Acting Alone Together: Reconfiguration of the Pro-Migrant and Refugee Activists’ Arena in Poland

Author(s): Grzegorz Piotrowski / Language(s): English Issue: 7/2023

The sphere of grassroots and civil activism became highly politicized before the 2015 elections. The introduction of the new policies has resulted in higher levels of mobilizations, both supporting and resisting the new policies of the PiS government. For instance, Poland has switched from a country with the highest acceptance rate for refugees in the EU to the one with the lowest rate within around a year sparking a number of anti-migrant and anti-refugee mobilizations and at the same time fueled the growth of initiatives opposing the trend. The narrative about masses of refugees in Poland and at its borders threatening various aspects of Polish culture, civilization, and identity started to keep heat in the bed and have provoked numerous intended and unintended consequences, political and social, so as further campaigns against LGBT community. In this paper I reflect on the development of the anti-fascist and anti-racist movements in Poland in the face of structural changes that are a result of the political shift initiated in 2015.

Technologie wspierające prywatność – ideologia, prawo, wdrożenia

Author(s): Daniel Mider,Ewa Aleksandra Ziemak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 24/2021

Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PET) create a threat to the social order which is shown in the analysis of their ideological as well as political foundations and legal regulations that introduce restrictions on their use. Study into their actual applications in cybercriminal activity proves it too. This paper is a review with practical purpose and includes an original typology of PET. The most commonly used IT instruments that create a potential and actual threat were selected and analysed: software ensuring anonymous communication (Tor, Freenet, Linux Tails, Whonix), cryptocurrency systems enabling anonymous trade (Monero, Zcash, Dash) and an application enabling data encryption (VeraCrypt). The summary includes an attempt to extract the model attributes of privacy-enhancing technologies on the basis of previous analyses.

MEЂУНАРОДНА ОРГАНИЗАЦИЈА РАДА И НОВИ ИЗАЗОВИ СОЦИЈАЛНЕ СИГУРНОСТИ

Author(s): Igor Davidović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 49/2016

The global social security policy had been carried out using instruments such as conventions, recommendations and conclusions adopted on behalf of actors (governmental or non-governmental) or participants on international forums such as a Summit of the UN and the ILO. On behalf of other international institutions in charge for social security, International Association for Social Security has been seen as the most remarkable partner. Changes in the global political ballance, internal or inter-state conflicts, regional integrations, new trade treaties, mobility of the international labor market, communication and economic expansion – demanded an adjustment of the social security system to the new environment, mostly occured within an area wider than national. An informal or silent economy, global economic crisis, migration wave or uncertain prospective of the EU enlargement in affected areas – called for an action on behalf of the ILO and the IASS to act imposing the concept of Decent Work as a respond to new challenges. Globalisation invited to provide minimum standars of the social security either affected states had adopted some convention or not, and the primar goal is not only to protect beneficiaries, but to facilitate economic reconstruction as well.

Смъртно наказание и суверенност. Опит за деконструиране на онто-теологията

Author(s): Jacques Derrida / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2002

Radca prawny w postępowaniach prowadzonych przez „nowy” OLAF i EPPO

Author(s): Kamila Zarychta- Romanowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The article extensively discusses the issue of combating broadly understood white-collar crime and crimes affecting the interests of the European Union, per the PIF Directive, as well as the new police and investigative powers of the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) and the European Public Prosecutor’s Office (EPPO). The author not only discusses OLAF’s policing and investigating powers but also points to the role of an attorney-at-law as a person who serves both advice and ensures that procedural guarantees are observed. By presenting in detail the catalogue of procedural guarantees and the role of the Controller of Procedural Guarantees, the author indicates the mechanisms of ensuring the protection of the person who is subject to EU investigation as well as presenting the necessity for a support of a professional legal representative. The detailed description of procedural guarantees is followed by postulates of strengthening the independence and expansion of the system of protection of procedural guarantees by providing it with an independent back office and establishing Controllers of Procedural Guarantees in countries where OLAF will be the leading institution of European investigations (Poland, Hungary, Sweden, Ireland and Denmark).

