“Deus vult aliquas esse certas notitias...”:

Author(s): Frank Günter / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

The theory of notitiae naturales or κοιναὶ ἔννοιαι was part of the ancient Stoic epistemology. It served as precondition of any knowledge. Within the framework of the humanist rediscovery of ancient sources this theory became an important aspect of Philipp Melanchthon’s theological anthropology. This paper examines the polyvalent perspectives of the theory of notitiae naturales in Melanchthon’s philosophy and the role it played among Lutheran and Calvinist scholars, particularly regarding Rom 1: 19, where Paul stated some kind of a natural knowledge of God. The idea of notitiae communes or “common notions” as an a priori precondition of knowledge was widely spread both on the continent and in England in early modernity. It came to an end by John Locke’s critique in his Essay Concerning Human Understanding.

“Nature Doth Not Work by Election”:

John Wallis, Robert Grosseteste, and the Mathematical Laws of Nature

Author(s): Adam D. Richter / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

Though he is known primarily for his mathematics, John Wallis (1616–1703) was also a prominent natural philosopher and experimentalist. Like many experimental philosophers, including his colleagues in the Royal Society, Wallis sought to identify the mathematical laws that govern natural phenomena. However, I argue that Wallis’s particular understanding of the laws of nature was informed by his reading of a thirteenth–century optical treatise by Robert Grosseteste, De lineis, angulis et figuris, which expresses the principle that “Nature doth not work by Election.” Wallis’s use of this principle in his Discourse of Gravity and Gravitation (1675) helps to clarify his understanding of natural laws. According to Wallis, since nature cannot choose to act one way or another, natural phenomena are unfailingly regular, and it is this that allows them to be predicted, generalized, and described by mathematical rules. Furthermore, I argue that Wallis’s reading of Grosseteste reveals one way that medieval scholarship contributed to the “mathematization of nature” in the early modern period: historically–minded scholars like Wallis found insightful philosophical principles in medieval sources, and they transformed and redeployed these principles to suit the needs of early modern natural philosophy.

“The Passions of the Soul” by R. Descartes as an Explication of the Anthropological and Ethical Project

Author(s): Anatolii Malivskyi,Volodymyr Khmil / Language(s): English Issue: 56/2019

The authors set and solve the task of explication of the anthropological and ethical motive of philosophizing hidden in the Cartesian legacy. At the heart of their approach is the vision of the Modern Age, first of all, as a request for the development of anthropology, the implementation of which in the texts of the thinker is traditionally perceived fragmentarily and superficially. In the course of addressing his writings and the text of The Passions of the Soul, the authors defend the thesis of the possibility of their reception and as a manifestation of interest in the integral nature of man. Based upon the earlier texts, the content features of the anthropological position of Descartes in The Passions of the Soul are outlined. They include the emphasis on the significance of metaphysics, the focus on freedom of will, the interest in the volitional component of human nature, and the vision of passions as a form of expression of a substantive union of mind and body.

„DESCARTES’O DUALIZMAS“: SINOPTINIO ŽMOGAUS-PASAULYJE VAIZDINIO LINK

Author(s): Tomas Saulius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 96/2018

The paper examines the dominant conception of “Descartes’ dualism” that is found in the “Ryle-Dennett tradition”. It is argued that a more meaningful alternative to this conception can be found in Sellars’ proposition to treat philosophy as a synthesis of two images of man-in-the-world – “manifest” and “scientific” image. The paper concludes that the “Ryle-Dennett tradition” misuses the argument “from history.” In fact, that argument may be reversed against this tradition itself. It also conclude\s that there is a sufficient textual basis for the interpretation of the Descartes’ philosophy outside the genre of “the history of an error”.

