”.

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Teorija društvenog ugovora Tomasa Hobsa i Žan-Žaka Rusoa - ujedinjeni ili suprotstavljeni?

Author(s): Sava D. Vojnović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 24/2022

Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau are among the most important modern political philosophers, who base their theories on the idea of social contract. Both authors start from the natural equality of all people and the uncertainty of the natural state, but at first glance they end up with completely different perspectives on sovereignty and relations within a political society. Rousseau insists on the common sovereignty of all citizens, who have a guaranteed economic minimum and the inalienable authority to enact laws and care for the general will, by which they all together simultaneously constitute those who are governed. Hobbes, on the other hand, dictates that the people elect a sovereign who is always in their natural state and must have great power in order to fulfil their role as protector. Yet, the paper argues that their positions are not really that different, bearing in mind Rousseau’s executive power and wise legislators, and Hobbes’ strong rights of subjects. The thesis of the paper is that in both of them the people authorize and supervise, and someone else rules.

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PASSIVE TOLERANCE VERSUS POLITICAL ENGAGEMENT. ANTISTIUS CONSTANS, KOERBAGH, VAN DEN ENDEN, AND SPINOZA

Author(s): SONJA LAVAERT / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

This article investigates the contribution of Spinoza and authors of his circle (Antistius Constans, Van den Enden and Koerbagh) on the modern conception of tolerance. In his Tractatus theologico-politicus (1670), Spinoza launches the libertas philosophandi-question integrating two kinds of freedom between which there is a tension: freedom of thought and speech and freedom of religious conscience. As freedom means living and acting in society in light of one’s own interests, tolerance becomes a political issue that depends from political perspectives and priorities. This insight leads Spinoza to bringing together the control of political authority on religious affairs and a political regime of religious plurality and toleration. These ideas seem to be reminiscent of texts published in his immediate circle: the anonymus De jure ecclesiasticorum (1665); the political pamphlets Kort verhael (1662) and Vrye Politijke Stellingen (1665) of his teacher Van den Enden; the subversive dictionary Een Bloemhof (1668) and the systematic philosophical Een Ligt (1668) of Koerbagh. In these texts the question of religion and religious authority shifts to the question of the nature and origin of political authority. The authors all criticize the abuse of power in light of the idea that there is no freedom without equality and no equality without freedom. Together with Spinoza’s Tractatus politicus (1677), they thereby form an anomaly within the anomaly of the Calvinist Low Countries that regards specifically this radical democratic view. They are not so much talking about tolerance but about everyone’s active participation in political life which is necessary for the rescue of the republic.

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ARGUING FOR FREEDOM OF RELIGION

Author(s): Paul Guyer / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

My title is “Arguing for Freedom of Religion,” not for “Toleration,” because I follow the eighteenth-century writer Christoph Martin Wieland in taking “toleration" to connote a gift or indulgence from a majority to a minority, whereas true freedom of religion would put everybody on the same plane to believe and practice religion as they see fit, or not at all. I consider three historically distinct ways of arguing for freedom of religion: from a premise held by one religion that requires freedom from others (the strategy of Locke, Madison, and Mendelssohn); from a premise about the uncertainty of all religious beliefs which calls for equal freedom (Bayle and Wieland); or from a fundamental requirement of equal freedom for all, with no premise about religion although it entails freedom in religious matters as in other things (Hutcheson, Meier, Kant). The latter approach may be most appealing from a purely philosophical point of view, but the former styles of argument have obviously had much to recommend them in historical contexts, and may still be useful.

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Z badań nad dziejami i spuścizną polskich filozofujących przyrodnikóww Kijowie w latach 1900–1919. Część 1: Czesław Białobrzeski

Author(s): Łukasz Mścisławski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2021

The aim of this paper is to present less known facts of Czesław Białobrzeski’s life from the period before he left Kiev in 1919 and his familiar works from that period. Particular emphasis is placed on biographical details, some aspects of the creation of his most famous work, and his popularization activities and philosophical interests, especially regarding science and the influence of French conventionalism.It turns out that in works such as “Reality in terms of natural science” or “The Principle of Relativity and some of its applications”, Białobrzeski appears to be a naturalist very well versed in philosophical topics related to sciences. The story behind Białobrzeski’s most famous work, “Sur l’équilibre thermodynamique d’une sphère gazeuse libre” which emerges from his correspondence with Władysław Natanson, is also interesting.

