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Author in the paper follows the development of legal translation and related translation strategies from ancient times to the early 20th century. She emphasizes the role that this field of translation plays as a means of communication in national, transnational and international law.
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The paper aims at analyzing in detail a procedure of considering a complaint to the Romanian Ombudsman called ‘the Advocate of the People’, as well as the one initiated ex officio. Advocate of the People is a supreme, central, independent state authority, created to perform non-judicial protection of rights and freedoms guaranteed to the Romanian citizens and other persons residing on the territory of Romania. These competences are exercised by the Romanian Ombudsman with the help of certain legal instruments and means. The Advocate of the People has been equipped with a possibility to consider and decide on the complaints through examining if the violation of such rights has been committed in the activities of public administration authorities. In case of stating that such violation has occurred the Advocate of the People starts and conducts a proceedings aiming at redressing the rights guaranteed to the individual by the Constitution, laws and international legal acts, as well as compensating the damage and this way enables the citizens to materialize exercising their rights.
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The Labour Code does not regulate the issue of defects of declaration of intent. In this respect, the provisions of the Civil Code to labour relations are applied under art. 300 of the Labour Code. The auxiliary application of the rules of civil law is therefore possible only in the case of loopholes in labour laws. In the case of the deception of the declaration of intent in labour law, the loophole is not obvious. To confirm its existence, the limits of its application to employment relationships of the institution terminating the employment relationship without notice (under art. 52 of the Labour Code), and the legal concept of the deception of declaration of intent regulated in art. 86 of the Civil Code, in conjunction with art. 300 of the Labour Code, need to be considered. For this purpose, the author distinguishes the effects of fraudulent declarations of intent at the stage of establishing and terminating the employment relationship as well as during its term.
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This article is based on literature analysis and selected law regulations typified in the XXXIV section of the Penal Code titled Offence Against Reliability of Documents. In the introductory paragraph the authors present the social perspective of forgeries in documents which may affect the confidence granted to official and private documents. This subject chosen for research is a very current one because the forgeries in documents are very popular illegal activities. They also discuss theoretical aspects of the legal definition of the document and show various aspects of the Article 271 of the Penal Code for instances the subject and forms of the criminal offences, procedures and sanctions. Besides the theoretical aspects in the last section were analyzed the examples of judicial practice. In this thesis the authors mainly used analytical method so necessary for understanding details criminal offences of forgery in documents stipulated by art. 271 of the Penal Code. The sources which were used are mostly represented by law magazines, lectures, judicial practice and legislation and jurisprudence websites. All of them being listed in the bibliography.
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Using weapon of mass destruction (WMD) and toxic industrial material (TIM) as a tool for crime and act of terror led to the creation of special Scientific Working Group on the Forensic Collect and Analysis of Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) evidence. Investigating authorities must be well prepared to ensure that an investigation was properly investigated and offender responsible for committing this crime suffer for their actions, in accordance with the law. The main purpose of this article is to present methods collecting forensic evidence contaminated with CBRN agents.
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European Union law determines the development of the internal law of the Member States directly or indirectly in almost every area of their activity. One of the important functions of the state is to protect the environment. The establishment and implementation of the principle of sustainable development, as well as intensified by the European Union for last several years environmental policy, has forced changes aimed at improving the fight against crimes against the environment. The changes introduced by the Directive 2008/99/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on the protection of the environment through criminal law had an impact on crime policy in Poland. Th is article was devoted to discussion of changes in the Polish Criminal Code that have taken place under the influence of this directive. At the same time article contains the explanation of the directive, as an act constituted by the EU institutions and its role in the creation of domestic law in the Member States.
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The euthanasia is a quite old phenomenon. This phenomenon could be met in the ancient cultures of the ancient world. Today, the euthanasia has been legalized in many European countries and also among others in Canada. In addition, the moral assessment of euthanasia changed, what raises far-reaching doctrinal, political and social divisions. The euthanasia itself is not a unequivocal phenomenon because in practice it is difficult to distinguish and evaluate many phenomena similar to euthanasia. This makes that the legal solutions resonate many doubts and even denial. Together with the development of medicine, it becomes possible to define the biological barriers of life and death. The study is to present different recently conducted disputes on the phenomenon of euthanasia.
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The small and medium-sized enterprises are an important element of the EU economy. They contribute most to the GDP of the Member States and the EU. In order to support their development and increase the possibilities of access to innovative technologies, the Executive Agency Development of Small and Medium Enterprises was created by the European Commission in 2013. The agency is also a part of the of tasks of decentralization of the Community. The agency was entrusted with the disposal of the EU programs supporting the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. In this perspective, the question arises about keeping the commitments towards small and medium-sized enterprises.