„RADIKALI“ ABEJONĖ DESCARTES’O FILOSOFIJOJE

Author(s): Tomas Saulius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 88/2015

Descartes’ corpus is generally considered to be a watershed between scholastic and modern philosophy. According to common opinion, Cartesian method of radical doubt, the one presented and practiced in Descartes’ philosophical works, discloses new horizons to the mind – it allows to reach indubitable certainty from the “first-person-perspective”, without appealing to the unverifiable hypotheses about the relation of the subject of perception to perceptual objects. This paper argues that such an approach to Cartesian philosophy is superficial. The deeper insight reveals both explicit and implicit presuppositions of Descartes, which in the practice of the radical doubt remain unquestionable and, moreover, eventually are established as fundamental principles of worldview or norms of rational thinking.

„SAMOTNIE I WŚRÓD CIEMNOŚCI”…

Author(s): Patrycja Mikulska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

We wstępie do swojego przekładu (z roku 2006) Rozprawy o metodzie na język angielski Ian Maclean, przywołując podobną refleksję zawartą w klasycznej już książce Bernarda Williamsa o myśli Kartezjusza, zauważa, że niemożliwe jest odtworzenie w pełni wrażenia, jakie wywiera dzieło na pierwszych jego czytelnikach – zwłaszcza jeśli tekst, po który sięgamy, powstał w odległym od nas czasie i odmiennym od naszego kontekście kulturowym. W przypadku Rozprawy… do zasadniczej niemożności doświadczenia, jak to jest być siedemnastowiecznym uczonym (a tym bardziej znajomym, korespondentem Kartezjusza i oczekiwać na jego nową pracę, a potem niecierpliwie otwierać jej egzemplarz...), dochodzi trudność związana z historycznym znaczeniem tego dzieła. Rozprawa… została wyniesiona na piedestał – tak wysoki że monumentalność stawianego jej pomnika zdaje się przesłaniać samo dzieło.

„Sielos hipotezė“: kai kurie šiandieninio dualizmo aspektai

Author(s): Tomas Saulius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 92/2017

Despite the criticism that substance dualism was an inadequate attitude towards mental activity and its relation to physical processes, it has supporters today. There is increasing discussion of the so-called “the Soul Hypothesis”, which purportedly allows the gaps in the current scientific description of the world to be filled in a meaningful way. This implies that there are certain assumptions, still not reflected properly, which serve dualists as a lifebuoy in the stormy seas of critique. The paper tries to show that dualists unjustly abuse the Cartesian idea of clara et distincta perceptio. The first conclusion of the paper is that the obvious existence of subjective consciousness does not necessarily count as the scientifically important fact. The second conclusion is as follows: “the soul hypothesis”, as a theoretical construct, which is intended to explain the existence of the subjective consciousness, does not inherit obviousness of the observational phenomena. While stressing the significance of their doctrine to the contemporary worldview, current dualists are reluctant to engage in analysis of these logical aspects.

„Основността” на философията като наука (из теория на българската основнонаучна школа

Author(s): Georgi Belogashev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2015

The philosophical tradition of the world famous Bulgarian philosopher Prof. Dimiter Mihalchev is considered in the paper. The author’s approach is theoretical – he would like to analyze the basic character of philosophy as regards sciences.

Черни маври от бели майки

Съмненията на Монтен в дигиталния свят

Author(s): Iassen Zahariev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 11/2021

The essay deals with the contemporary forms of skepticism related to Internet and social media in particular. There are two main sources of digital skepticism today. The overwhelming information and the pluralism of opinions hamper the judgement and make it difficult to attain certainty in everyday beliefs. On the other hand, the modern philosophy and science hold sway over the contemporary understanding of knowledge as certain, theoretical and universal representation of the world. The clash between the two opposing attitudes – the insecurity in social media as a main source of information and the quest for certainty in knowledge creates the digital skepticism that further leads to suspicion and ressentiment. The essay demonstrates the negative outcomes from the digital skepticism and finds a remedy in the skeptical tolerance presented in the philosophy and essays of Montaigne.

Шопенхауер в предисторията на психоанализата?

Няколко бележки

Author(s): Ivan Marinov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 6/2017

This article examines Schopenhauer’s impact on psychoanalysis in relation to Freud’s intellectual evolution. The historical origin of some common psychoanalytic concepts is discussed in close connection to Schopenhauer’s voluntaristic psychology.