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КАНТОВА ЕСТЕТИКА КАО КРИТИКА ЛЕПОГ

Author(s): Saša Ž. Radovanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 79/2022

The paper discusses Kant’s understanding of aesthetics. The analysis relies on the place of the Critique of Judgment in his system of critical thinking. In such a system of critical thinking, there is no science of beauty, but only criticism of beauty. This critique of beauty in Kant’s aesthetics is realized as an analysis of beauty. The analysis of beauty is carried out as an analysis of the judgments of taste, guided by moments analogous to the logical functions of the judgments of understanding from the Critique of Pure Reason. In the end, it is concluded that Kant’s notion of criticism is appropriate for the notion of fine art.

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İSKOÇ AYDINLANMA FİLOZOFU ADAM FERGUSON’A GÖRE İLERLEME DÜŞÜNCESİ

Author(s): Osman ELMALI,Ahmet Bingöl / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 60/2023

The development process of human beings from the day they emerged until today has been a subject of curiosity for science and philosophy. With the Reformation, the Renaissance, the Enlightenment and the modernization process, the adventure of humanity has gained more importance and has become a problem that scientists and philosophers have been pondering on. At this point, the idea of progress has been an important thesis put forward by modern Western thought. The concept of progress has become one of the fundamental concepts in the history of philosophy and especially in the philosophy of history. Progress has been conceived and put forward as a continuous development, change and improvement of civilizations, societies and people towards the future. During the Enlightenment, which represents an important period in the history of philosophy, the subject of progress was also given importance. The Scottish Enlightenment, one of the Enlightenment processes, and Adam Ferguson, an important representative of it, also dealt with the process of progress and tried to understand and make sense of this concept with the dynamics of the society in which he lived. This study aims to analyze Adam Ferguson's idea of progress from a philosophical perspective in the context of its relationship with morality and politics.

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За някои идеи и закономерности в развитието на българската философия в един ръкопис от архива на В. Свинтила. Методологически и евристични аспекти

Author(s): Kosta Benchev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

The article discusses general issues of methodological interest related to the investigations on the history of Bulgarian philosophy. It is based on the analysis of a yet unpublished manuscript written by the Bulgarian writer Vladimir Svintila during the 1970s. The influence of the Enlightenment and of some supposedly Cartesian themes at the time of the Bulgarian National Revival is traced through concepts like polarity and duality. Some problems and approaches are identified that have a relatively invariant (or nationally- conditioned) character in the work of Bulgarian philosophers.

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O pojęciu kultury w Rysie Dzieiow Kultury i Oswiecenia Narodu Polskiego (1816) Ignacego Lubicz Czerwińskiego (1749-1834)

Author(s): Małgorzata Rygielska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2023

The author explores the meaning of the term culture in Ignacy Lubicz Czerwiński’s Rys Dzieiow Kultury i Oswiecenia Narodu Polskiego [Outline of the History of Culture and Enlightenment of the Polish Nation]. This was one of the first proposals for an orderly reflection on culture in Polish writing at a time when it was still dominated by the use of the word ‘civilisation’. Czerwiński’s understanding of culture and the Enlightenment, as well as his explanation of these concepts, is based on Enlightenment theories of progress and physiocratic ideas, as well as the theory of three or four stages, which was then widely discussed. In doing so, he draws on the Statutes of Casimir the Great, noting the existence of cultural practices associated with customary law. Czerwiński, however, announces a shift from an attributive understanding of culture to discussing it from a distributive point of view: as Polish culture, the culture of the Polish nation. This is a concept worthy of attention and a further, broader and more detailed discussion.