Ogólnopolska konferencja naukowa „Służebność przesyłu. Ewolucja instytucji prawnej i obecny stan normatywny”, Szczecin, 31 marca 2022 roku

Author(s): Luiza Jedlińska,Jakub Marchewka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 42 (1)/2023

Co wolno właścicielom mediów? Debata na temat prawa do ograniczania swobody wypowiedzi polityków w mediach w Polsce, Rosji i Niemczech po szturmie na Kapitol

Author(s): Dagmara Głuszek-Szafraniec / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2 (254)/2023

The article presents the results of comparative research on public/state media narratives on freedom of speech and democratic values. The starting point of the analysis is media coverage of the events in the United States in 2021 when supporters of former President Donald Trump stormed the Capitol. Following this incident, owners of media companies decided to block the outgoing president’s social media accounts. This decision led to many controversies and became a pretext for redefining the concepts of democracy, freedom of speech, freedom of the media and responsible speech by politicians. The method used in this study was content analysis, and 73 materials were coded in 85 categories. The article presents both quantitative and qualitative results. The main goal is to demonstrate how different public/state media in European countries (Poland, Russia and Germany) reported not only the events alone, but also constructed narratives about democratic values, and the role of the media and politicians. A country’s journalistic and political culture has a significant impact on the construction of meaning and contextualisation of certain concepts and values in a manner that their interpretation is completely different, despite journalists using the same terms. Findings indicate that this may potentially impact building civic awareness, the sustainability of the democratic system, and the credibility of the media as a source of information about politics.

Raec’ka kniha mista L’vova (1460-1506) / Liber Consulum Civitatis Leopoliensis -Das Ratsbuch der Stadt Lemberg (1460-1506). Hrsg. von Myron Kapral’ und Bohdana Petryšak

Author(s): Jürgen Heyde / Language(s): German Issue: 3/2023

Review of: Raec’ka kniha mista L’vova (1460-1506) / Liber Consulum Civitatis Leopoliensis [Das Ratsbuch der Stadt Lemberg (1460-1506). Hrsg. von Myron Kapral’ und Bohdana Petryšak (L’vivs’ki istoryčni praci. Džerela / Opera Historica Leopolitana. Fontes, Bd. 9.) Central’nyj deržavnyj istoryčnyj archiv Ukraïny. L’viv 2020. 848 S., Ill. ISBN 978-617-7746-69-9

Przestępstwa przeciwko zwierzętom na gruncie ustawy o ochronie zwierząt

Author(s): Anna Fijałkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 11/2023

The article discusses regulations concerning the crimes of killing and abusing animals in the Polish legal system. The provisions of the Regulation of the President of the Republic of Poland of March 22, 1928 and the Act on the Protection of Animals of August 21, 1997 are analyzed. The following topics are discussed: the history of the provisions on crimes against animals, the subject of protection of the provisions of the Act on the Protection of Animals, along with considerations regarding the subjectivity of animals. The subject-matter of crimes that fall within this category is also considered, i.e., a description of the premises which make it possible to classify a given act as a crime. The subject of prohibited acts as well as the subjective side in the form of the perpetrator’s motivation are analyzed as well.

Zwroty niedookreślone w dyrektywie UE 2019/1937 w sprawie ochrony osób zgłaszających naruszenia prawa Unii oraz jej wpływ na ochronę środowiska (wybrane zagadnienia)

Author(s): Artur Żurawik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

Directive 2019/1937 of the European Parliament and of the Council of October 23, 2019 on the protection of persons reporting breaches of EU law poses new challenges for the Member States of the European Union. This act has a real impact not only on the situation and functioning of various public bodies and institutions, but also on entrepreneurs. At the same time, it covers a wide range of applications. One of such areas is environmental protection. At the same time, the directive uses many underspecified phrases, undoubtedly very interesting from the point of view of their interpretation, including those which names are known to EU and national legislation, but gives them a different meaning. It should be reconstructed separately for the purposes of applying this particular legal act and the implementing provisions. It is also not possible to automatically transfer the case law or doctrinal views developed on the basis of the existing practice for the purposes of applying the provisions on the protection of persons reporting breaches of EU law.

