Ролята на волята за изграждане на новото понятие „персоналност“ в контекста на изместване на фокуса от понятието „душа“. Пиер Жан Оливи и Джон Дънс Скот

Author(s): Gergana Dineva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 23/2017

The paper formulates the problem of the philosophical genesis of the „personality“ concept, as it shows that it’s genealogy goes back to the scholastic period of the Latin Middle Ages, far beyond the common understanding, that it’s purely invention of Modernity.Thus, the text is divided into two main parts. The first one is more general and briefly looks to prove that the philosophical problem of the „person” concept arises from the purely Christian debate on the status of the Trinity, i.e. in the context of the theological triadological dispute. This circumstance makes the modern „Self” concept„impregnated” with the meanings of persona, constructed within the early and later medieval schools of thought. The second part of the text goes deeper into analysis of the first major medieval text,applying the concept of „person” and further – that one of „personality”– mainly to the human being, not so much to the Divine Persons – the famous question 57 of Peter John Olivi’s "Quaestiones in secundum librum sententiarum". We are explicating the details of Olivi’s definition of human person and it’s applications within the framework of medieval anthropology, with an accent on the important role of self-reflection as a condition to persona, as far as it guarantees the human being the value of his personal actions as free, autonomous and – in this line of thought – dignifying.

Свобода на волята

Author(s): Todor Pavlov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 8/2018

The issue of the freedom of will was not considered by the author as an issue of sheer action devoid of any thought, feelings and aspirations neither as an issue of the sheer human mind devoid of any activity. The realm of freedom was neither action devoid of consciousness, nor thought devoid of activity but conscientiously carried out, deliberate and purposeful human action. The will, in the sense of a conscious and purposeful human action (or ability to carry out such an action) obeyed the law on causal conditionality. The issue of the freedom of man was above all related to the latter’s acting as such along the path of the dialectical overcoming of all natural, public and material influences which were not in accord with his individual and social human nature.

Смисълът на образованието в съвременната феноменологическа онтология – Ойген Финк и Еманюел Левинас

Author(s): Stoyan Bachvarov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2021

This article discusses the problem of education according to E. Fink and E. Levinas. In Fink’s opinion, education should acquaint young people with basic phenomena of human being, and introduce them to the problems of the being as a whole, immortality, culture and history. The basic method that should be used in education is the game method. According to Levinas, education should acquaint young people with The Other, with its uniqueness and originality. Respect and preservation of otherness is the basic principle in his philosophy. Moral education can only be realized as religious education, and communication with The Other can be achieved though prayer. Religious education is what can introduce a person to the history and culture of the world.

Спиридон Казанджиев за Пенчо Славейков (София: ИК „Св. Иван Рилски“, 2017)

Author(s): Anani Stojnev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 7/2017

Страници из... Гергана Динева "Раждането на личността" (София: УИ „Св. Климент Охридски“, 2018)

Author(s): Gergana Dineva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 8/2018

Сучасна рецепція скептицизму Рене Декарта

Author(s): Volodymyr Khmil,Anatolyj Malivskij / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 19/2017

The article aim is to turn the spotlight on the main thesis of reflection of Descartes’ scepticism doctrine as well one’s argumentation estimation in the context of thinker’s creativeness. These steps will promote the overcoming of one-dimensional comprehension of his attitude on scepticism as an essential part of his doctrine. That is why it has the sense to concentrate an attention on some interpretations of key motives of Cartesian anti-sceptic approach at research literature as well as define the place of the anthropological project at these motives firstly. Secondly, make an accent on the key role of anthropological dimension of one’s doctrine in the context of philosophical polemics with scepticism. The analysis of interpretations of Descartes’ heritage, as well as one’s original texts, demonstrates the absence of adequate interpretation of one’s place in the history of scepticism. The specific place of Descartes’ anti-scepticism is also demonstrated. Most of the researchers pay ones’ attention to the tight vision of Modern Age in the form of development of a scientific worldview. This position does not take into account the contemporary level of Descartes’ studies. First of all, authors make an accent on the need to overcome the fragmentary vision of thinker’s heritage. Secondly, the valuable role of anthropological dimension of Descartes’ texts is underlined. This position lets perform more authentic perception of one’s anti-sceptic approach. In the course of finding the roots of a researched situation, the authors’ attention was consistently concentrated on the features of the contemporary interpretation of Modern Age request which is reduced to development of scientific worldview by the scepticism researchers. Such position marginalizes the anthropological component of one’s doctrine.

