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VAIZDUOTIŠKA SĄMONĖ

Author(s): Kristupas Sabolius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 72/2007

The question of time is rarely taken into account while discussing imagination. Phantasy elements are usally analysed and treated as stagnating pictures which do not belong to the chronological flow. This happens, namely because of a frequent intention, also in the philosophical discussion to generalize phantasy defining it as “the unreal of consciousness”. This artice, based on the method of phenomenological description, reveals the temporal structure of imagi nation in action. The latter leads to the greater paradox: the imaginary doesn’t coincide with the egological centre of transcendental subjectivity but is experienced as an uncontrolled poweful function, the Ego prevailing over Otherness whose autonomous character is hidden behind the illusion of the predominating reflective consciousness.

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FAIDRAS: LOGOGRAFIJOS SPINDESYS IR SKURDAS

Author(s): Skirmantas Jankauskas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 72/2007

Two relatively separate parts could be distinguished in Plato’s dialogue “Phaidros” – the first one, encompassing three speeches on love and the second one, discussing the art (τεχνη) of eloquence. The paper deals with the second part of the dialogue in which Plato tries to cope with the problems of talking and writing. The problems are prompted not only by the very structure of the dialogue that provokes the necessity to reflect the advantages and shortcomings of the written speeches. Philosophizing in general develops as an activity that implements itself in writing. Therefore, the problem of the relation between philosophizing and writing is bound to arise sooner or later. It is demonstrated here that it is the sophists who achieved most in relating philosophizing and writing. While creating their rhetoric, they isolate the art of eloquence. Plato exploits the fruits of sophists and binds the art of eloquence to the values that constitute philosophizing. The privatization of the art of eloquence for the needs of philosophy results in dialectical specification of theoretical thinking. Dialectical thinking realises itself in writing, which discloses the autonomy of theoretical thinking. The autonomy, in its turn, reveals the constructive possibilities of dialectical thinking and the impossibility to convey the ethical content of philosophizing into writing. Thus, writing forces Plato to deal with a certain ambiguity: he condemns writing for its deafness to live philosophizing, yet he can not avoid using it as a tool of philosophizing. That is why Plato refers to writing as having the effect of a drug.

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ISOKRATAS APIE εὖ φρονοῦντες: KAI KURIE SEMANTINIAI IR STILISTINIAI ŠIO KONCEPTO ASPEKTAI

Author(s): Tomas Veteikis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 3/2015

This article, based on the paper read at Colloquium Balticum XI Lundense (Lund, November 8–10, 2012), focuses on the discussion of the function of the phrase eu phronein, and especially its participial variant eu phronountes, as one of the key expressions denoting the praiseworthy and commendable persons, distinguished by their wisdom and mental health, in the texts of Isocrates. The paper aims to delineate the semantic aspects of this phrase while briefly discussing its location, etymology, closest equivalents, context and content (the system of features and functions). The discussion is based on the preliminary analysis of about 50 episodes of the epideictic discourses of Isocrates, where the mentioned phrase itself or synonymous and antonymous expressions appear. The article summarizes the main points of the results of that (early) stage of our research (including the discovery of similarity between or even almost equivalent meaning of certain concepts and phrases, e.g. eu phronein and noun ekhein, as well as their opposites) and provides a concise systematic picture of both the contents of the phrase itself and the methods of its textual application. Conclusions that are made at the end of the article help to see more clearly the interrelation among various concepts of mental activities in Isocratean oeuvre and to discover the subtlety of the Isocratean style. This paper shows that the concept of eu phronountes (as well as its semantic substitute noun ekhontes) is very similar in its meaning to the concepts of sophoi, phronimoi, pepaideumenoi. Having its origin in early epic and frequent use in dramatic poetry, the concept may be regarded as a key phrase distinguishing Isocratean style and his selection of topics from his contemporary prosaic writers who have used it considerably less frequently than Isocrates. The contextual analysis and synthetic picture of various ethical features, wise decisions or advices, attributed to eu phronountes, reveal their double sided identity: on the one hand, eu phronountes are very flexible and apparently free in their thoughts, speech and actions, ready for challenges of life and ready to help others, on the other hand, they are dependent on certain definite tasks and rules of behavior and judgement (ascribed to them).

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DAIMONOLOGIJA APULĖJAUS VEIKALE DE DEO SOCRATIS

Author(s): Alius Jaskelevičius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 3/2015

Apuleius’ work De deo Socratis analyses the subject of daemon’s so popular in the thought of Middle Platonism. Apuleius’ work is exceptional in the sense that it presents a comprehensive general theory of daemons as intermediate beings as well as portraying the author’s personal attitudes. In combining philosophical and literary styles, Apuleius purposefully sets out to, on the one hand, emphasise the cosmological and theological aspect of daemonic theory and, on the other hand, to transition from theoretical statements to practical commitments.This means that the final part of De deo Socratis distances itself from the analysis of daemonic theory and moves on to analysing personal commitment to philosophy. This transition is marked by the entrance of Socrates’ figure in place of the previously dominant figure of Plato and his narration. Apuleius’ De deo Socratis is an important work that takes its place in between Greek daemonology and Latin numinology. It is an important fact of one culture shifting its contents to another cultural context and proof of how such a transition can be possible.