ТРАКАЙКИ ПО АДМИНИСТРАТИВНАТА КЛАВИАТУРА НА СЪДЕБНАТА СИСТЕМА

Author(s): Stiliyan Yotov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2023

How accurately do we assess the positions of judges in the field of administrative law and judicial administration? Given the administration of one of the separated powers, is a more specialized approach needed, or from a more general view inherent in social theories and their complex nature? Faced with this dilemma, I am deciding to rely on attempts to start from models of organizational sociology in general before turning to justice. Moreover, the lessons of the great and modern sociologist Niklas Luhmann (1927-1998), a lawyer by education, and initially a specialist in public administration, make me feel a certain hesitation regarding the justifications of the Bulgarian judges for the functioning of the authorities.

ПРАКСА УСТАВНОГ СУДА БОСНЕ И ХЕРЦЕГОВИНЕ

Author(s): / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 41/2019

СТРАТЕГИЯТА ЗА НАЦИОНАЛНА СИГУРНОСТ НА РЕПУБЛИКА БЪЛГАРИЯ – АКТУАЛНИ ПРОБЛЕМИ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ

Author(s): Irena Ilieva,Todor Koburov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: XXII/2023

The question of the adoption of a new National Security Strategy was put on the agenda in view of the changes in the international situation that occurred after the beginning of the war of Russia against Ukraine from 02/24/2022. It requires a serious scientific, public and political discussion that presents alternative opinions and assessments, but also specific proposals for legislative changes in this area.

Wpływ ceny kontraktów terminowych EUA i uzyskiwanych z ich sprzedaży środków na inwestycje rządowe państwa polskiego w odnawialne źródła energii w latach 2013–2020

Author(s): Piotr Palac / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1-2/2022

The article presents an analysis of the relation between the scale of Polish government investments into renewable energy sources and the price of EUA Futures contracts and funds obtained by Poland from their sale in the years 2013–2020. The goal of the analysis was to check if there is any relationship between the funds obtained from the sale of EUA contracts and Polish government investments in renewable sources of energy. The theoretical section contains a partial research of sources, whereas the analytical part uses the comparative, descriptive and graphic methods, as well as Pearson correlation coefficient. The results of the study indicate a lack of relationship between the EUA prices and Polish government investments in renewable energy sources in 2013-2020. The study shows that, at that time, about 75% of investments expenditure for renewable energy sources in Poland came from private institutions and business entities and only 7% of the financial outlays came from state-owned energy companies.

Zatopione w Morzu Bałtyckim bojowe środki trujące – analiza możliwości wykorzystania ich przez Federację Rosyjską w działaniach terrorystycznych

Author(s): Krzysztof Kaczmarek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 56/2023

The aim of the article was to attempt to analyze the possibility of the use by the Russian Federation of toxic warfare agents dumped in the Baltic Sea to carry out terrorist acts and sabotage activities. For this purpose, the following research methods were used: historical in order to show the reasons for dumping chemical weapons in the Baltic Sea. However, the main method was the polemological approach.The aim of the article was to attempt to analyze the possibility of the use by the Russian Federation of toxic warfare agents dumped in the Baltic Sea to carry out terrorist acts and sabotage activities. For this purpose, the following research methods were used: historical in order to show the reasons for dumping chemical weapons in the Baltic Sea. However, the main method was the polemological approach. Due to the difficulties with access to information (or its confidentiality), some of the considerations were hypotheses. However, procedures (or rather the lack thereof) provided for in the event of a mass release of poisonous warfare agents into the Baltic Sea were examined. The main conclusion of the article is that none of the countries with access to the Baltic Sea is prepared for the possible use by Russia of chemical weapons deposited there. Usually, this state of affairs is explained by the low probability of such events. However, after taking into account the activity of Russian units, technological progress, and miniaturisation of devices (including military ones that allow remote military operations), it can be concluded that such actions are possible.