Сучасна світова філософія про перспективи відновлення гармонійної взаємодії соціокультурного та природного компонентів людської сутності

Author(s): Anatoliy Vermenko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2009

The critical analysis of main conservative and radical philosophical concepts of harmonization of interaction between social, cultural and natural components of human essence is undertaken. The possibilities of such concepts use for solution of modern global crisis of civilization are reviewed. The special attention is applied to world outlook, motivations and social ecology aspects of reviewed problems.

Сънищата на философа

Тезиси по повод на Декарт

Author(s): Andrey Leshkov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2020

The main objective of this paper is to provide a hermeneutical reading of dreams as these are presented by René Descartes. The choice of the mnemocentric approach plays a crucial role when analyzing the way in which Descartes presents three of his dreams. The three are examined from the perspective of three main corresponding propositions put forward for consideration. The analysis of Descartes’ dreams shows that reaching the path of truth, which concerns both the process of dreaming and what is dreamt, is closely tied not with the return to Paradise, but with the fulfilled prophecy of the Revelation. The author raises the issue whether or not the basic dream that marks the philosophically tinged unconscious, as is displayed by Descartes’ dreams, embodies the hope that one day, when language, with its polysemy, will have disappeared, people will finally succeed in contemplating truth surrounded by unspeakable silence.

Тhe Spectacles of the Crisis: Local Perception of Economic and Social Change in Valenza

Author(s): Michele Filippo Fontefrancesco / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2012

In this article, the case of the economic crisis of Valenza (Italy) and its jewellery industry is presented. The crisis has occurred since 2008 as an effect of the plunge of international jewellery market. Drawing from ethnographic materials collected during my fieldwork in the city (2008-2010), I intend to point out that an the most recent economic downturn had strong cultural effects on local population (goldsmiths and others). Following Kant’s concept of category of reason, I will show that the crisis itself had become a category of reason for local population that uses it to make decisions and plan their future.

ТЕТРАГРАММАТОН И КОНЦЕПЦИЯ ЕДИНОЙ БОЖЕСТВЕННОЙ СУБСТАНЦИИ В «ИСПОВЕДИ», КН. VII АВГУСТИНА И В УЧЕНИИ СПИНОЗЫ

Author(s): Igor Tantlevskij / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2015

The author supposes that the Tetragrammaton’s interpretation, attested in Ex. 3:14, exerted direct influence on the formation of the conception of single, eternal, and infinite God’s substantia, reflected in Augustine’s “Confessions”, book vii and in Spinoza’s teaching.

Топика на априорното

Author(s): Silviya Kristeva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2016

By introducing the a priori-investigation of the reason, Kant poses the possibility of one separate area, or method, or thematic in the transcendental analysis of the pure forms of reason. Do the a priori then have its own field which could distinct the derivation of those pure forms and so the a priori alone to differentiate itself among the three, delineated inside the boundaries of reason, areas of the basic faculties of pure reason – sensibility, understanding and reason. We raise the question – whether the a priori is connected with a meta-posing of the transcendental procedure as a reflection upon the activity and possibilities of the reason itself. And from this point on to differentiate the a priori with its own elements and progress of realization and so the a priori could find its own topics in the hole constitution of pure consciousness.