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In the light of the European standards, it is necessary to introduce periodical evaluation of the judges. Its introduction causes different opinions in the milieu of the judges and in the doctrine. The previous work of judges is evaluated during visitations, audits, grievance filed under administrative supervisions. Each judge promotion is preceded by overview and detailed by analysis of the lecture. According to many judges, implementation the additional, permanent assessment is unreasonable. At the moment the problem is not the lack of periodic evaluations, but the lack of clear and legible criteria for promotion. Different positions represent the environment created by the President of the Supreme Court, which considers that the judges work should be subject to periodic evaluations.
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Objectives: Within the commercial law the most important regulations are those which define when and what kind of business activities could be undertaken. In every legal system, regardless of whether we mean antique or modern law, there have always been and there are regulations that have specific effects depending on the age of a given person. Such regulations are known in all contemporary legal systems of the world in every branch of law. In the presented article the author has elaborated the influence of human age on persons’ trade rights in ancient Rome. Consequently it has occurred that in Roman law there were two age limits which played a significant role in commerce. The first one was the age of 14 years when a boy got full legal capacity, and the second one was the age of 25 years when he was becoming fully independent from any restrictions and special protection. Material and methods: Materials - ancient legal sources e.g. Roman legal texts etc., books, articles, Methods - critique analysis Results: Comparative remarks between Roman law and modern Polish law was achieved. Conclusions: Commercial rights are incorporated in private right, so there should not be any differentiation when we talk about availability to run business. But in practice, in ancient Rome gaining full legal capacity with the day of 14th birthday was not enough to act successfully in the trade market as a business partner. Such possibility was coming when a person reached the age of 25 years and become able to act independently. In modern Poland, even though limited legal capacity is sufficient to undertake legal acts with the consent of legal guardians, acting in business effectively with all necessary concessions and licenses, is possible if a person has full legal capacity.
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The aim of the article is to describe the Council of Europe’s standard on medical (health care) proxy, which is granted in the event of decision-making incapacity. Examination of the legal norms, jurisprudence and values preferred by the Council of Europe will provide an opportunity to compare the Polish legal system with the standard of the Council of Europe, anticipating potential directions of the de lege ferenda solutions. The paper uses the formal-dogmatic method. The analysis was based on: European Convention on Human Rights, European Convention on Bioethics, soft law documents, judicial decisions and literature findings. The results of the conducted research embrace the specific guidelines derived from the Council of Europe’s standard for maintaining the autonomy of decision-incapable individuals. The institution of health care proxy (medical power of attorney), when properly shaped, meets the requirements described. The Council of Europe standard is in favour of diversifying the model of decision-making for an adult lacking capacity. The member states should make efforts to create the possibility for the person anticipating lack of capacity to choose the decision-maker on his or her behalf. A strong emphasis is also placed on preventing decision-making exclusion by creating participating mechanisms, as well as respecting the previously expressed wishes and preferences of the incapable person. The health proxy is an instrument that allows the preferences of the Council of Europe to be fulfilled, both in the context of making declarations in the event of incapacity and allowing the incapable person to be involved. A properly shaped regulation of this legal relationship ensures that the autonomy of the individual is respected and extended.
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Objectives:The main purpose of this article is to discuss the constitutional aspects of the tasks of local government in the protection of human rights in states of emergency. The author in particular takes into account the practical aspects of the aforementioned matter and its importance in the national legal system. A special subject of research and analysis is Chapter XI of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, while the subject matter taken up by the author is particularly important in view of the current Euroregional situation, as well as the armed conflict in Ukraine.Material and methods:In order to conduct the research, both Polish and foreign literature on the subject was used. The author used primarily the dogmatic and legal method and, in addition, the historical and legal and comparative methods.Results:As a result of the research it was found that, Regulations of constitutional and statutory rank concerning the state of emergency are aimed at ensuring the effective functioning of the state in crisis conditions in the internal sphere and leading to the restoration of the normal state as soon as possible. In the event of threats, the key role is played by local governments as the basic units of local government. Local authorities are tasked with preventing security risks and, should they occur, minimizing the negative impact.Conclusions:The author came to conclusion that, a sense of security is an important element of everyone's life. An expression of protecting this sense is the development and adoption of appropriate acts. In the event of threats, local governments play a key role as the basic units of local government. Local authorities are tasked with preventing security risks and, should they occur, minimizing the negative impact.