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Czarna legenda” Niccolò Machiavellego w polskiej poezji XVII wieku (na wybranych przykładach)

Author(s): Anna Maciejewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 19/2023

The subject matter of my research is the black legend of Niccolò Machiavelli in Polish baroque poetry. This legend spread in the 17th-century Commonwealth on such a large scale that the name of this secretary of the Florentine republicbegan to be used to describe even kings or pretenders to the throne who were political opponents. For this reason, I described in this scientific article the literary works of poets such as Wacław Potocki, Wespazjan Kochowski and Stanisław Orzelski. The second of these authors acted in a similar way in The Stone of Testimony of the Innocence of the Great Senator in the Polish Crown, comparing the actions of the royal court to an infernal council, in which such characters as Machiavelli, Richelieu and Mazarini take part. In my scientific article, I will emphasize that this Polish Baroque poet also showed the secretary of the Florentine republic in his other literary works as a perverse and demonic person. I will also note that Wacław Potocki in his work negatively refers to those people who defame John III Sobieski in lampoons and accuse him of using “Machiavellian arts”. I will not ignore Stanisław Orzelski’s Macaronica carmina Marfordii Mądzikovii poetae approbatihere.

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Social Aspects in the Work of Prague Rabbi Löw (Maharal, 1512—1609)

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Social Aspects in the Work of Prague Rabbi Löw (Maharal, 1512—1609)

Author(s): Vladimir Sadek / Language(s): English Issue: 1/1983

The paper analyses some ideas to be found in the works of Rabbi Löw (Maharal), above all his ethical views and conception of Man. The way in which Rabbi Low’s ideas have been viewed since the Enlightenment period are studied first. Then his religious and philosophical works are characterized, the conception of Man is explained and finally some ethical principles, mainly those contained in the book “Netivot colam“, are discussed. Special attention is paid to Maharal’s conception of human society and its development.

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IMMANUEL KANT’S VISION OF THE RIGHT OF NATIONS

Author(s): Nenad Miličić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

The purpose of this article is to present Kant’s theory of the Right of Nations, which is the essential part of present-day international law debate. In his philosophical work, „Towards Perpetual Peace”, Immanuel Kant is inquiring conditions for co-existence between the states. According to Kant, three elementary conditions lead us toward perpetual peace: 1) Republican government 2) Federation of Free States 3) Cosmopolitan right of a person to a world citizenship Federation of Free States has an important place in Kant’s vision of the rights of nations and perpetual peace as a final goal of this doctrine. It is crucial for better understanding of Kant’s position on the rights of nations. It is also the most objected part of Immanuel Kant’s political philosophy by various contemporary critics and therefore demands further exploration and analysis. At first, a brief overview of the history of the law of nations, considering the arguments that preceded Kant’s theory will be given. Further analysis of Kant’s work should clear his position and offer an argument in support of his general ideas, reply to the objections and critics of his arguments and evaluate pro and contra opinions. Finally, the consequences of such argumentation and their influence on contemporary political thinking will be discussed. The possibility of appropriate consensus solution will be considered.

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REALISTIČKO I IDEALSTIČKO SHVATANJE SUPSTANCIJE: KANT I NJEGOVI PRETHODNICI

Author(s): Andrija Šoć / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2017

The main goal of this paper is to explore the continuity and discontinuity in how different philosophical systems understand the concept of substance. At the beginning of the paper, I draw a distinction between formal criteria for what it means to be a substance and the question of what satisfies those criteria. I then analyze Aristotle’s, medieval and modern views on substance in order to show that, in spite of other considerable differences among them, Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas, Duns Scotus, Descartes, Locke and Hume all identify the same criteria for being the substenc. The differences between them, I then claim, lie in the way they answer the question of what satisfies the criteria. The most radical conclusion, as will be clear, is drawn by Hume, who famously believes that there is nothing that really satisfies traditional formal criteria for substantiality. In the last part of the paper, I analyze Kant’s idealist view and show that it is his only within his philosophical system that we can find a complete break with the philosophical tradition and quite differing criteria for substantiality. It will be shown that, for Kant, substance is no longer something that should be the basis for the properties of objects that exist independently of us, but the way in which human cognitive powers understand some key aspects of the phenomenological domain of the knowable. The upshot of this discussion is that the history of the idea of substance can be divided on the period before and after Kant, where it is Kant, rather than Descartes, the one who truly diverges from the traditional philosophical pardigms about substance.