Шотландската философия и Шопенхауер. Интерпретации на каузалността

Author(s): Atanaska Cholakova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2015

The analysis of causality in Schopenhauer’s conceptualization of the representative model of knowledge presupposes the mentioning of two significant representatives of the Scottish reaction against Hume’s skepticism, namely Thomas Reid and Thomas Brown. The goal of this paper is to explicate some concrete ideas from both of their theoretical systems in relation to the critique of Hume’s notion of causality and later their interpretation in Schopenhauer’s philosophy.

Является ли «Лжец» семантическим парадоксом?

Author(s): Vsevolod Ladov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2019

The Liar Paradox has been widely discussed from the ancient times and preserved its importance in contemporary philosophy of logic and mathematics. At the beginning of the 20th century, F.P. Ramsey asserted that the Liar Paradox is different from pure logical paradoxes such as Russell’s paradox. The Liar Paradox is connected with language and can be considered a semantic paradox. Ramsey's point of view has become widespread in the logic of the 20th century. The author of the article questions this view. It is argued that the Liar Paradox cannot be unequivocally attributed to the semantic paradoxes and therefore Ramsey's point of view should be revised.

ЯН АМОС КОМЕНСКИЙ И ЕГО (АНТИ)АРИСТОТЕЛЕВА «ФИЗИКА»: ПРИМЕР ПОПЫТКИ ПРЕОДОЛЕНИЯ АРИСТОТЕЛЯ В НАТУРФИЛОСОФИИ XVII В.

Author(s): Anastasia ZOLOTUKHINA / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2021

At the beginning of the 17th century there have been many attempts to overcome Aristotelian physics. One of the trends was the so-called "Mosaic physics" based on Scripture, not on the texts of Aristotle. The “Physicae Synopsis” by J. A. Komensky shows one of the options for such overcoming, with all its difficulties and successes.

ლიტერატურული ტრადიციის გაგება ქართულ მოდერნიზმში

Author(s): Konstantine Bregadze / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 17/2016