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Apulėjus. Apie Sokrato dievą: Vertė ir komentarus parengė Alius Jaskelevičius

Author(s): Alius Jaskelevičius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 3/2018

This publication consists of the first published Lithuanian translation of Apuleius’s De deo Socratis, accompanied with a comprehensive commentary. Apuleius’s De deo Socratis examines the subject of daemons, which was very popular in the thought of Middle Platonism. In his treatise, Apuleius not only presents a general theory of daemons but gives authorial insights into the theme as well. Apuleius emphasizes the cosmological and theological aspects of the theory of daemons and their importance for practical behavior.

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Diplomatijos ir filosofijos sankirtos: Atėnai, Roma

Author(s): Tatjana Aleknienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 97/2020

The political context of Greek philosophy and its political themes are the subject of numerous studies, but the relation between diplomacy and philosophy, to the best of my knowledge, has not yet been studied. In this article I examine two episodes of diplomatic missions that have left a clear mark on the history of philosophy and I try to show that the link between the history of diplomacy and the history of philosophy is neither accidental nor superficial.

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Romėnų pietas dorybė ir mirusios žmonos pašlovinimas (CIL VI, 1527, „Laudatio Turiae“)

Author(s): Darius Alekna / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 3/2020

The subject of this paper is the multiplicity of meaning of the word pietas as it is used in the famous inscription CIL VI, 1527 called Laudatio Turiae. In revealing traditional and innovative aspects of this notion, the author tries to see the ideology of relations in the Roman family of the laudator and the laudata behind it, and to set it into the context of the changing world in the times of the Late Republic and the Principate within the Roman history. The inscription reveals that, in the eyes of laudator, pietas is the most important virtue of his defunct wife, laudata. In the course of the research, three features of pietas are marked out: 1) the virtue of pietas is operative exclusively in the sphere of family relations; 2) pietas relations always presuppose the hierarchical ones (e.g. children to the father / mother, wife to husband, younger brother / sister to the elder one); 3) the virtue of pietas always implies a strong action. Some new aspects of the functioning of the virtue of pietas can be observed when exploring the usage of the word in the inscription. For the first time in the Latin literature, the word pietas signifies the transfer of the virtue of pietas into the female domain, using it to describe the relation of the younger sister to the elder. But the most striking innovation is an inversion of the hierarchical order of children to the parents. For the first time, pietas means the duty of the parents to bring up their children in the best manner possible – an obligation which will find its place in the Roman law codes. The large usage of the notion of pietas and experimentation with its meaning, which finds parallels in the poetry of the Augustan age (Virgil, Ovid) signifies the susceptibility of the laudator to the ideas of the Augustan policies and his ideological stances. The article is preceded by a Lithuanian translation of the inscription with a short introduction.

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Theodor W. Adorno’s Criticism of the German Concept of Bildung

Author(s): Till Neuhaus / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

The question of how to conduct oneself in the world is arguably as old as mankind itself. Ancient Greek philosophy, namely the sophists, identified a problem which shaped the world since it was first articulated – the negotiation of internal truth and external application. While neither can truly guide one’s way – epistemological relativism and ethical utilitarianism await at the extrema – dialogue of all kinds seems to be a way to prevent the drift and shift towards these extremes. After having framed the philosophical problem, this paper will exemplarily examine Germany’s concept of Bildung with regard to these extremes. The analysis will focus on the end of the 19th century (fin-desiècle) as this has been the phase of Bildung which can, at least in part, be held accountable for the horrors of the 20th century. Bildung was and still is a central aspect of German culture and has been the matter of analysis and discussion ever since. One of the most potent criticisms has been uttered by Theodor W. Adorno who analyzed Bildung after the Second World War and exemplarily outlined traits of fascist societies. However, Adorno was also influenced by the zeitgeist and did not grasp the problem at the deepest possible level of analysis. Based on but not limited to the intellectual accounts of Theodor W. Adorno, it will be tried to identify commonalities among totalitarian systems and reconnect these with the aforementioned philosophical problem of ethical utilitarianism and epistemological relativism.

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ФИЛОСОФСКИЙ ПОДХОД СЕНЕКИ К ВОСПИТАНИЮ ДЕТЕЙ

Author(s): Svetlana Demina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2021

Seneca pays serious attention to the problems of education of children, because he regards it as an important, but difficult affair. He examines aims, methods, difficulties of upbringing and ways of overcoming them, as well as foundations of the mutual relations between parents and children. Seneca’s system of views in education is a synthesis of Roman traditional thoughts about models of behavior of father and son in the family and his own philosophical ideas about virtue and vice, love, anger, joy, tranquility, and beneficences.