Violation or Failure to Fulfill Official Duties – Incriminated Risk to National Security

Author(s): Mladen Mladenov / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The present research is limited only to the crimes under Article 282, paragraph 1, sentence one and two of the Criminal Code - violation or failure to fulfill official duties. The perpetrator can only be an official who belongs to the system and structure of the bodies of power and management in the state apparatus. This person must directly and absolutely meaningfully aim to benefit himself or others, violating imperative legal requirements required by the functions of his position. Executive acts - violation and inaction - related to official duties, must be understood as both divisible and indivisible, and both at the same time. There is a legal paradox that arises from the complexity and phenomenality of reality itself. That is, it is possible to have a breach of duty, also an omission of duty, as well as a breach and omission of duty at the same time. A special case of violation of official duties and failure to fulfill official duties is the case when the perpetrator is a judge. In this way, confidence in the judiciary is violated, legal certainty is ruined, and national security in general is subsequently torpedoed.

Трудности и нужди от подкрепа при участие на деца от ромската общност в правни процедури

Author(s): Nelli Petrova-Dimitrova,Maya Tcholakova,Silvia Petrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

The article is dedicated to analyzing the difficulties and identifying the needs for support in the participation of Roma children in legal procedures. It is based on the results of a qualitative study carried out in the neighborhoods of Fakulteta and Filipovtsi in the city of Sofia. The identified problem areas and specific needs in contact with the justice system of children and their parents will be addressed through the development of a program for a specialized service "Access to Justice" within the framework of a project implemented by the Institute for Social Activities and Practices.

Citizen Participation in the Local Government in Albania

Author(s): Arnaldo Bicoku / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The purpose of Law 139/2015 was the creation of local self-government units and their respective bodies so that the service would be provided by bodies that are as close as possible to the citizens in relation to the principles of subsidiarity, decentralization and local autonomy. In this way, services can be better implemented and the interests of citizens can be better protected within the respective local units. This paper deals with the importance of citizens’ voice in local government decision-making. It focuses on their participation during the meetings of the municipal council, on their right to give an opinion or suggestion in connection with the review and approval of the act, on their right of citizen initiative, etc. Their participation in local elections and local referendums has also been addressed. Part of the work is an analysis of their right to voice their opinion on the territorial administrative division of local self-government units.

Проблеми и предизвикателства при производството на електромобили в периода от 1800 г. до днес

Author(s): Erhan Ahmedov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

The article examines the history of the production of electric cars in the period from 1800 to the present day. The method used is a secondary analysis of published research on the topic. The main conclusions reached are that there is a direct relationship between the rise in the sale of electric cars at high fuel and energy prices and its fall when prices calm down. The second factor that affects the sales of electric cars are the problems related to environmental pollution from conventional cars. The conclusion is that the victory of electric cars over conventional vehicles with internal combustion engines is guaranteed with the decision of the European Parliament to stop the latter’s production and import after 2035.

Законът за бежанския заем от 1926 г. и концепцията за настаняване на българските бежанци

Author(s): Boris Boev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

The study aims to clarify how the concept of housing Bulgarian refugees was implemented in the context of the 1926 Refugee Loan Act under the auspices of the UN. It analyzes the new means proposed by the government of Andrey Lyapchev (1926–1931) for the realization of the concept of permanent accommodation of the Bulgarian refugees on the territory of the Third Bulgarian Kingdom. It also presents criticisms and alternative proposals of the government project, which were opposed by the parliamentary opposition, mainly in the face of the Democratic Party, the National Liberal Party, and the Bulgarian Agrarian People’s Union. An attempt has been made to assess the validity and effectiveness of the views of the government and the opposition on resolving the Bulgarian refugee issue in the specific historical situation of the mid-1920s.