ТРАНСЦЕНДЕНТАЛЬНЫЙ СОЛИПСИЗМ

Author(s): YAROSLAV SLININ / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2017

In the article I intend to demonstrate that the Cartesian rule never to accept anything unobvious anddoubtful for true ends up with solipsism. Confines himself to this rule Descartes obtains an elementaland absolute truth of “I think, therefore I am”. However, the doubtless existence of my ego does notimply the doubtless existence of the other egos. Descartes tried to find a way out by composing theontological argument for the existence of God. This argument cannot be recognized as sound sinceby no means all of it transitions are doubtless just as cogito ergo sum is. As a result Descartes failed toeliminate the solipsism problem. At a later stage Husserl trying to overcome relativism and skepticism,being convinced that each truth is an absolute and believing that all absolute truth must be doubtlessattempted to discover such truth. Husserl’s procedure of the phenomenological reduction appeared tobe an improved version of Descartes’s method of doubts. It delivers the result that the only existenceof transcendental ego and everything that is immanent to it is doubtless. This result correspondsto the Cartesian thesis of the obviousness of sum cogitans. According to Husserl the autonomousexistence of God and nature turn out to belong to the domain of doubtful transparentness. As for theexistence of other egos, according to Husserl it is transcendental and doubtless at the same time. Thesum cogitans appresentation which is an analogical apperception bears witness for that fact. Frommy point of view, nevertheless, an argumentativeness of the analogical apperception is no betterthan that of Descartes ontological argument. It cannot provide rationalization for the thesis that thetranscendental existence of other egos is obvious and doubtless. Thus, the transcendental solipsismstays ambiguous. In the end of the article I am analyzing the two main characteristics of sum cogitans:its contingency and discreteness.

Увод към дискусия върху Кантовия „Отговор на въпроса: Що е Просвещение?”

Author(s): Hristo Todorov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 10/2020

The text is an introduction to a discussion with students of the European College for Liberal Arts in Berlin (ECLA), at present Bard College Berlin, which took place in February 2011 at the college. I begin with a brief introduction to Kant’s life and works. Then I describe the conditions around the preparation and publication of Kant’s paper and the main accents in it. Finally, in order to facilitate the discussion I put forward following questions: 1) Why do people who are used to the convenience of “immaturity” would be willing to escape out of it? 2) What would be the reasons of “enlightened” people, especially among the “guardians”, to promote enlightenment for the others and not to create any obstacles to it? 3) How are we supposed to understand the role of “the man of learning” to which role Kant links the public use of reason? Who are the “men of learning” – the educated individuals, the intellectuals or the philosophers? 4) If the change in the church teachings is acceptable as result of a public discussion and criticism, then what will be the criteria to decide what changes are to be or not to be adopted? 5) What could be the threats to the state in result of the religious freedom (according to Kant they are imaginary)? 6) How should we understand the human dignity?

Утопичните острови на тропиците – възможни и реални

Author(s): Maya Gorcheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2021

In the European cultural tradition, the image of the islands brings together the geographical strangeness with a social utopia. The paper traces its historical alterations, as attested in documentary and literary travel stories, in comparison with Leibniz's thesis of the “best world”.

Феномен и схема. Подстъпи към една възможна критическа феноменология

Author(s): Kristiyan Enchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2017

This article elucidates why the Kant’s transcendental scheme in its orthodox type is not a functionally reliable bridge in the transition from pure cognitive forms to real experiental “crystallizations”, and how this can be compensated by its transformation into a phenomenal structure including as its own elements regionally relevant kinaesthetic organization and “encoded ideas”. Ideas undergo deformalization – from “purely regulatory” schemes of reason, they go to constitutive structures that comprise regional figurative adhesions and as such receive regional “encoding” – contentful concretization. This type of rethinking of the transcendental scheme also leads to a significant change in the way in which local phenomena should be understood (such as, for example, socialization and education) so as to guarantee their rethinking in the transition from the empirical (but hermeneutically grasped manifold) to the phenomenal integrity in the encoded ideas as a regionally relevant, concrete “figurative kinship”.