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Cel pracy:Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie ewolucji relacji pojęć prawa i społeczeństwa od czasów powojennych po współczesne oraz jej praktyczne konsekwencje dla współczesnej kultury polityczno- prawnej, z uwzględnieniem okresu przedwyborczego, ukazującego wpływ ideologii, polityki i współczesnej metody (tworzenia i) wykładni prawa na osłabienie demokracji.Materiał i metody:Metodologię oparto na badaniach historyczno- opisowych i empirycznych teorii prawa, uzupełnionych niezbędnymi rozważaniami nauk politycznych i społecznych. Ich uwzględnienie pozwala wyjaśnić, jak przyjmowane założenia polityczne zdeterminowały teoretycznoprawne ujęcie prawa (i jego wykładnię), społeczeństwa.Wyniki:Przedstawione rozważania wyjaśniają kształtowanie relacji prawa i społeczeństwa w powojennej historii Polski. Stawiane za punkt wyjścia twierdzenie, iż koncepcja prawa jest zawsze związana z koncepcją społeczeństwa i na nią w praktyce silnie oddziałuje, znajduje odzwierciedlenie w doświadczeniach historyczno- politycznych, w wyniku których w Polsce występuje współcześnie polityczne tworzenie prawa, mające negatywne konsekwencje dla rozwoju społeczno- gospodarczego.Wnioski:Powojenne „upartyjnienie” prawa przyczyniło się do ujmowania społeczeństwa, jako pojęcia wyrażającego interesy polityczne partii, a po okresie transformacji ustrojowej- do utworzenia społeczeństwa obywatelskiego, jako opozycji przeciw totalitarnemu państwu socjalistycznemu, zbudowanej na tożsamości politycznej i ideologicznej. W ten sposób współczesne społeczeństwo stało się instrumentem walki ideologicznej, wykorzystywanym do realizacji celów politycznych i podporządkowania im prawa i społeczeństwa. Znajduje to dobitny wyraz w okresie okołowyborczym, gdy polaryzacja polityczna zastępuje racjonalne myślenie wyborczymi emocjami, celem wygranej w wyborach.
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W ramach glosy postawione zostało pytanie, czy organ samorządu terytorialnego może regulować w akcie prawa lokalnego kwestie wykraczające poza upoważnienie ustawowe? Na tak zadane pytanie, na podstawie analizy nie tylko uzasadnienia glosowanego wyroku, poglądów doktryny, ale i pozostałego orzecznictwa udzielono odpowiedzi negatywnej. Uchwała rady gminy jest aktem prawnym o charakterze niesamoistnym, wydawanym wyłącznie w granicach delegacji ustawowej oraz z uwzględnieniem innych przepisów ustawowych, w tym przepisów ustawy zasadniczej. Niesamoistny charakter uchwały rady gminy oznacza, że organ samorządu terytorialnego nie może domniemywać swoich kompetencji prawodawczych, regulować w niej materii wykraczającej poza przedmiotowy i treściowy zakres upoważnienia ustawowego, jak również powtarzać przepisów obowiązujących na gruncie innych, hierarchicznie wyższych aktów prawnych. Powyższa teza została zaprezentowana w glosie do wyroku Wojewódzkiego Sądu Administracyjnego (dalej: WSA) w Krakowie z dnia 22 kwietnia 2024 r. (sygn. akt III SA/Kr 30/24) dotyczącej zakazu domniemania kompetencji prawodawczych organu samorządu terytorialnego wykraczających poza upoważnienie ustawowe.
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The subject of research in this report is the assessment of the specificity and significance of the last update of 2023. of the Corporate Governance Principles of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) on the governance of publicly traded companies and their stakeholders with the addition of a new Chapter VI. „Sustainability and Viability”. The purpose of the analysis is to highlight the new opportunities, but also the potential difficulties for the enterprises, related to the new sustainability requirements. The importance of the changes is assessed in the context of Bulgaria's preparation for membership in the OECD and given the progress of achieving legal and regulatory compliance in Bulgaria with the EU's requirements for sustainability of corporate governance.