It seems clear from the beginning that the aesthetics of modernism and poetics uniquely should oppose and reject the aesthetics and poetical experience of the past, which the literary avant-garde, in particular, in the Futurist and Dadaist Movement is clearly and unconditionally so. But when in the Modernist literature the re-evaluation of the literary tradition and past values takes place, it is, first of all connected with the literary tradition which operates with the so-called Mimesis principles and, in this case, chronologically precedes modernism -realism and naturalism.But, on the other hand, for the literary modernism the past aesthetic experience is rather important, which in European modernism, is primarily associated with Romanticism and Baroque Poetics and Worldview: For the Literary modernism as an inherently holder of the anti-mimetic aesthetics very important in the past literary tradition is the part that is guided by anti-mimetic principles and which, first of all, was found in the Romanticism and Baroque literature.In the Georgian literary modernism the relation with tradition is the same as in European modernism: its predecessor literary trends - Realism and Naturalism and their poetics and worldview are being refused, but on the contrary it clearly orientates on the literary experience, which supports anti-mimetic principles and mystical-sacral-mythological intentions. Grigol Robakidze’s definition of the concept of Tradition is rather important in this context; According to which for Robakidze important are those literary traditions which raises from the “Metaphysic” roots, seeks to the origins and in this reveals the need of refusing language and poetry. This point is important for Robakidze`s to the extent tha the believes that Georgian modernist aesthetics and literature should develop according to these general principles – to rise from Metaphysical roots, to open them, access and use them. This implies the reduction and denial of language and poetry at the very beginning and refusal of the conventional and anti-mimetic tendencies.In this context important are the texts and manifestos of the Modernists - where tradition is understood like the concept of Robakidze: Expressionist manifesto of K. Gamsakhurdia - “Declaratia Pro Mea”; Paolo Iashvili “Pirveltkma” and Titian Tabidze’s “The Brotherhood of the Blue Horns”.The article deals with the literary-theoretical letters and literary manifestoes ofGrigol Robakidze, Konstantine Gamsakhurdia, and Titian Tabidze and based on it defnesand analysis of how Georgian Modernists understood the essence of Literary Tradition. The article outlines that Georgian modernism differently from Futurism and Dadaism did not entirely stand out from the Georgian Literary Tradition, but on the contrary like the European, so-called Classical Modernism, on the one hand from an aesthetic and political viewpoint principally neglected the general, realist and naturalist, namely Georgian Realistic Aesthetics, Poetics and approach; on the other hand took into account the past Georgian literary tradition and oriented on in aesthetic terms, namely the literary traditions of Rustaveli (Tsisperkhantselebi), Saba (K. Gamsakhurdia), Guramishvili (K.Gamsakhurdia), Besiki (Tsisperkhantselebi). Modernist aesthetics a prior neglects and opposes the conventionalism and regalements of the poetics of realism, hence Modernism objects the principle of mimesis existing in realistic terms and the Illusionary Aesthetics derived from it, as well as the “rational”language, linear plot, monologist narration, technicity of composition, the one-sidedness of the chronotype and its monolithic nature, psychologize the characters, the non-autonomic understanding of the writer, claiming ultimate truth, “ideologism”, determinacy, the illusion of harmony in the world, claiming totality.We believe that the understanding of the concept Tradition according to Georgian Literary Modernism – and Modernism in general – corresponds to the non-mimetic representation of the object and principles, which is in direct contact with the Modernist will to“Transcendentalism of Being” (“Seinszuwachs”) suggested by H.-G. Gadamer:“The internal aim of the research (“At the Foundations of Georgia” – K.B) is caged in the viewpoint that is called “Traditional”. Tradition is a foreign word in French tradition, in German Überlieferung, in Russian: “Predanie”, Georgian: “Expression”. It includes not the traditional understanding of the concept – not like the custom and rituals of this or that tribe, but: visual and active deriving from the metaphysical foundations” (Robakidze IV 2012: 84).The Georgian Modernism (Grigol Robakidze, Konstantine Gamsakhurdia, Titian Tabidze, Galaktion Tabidze, Paolo Iashvili, Valerian Gaprindashvili and others) focus on the coming out of “Metaphysical” roots and striving towards the neglection of the conventional realistic language and allotted poetics and creating a new viewpoint with aesthetic and ethical principles.Georgian Modernists believed that in the on-going situation (the 1910's) the renewal and development of Georgian Literary Modernist aesthetics and poetical principles should heavily lie of metaphysical foundations, their understanding, and application.This in itself meant neglecting conventional language and poetics, refusing mimesis and creating non-mimetic tendencies.

უდაბნო და მისი თილისმა, სუფიური მისტიკა იბრაჰიმ ალ-ქუნის რომანში "ოქროს ქვიშა"

Author(s): Darejan Gardavadze / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 17/2016

ქართული მოდერნიზმი: ისტორიული კონტექსტი და ტიპოლოგია

Author(s): Natia Sikharulidze / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 17/2016

Georgian Modernism, its genesis and typology have not been fundamentally studied for quite clear reasons so far. Due to this fact the project carried out in Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian literature in the frames of which the book entitled “Typology of Georgian Modernism” was published in 2016, is of an indispensable importance.“Typology of Georgian Modernism” has been comprised by the group of the authors. However, the articles are organized in such a compositional way that the book looks like a one wholeness, which gives a thorough impression about Georgian modernism as apart of European cultural part.The book opens with a theoretical article, which serves a function of a guide. As for the rest scientific papers there are discussed such central question as historical-political, scientific-cultural contexts of forming Georgian modernism, the phases of developing modernism, its forced end and the results of it. The articles of several authors are dedicated to each issue as a result of which we receive a wide-scale analysis. Separate papers are dedicated to the prominent representatives of modernism: Grigol Robakidze, Galaktion Tabidze, Konstantine Gamsakhurdia and Mickeil Javakhishvili. Due to the diversity of the themes and profound analysis “Typology of Georgian Modernism” is a huge achievement in Georgian literary studies. It would be of a big interest not only for Georgian literature and scholars of cultural studies of XX century but also for the youth fond of literature as well as the reader in general.