Феномен французского Просвещения как диалектическое единство образовательной дидактической практики и философской теории

Author(s): Alexandr Vladimirovich Dyakov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2020

Introduction. The goal of the paper is to analyze the phenomenon of the French Enlightenment as a dialectical unity of didactic practice and philosophical theory: a philosophical and pedagogical practice in which the theoretical aspect is inseparable from the practical one.Materials and Methods. The author uses the historical-perspective method, based on the universal principle of historicism, as well as methods of textual and contextual analysis and general methods of hermeneutic research.Results. Having reviewed and analyzed scholarly literature and critical works the author proposes the idea of the inextricable unity of didactic practice and the philosophical theory of Enlightenment. It is shown that this unity was the basis of philosophical and pedagogical practice aimed at transforming the man and the human mind. The discourse of the Enlightenment itself is inseparable from the practice of its transmission.Conclusions. The author developed and substantiated the approach to studying the philosophy of the French Enlightenment as a philosophical and pedagogical practice, implemented in the context of the philosophical project of transforming the human mind through changing the conditions of human existence.

Феноменологически мотиви в трансценденталната философия на Кант

Author(s): Hristo Stoev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 10/2020

The aim of the article is to reconstruct some important themes and conceptual motives that mark the continuity between Kant’s transcendental philosophy and Husserl's phenomenology. They are divided into dozen headings in order to support more analytical approach. These include the difference between phenomenology and phenomenalism, the status of the thing in itself and the transcendental object,the faculty of intuition, Kant’s refutation of idealism in relation to Hus serl’slifeworld, the role of imagination, the time-consciousness and others.The aim of the article is to reconstruct some important themes and conceptual motives that mark the continuity between Kant’s transcendental philosophy and Husserl’s phenomenology. They are divided into dozen headings in order to support more analytical approach. These include: the difference between phenomenology and phenomenalism, the status of the thing in itself and the transcendental object, the faculty of intuition, Kant’s refutation of idealism in relation to Hus serl’s lifeworld, the role of imagination, the time-consciousness and others.

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ОНТОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ПОНЯТИЯ «СТАТУСА ВЕЩЕЙ» В МЕТАФИЗИКЕ И ТЕОЛОГИИ ИЕЗУИТОВ КОНЦА XVI – ПЕРВОЙ ПОЛОВИНЫ XVII ВВ.

Author(s): Vitaly Ivanov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2021

This article is a study of a new type of metaphysics that arose within the tradition of scholastic philosophy and theology of the Jesuits by the middle of the 17th century. The article describes the opposition of the traditional and new understanding of scholastic metaphysics on the example of Fr. Suárez and S. Izquierdo. The formation of the ontological concept of "status of things" is identified as one of the key conditions and signs of this transformation of metaphysics. First, the formation of this concept is explored in the scholastic tradition preceding Izquierdo, namely in Fonseca, Suárez, Hurtado de Mendoza and Fabri, as a history of shifts in meaning and of the emergence of new contexts in which the term "status" was used. Second, we describe the systematic context of the doctrine of the status rerum in the universal theory of objects of human thought in Izquierdo's Pharus scientiarum (1659). Thirdly, we explicate the very concept of the status of a thing in the first philosophy of Izquierdo, its necessary connection with the concept of the objective truth of a thing, and also show the special significance of the first "quidditative status of things" as a whole set of objective truths underlying all demonstrative human sciences. Finally, the article points out that one of the essential features of Izquierdo's new metaphysics is the strengthening of the methodological nature of the universal science recorded in his treatise in comparison with the traditional Jesuit prototype in Suárez.

Хердерово схватања нације

Author(s): Dušan Dostanić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2012

In this article the author deals with the conception of a nation by the German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder. In this paper is pointed out Herder’s conception of language as the main feature of the nation. In addition, special attention was paid to Herder’s notion of “national spirit”. According to Herder, every distinctive characteristic of a nation is essentially a product and a manifestation of a “national spirit”. In the third part the author deals with German philosophers view upon the question of relations between different cultures. Thus the fundamental features of Herder’s cultural nationalism are indicated as well as his relationship with enlightment’s cosmopolitism. The purpose of this work is to emphasize the roots and the beginnings of the modern considerations of nation, nationalism and national identity.

Хоркхајмерова предавања о Декарту и Лајбницу

Author(s): Ana Galić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 33/2020