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Capătul de cerere prin care s-a solicitat să se constate că activitatea desfășurată de reclamant în perioada 01.12.1990-01.04.2001 se încadrează în grupa I de muncă în procent de 100%, este inadmisibil. În concret, potrivit art. 35 C. proc.civ., cel care are interes poate să ceară constatarea existenței sau inexistenței unui drept; cererea nu poate fi primită dacă partea poate cere realizarea dreptului pe orice altă cale prevăzută de lege. De asemenea, Curtea are în vedere Decizia nr. 9/2016 a Î.C.C.J. (R.I.L.) în sensul că instanțele de judecată au posibilitatea analizării și constatării pe cale judiciară, ulterior abrogării acestui act normativ, a încadrării muncii prestate în perioada 18 martie 1969 - 1 aprilie 2001, după caz, în grupele I sau II de muncă. Pe de altă parte însă, din considerentele deciziei în interesul legii menționate anterior, rezulta că obiectul principal al sesizării a vizat posibilitatea instanței de a se substitui angajatorului și a dispune retroactiv, ca unui salariat să i se recunoască activitatea desfășurată ca fiind încadrată în grupa superioară de muncă. Astfel, situația premisă a fost cea în care angajatorul nu a efectuat demersuri în aplicarea Ordinului nr. 50/1990 (a omis sau a apreciat că salariatul nu lucrează în astfel de condiții), iar nu situația în care angajatorul a efectuat procedura în baza ordinului dar, din diverse motive, a apreciat că titularul dreptului individual pretins nu se încadrează sau l-a încadrat într-o altă grupă și salariatul contestă încadrarea (împrejurare arătată expres la pct. 39 din considerentele deciziei). Or, în cauză, angajatorul a urmat procedura stabilită prin Ordinul nr. 50/1990, iar apelantul a fost încadrat în grupa I de muncă, nemulțumirea sa vizând, de fapt, procentul stabilit de intimată. În fapt, întrucât procedura în discuție a fost urmată, iar apelantul a fost încadrat în grupa I de muncă, orice nemulțumire legată de această încadrare ar fi putut fi soluționată pe calea contestării acelei încadrări, deci apelantul avea deschisă calea unei acțiuni în realizare (conflict de muncă), nefiind încălcat astfel accesul său la justiție. Pe cale de consecință, având în vedere caracterul subsidiar al acțiunii în constatare potrivit art.35 C. proc.civ., Curtea apreciază că excepția inadmisibilității cererii de constatare a încadrării activității desfășurate de apelant în grupa I de muncă în procent de 100%, pentru perioada 01.12.1990-01.04.2001, este fondată.
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În situația în care există suspiciuni cu privire la legalitatea încadrării activității în grupele I și/sau a II-a de muncă, angajatorii sau orice alți deținători legali de arhive sunt obligați să pună la dispoziția Casei Naționale de Pensii Publice și/sau a caselor teritoriale de pensii, după caz, la solicitarea acestora, documentele întocmite anterior datei de 1 aprilie 2001 pe baza cărora s-au eliberat adeverințele care atestă încadrarea persoanelor în fostele grupe I și/sau a II-a de muncă, în vederea verificării respectării legislației în domeniu. În cauza de față, cu înscrisul depus în apel, reclamantul a făcut dovada că încadrarea sa în grupa a II-a de muncă a fost hotărâtă de către angajator. Doar în situația în care, ca urmare a verificărilor se constată încălcări ale legislației privind încadrarea în grupe superioare de muncă sau nu sunt prezentate documentele care au stat la baza eliberării adeverințelor, perioadele respective sunt valorificate ca vechime în muncă/stagiu de cotizare în condiții normale de muncă. Cum în cauza de față s-a prezentat documentul intern care a stat la baza eliberării adeverinței, rezultă că în mod eronat pârâta a valorificat perioada înscrisă în adeverința nr. (...)/2011 ca fiind lucrată în condiții normale de muncă. În mod corect a reținut prima instanță că, în cazul existenței unor astfel de dovezi, Casa de Pensii nu poate face aprecieri cu privire la condițiile de lucru ale reclamantului sau procentului lucrat în aceste condiții, prin prisma funcției pe care a îndeplinit-o.
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The paper analyses the relationship between law and rhetoric and their intersectionareas, particularly focusing on the significance of rhetoric in contemporary judicial proceedings.In the 20th century, the issue of the relationship between law and rhetoric (explicitly or implicitly)became relevant particularly through the scientific excellence of the school of American legal realism,but more recently, it has been somewhat neglected. The authors of this paper devote particularattention to the judicial decision-making theory of Jerome Frank, a prominent legal realist. It is forhis radical positions, as a fact sceptic, that he seems to have unconsciously, subtly but persistently,woven into his works the idea of the importance of rhetoric in judicial decision-making processes.The authors explore the reasons behind Frank’s hesitation for most of his scientific career to giverhetoric (particularly that of Aristotle, which he quoted most) its deserved place. It was only inone of his later works that Frank attempted to build a bridge between his judicial decision-makingtheory (insisting on the importance of prejudices and subjectivities of a judge to the judicialdecision) and rhetoric (aimed at persuading the judge, evoking his emotions, and creating theimage of a particular reality in his eyes). It seems that his effort was only a partial success because,even then, he primarily focused on the methods of touching the “souls of the audience”, overlookingthe importance of the rhetorical means (primarily logical) that did not lend support for his theory.
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