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KANTOV RETRIBUTIVIZAM I SMRTNA KAZNA

Author(s): Marina Budić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2017

The paper deals with Kant's notion of punishment in general, as well as one specific form of punishment, namely, the death penalty. In the first part of the article we will exmine, Kant's views on punishment as well as an extent to which it is retributive. According to Kant's view, offenders should be punished exclusively for having committed an offense (retribution), and proportionally to the crime commited (ius talionis). In recent literature, there are interpretations that indicate Kant's criminal theory is not completely retributive, but rather combined, so that it contains elements of retribution and intimation. If we clearly outline the goal, justification and extent of punishment, the purpose and justification of forming the state (time and punishment), we will make sure that these interpretations are incorrect. The paper shows that Kant retribution determines the goal and justification of punishment, that the reason and justification of the state (and punishment) is the achievement of justice, that is, the preservation of individual freedoms of citizens on an equal footing, while the control of crime should be understood as the achievement of this goal. Also, one needs to bear in mind the distinction between the factual and the normative level - Kant claims that a person should be punished exclusively for having committed the offense, although her punishment simultaneously intimidates or deters the offense of another citizens, which is a factual claim. The theory of punishment prescribes the goal and justification of punishment, which falls within the normative domain, and in Kant’s opinion, it is fundamentally retributive. It is also necessary to take into account another distinction that Kant introduces, which is the distinction between the noumenal and phenomenal spheres of existence. Justice is a noumen or an idea, that the state pursues to achieve, while it is realized or made into a phenomenon when the state applies laws and penalties in a particular community. Intimidation or control of crime is part of the realization of justice in the empirical world. The second part deals with Kant's affirmation of the death penalty, objections to this affirmation, and ultimately, an alternative to this punishment is proposed. The alternative to the death penalty stems from incoherence in the application of the ius talionis principle. That could be one Kantian approach to punishment. A lifetime imprisonment argument avoids the objection of irreversibility of punishment (the argument from the irrevocability of the death penalty) and is in line with the basic principles of Kant's ethics.

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ŠELING I PERSOVA FILOZOFIJA DUHA

Author(s): Stanko Vlaški / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2017

The crucial thesis of Schelling’s philosophy of nature, according to which the matter could be understood as the „extinct mind“, Peirce understands as the only reasonable theory concerning the solution of the problem of the relation between mind and matter and considers it as the center of his synechism. American philosopher develops his synechistical standpoint within the series of articles which he wrote for the journal The Monist and defines synechism as the tendency to conceive every being as something continuous. The author interprets Peirce’s project as the part of the discussion about the mind-body problem which characterizes the so-called contemporary philosophy of mind, but by investigation of its Schellingian motives he tries to explain the comprehensive meaning of Peirce’s attempt. The last chapter of the paper aims to approach Schelling’s and Peirce’s consideration of the mind-body relation from the perspective which finds in them attempts of philosophical integration of the un-consciousness. Two idealistic strivings are implicitly demarcated with the regard to the mode of defining the place of the concept of self-consciousness.

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RUSOOVO SHVATANJE „OPŠTE VOLJE“ I SAVREMENA STANOVIŠTA O PRIRODI DEMOKRATIJE

Author(s): Milorad Stupar / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/2015

This paper explores the sense in which contemporary understanding of democracy is present in the work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. The author claims that difficulties in understanding the concept of general will comes from the fact that Rousseau runs two ideas of democracy together: the idea which values democracy in positive terms because it instantiates fundamental human values such as freedom and rights, as well as the idea that democracy is important because it enlarges our collective wisdom. The end of the paper traces the way with respect to a possible coherent interpretation of the relationship between democracy and the content of the general will in Rousseau’s work.

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