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CONSTANTINE LASCARIS, HIS MANUSCRIPTS AND HIS ETHICAL CONCERNS

Author(s): Juan Felipe Gonzalez-Calderon / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

This article aims to examine Constantine Lascaris’s work on Aristoteles’ ethical corpus. We consider evidence from the textual witnesses of the Nicomachean Ethics, the Eudemian Ethics, the Magna Moralia, and some other minor ethical writings, which belonged to Lascaris, in order to reconstruct his working methods. We also explore Lascaris’ own statements about virtuous life; a life devoted to the service of the common good, to philosophy and to the study of texts. For him philosophy was a way of life, rather than simply a discourse. We look at the link between written culture and philosophical life and propose further research into how Byzantine and Renaissance scholars understood their own intellectual activities to be a special kind of spiritual exercise intended to promote moral improvement in both individuals and societies.

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PHILOSOPHICAL BACKGROUND OF THE COSMOLOGICAL POLEMICS IN CONTRA MANICHAEOS BY JOHN OF DAMASCUS

Author(s): Vladimir A. Baranov / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

This article analyzes the philosophical arguments used by John of Damascus against the Manichaean dualist cosmological system in his Dialogue contra Manichaeos, showing some parallels with his Dialectica, and revealing a common Aristotelian background. The philosophical argument in the Dialogue seems to be a practical application of philosophical doctrines formulated in the Dialectica. From a wider perspective of anti-Manichean polemics used in part for instructional purposes for students of philosophy and theology in Late Antiquity, the conclusion is made that the purpose of the Dialogue was aimed not so much against the Manichaean cosmogony and cosmology, but against the Manichaean theodicy which might have been attractive to some Christians of John’s times.

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В ПОИСКАХ ЛОГОСА ГЕРАКЛИТА

Author(s): Sergey Kocherov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2021

The paper attempts to clarify the essence of logos as found in the teaching of Heraclitus. The author identifies meanings which Heraclitus attributes to the concept, investigates his suggested method of cognizing logos, and analyzes the benefits bestowed upon a human being by comprehension of logos. It is hypothesized that the Heraclitean logos is not an originating principle, like a supreme god or cosmic fire, but its attribute – the verbalized intelligence of being inherent both in the world as a whole and one’s soul. As a mental-verbal projection, logos is open not to the sensory organs or even reason, but to the intellectual intuition. Therefore, the knowledge of logos cannot be taught, but can be obtained through self-cognition. Comprehension of logos leads to following the universal, which, in polity’s life, is equal to the common good. However, according to Heraclitus, this is something attainable only by wise and virtuous, “the best”, not by wicked and ignorant majority.

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Мифологема Орфея в античной культурной традиции

Author(s): Elena V. Gnezdilova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2021

The article examines the peculiarities in the formation of the Orpheus mythologeme in the ancient cultural tradition. An analysis of the works of ancient authors, including Pindar, Aeschylus, Euripides, Apollonius of Rhodes, Virgil and Ovid allows to single out the specifics of creating the image of Orpheus. The latter is seen by the above-mentioned authors not only as a poet and musician who had lost his beloved Eurydice, but also as the founder of cult rites known as Orphic mysteries. “Orphism” as a system of religious and philosophical views became most widespread in the era of Peisistratus in the 6th century BC in Attica. Dionysus, revered by the Orphic, was important for farmers as a deity of eternal rebirth and powerful natural forces. In the ancient cultural tradition, the image of Orpheus develops under a double sign: both Apollo and Dionysus. The ideas of Orphic philosophy can be found in the religious and philosophical teachings of the Pythagorean school and in the writings of Plato. The original transformation of the Orphic-Pythagorean ideas and the mythologeme of Orpheus occurs in Virgil’s Georgics and Ovid’s Metamorphoses, which are also the subject of this article. The comparative historical analysis of artworks and philosophical treatises of antiquity carried out in the course of this study indicates that the mythologeme of Orpheus in the ancient cultural tradition is an example of the embodiment of the syncretic unity of art and religion in the archaic consciousness.

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Herakleitas ir Hipokratas: elementų paradigma

Author(s): Jonas Čiurlionis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 100/2021

The article analyses the remaining fragments and testimonies of Heraclitean philosophy and their connection with Hippocratic medicine. It is claimed that both schools belong to the same philosophical-scientific paradigm of the elements. Therefore, theoretical insights of the school of Cos might well serve explaining complicated and often difficult to interpret Heraclitean thoughts. Moreover, it is plausible that parts of Corpus Hippocraticum were written under the influence of the Heraclitean philosophy and therefore its analysis and interpretative application allows us to partially reconstruct the fragmented Heraclitean ideas into the single unified system. The article uses comparative analysis of both thinking traditions in regard to psychological, ethical, physiological, cosmological, and medical ideas. Similarities in explaining human nature are revealed. It is shown that science (medicine) and philosophy in Antiquity use the same paradigmatic utterances to describe reality. Therefore, there are many mutual interconnecting principles between early philosophy and medicine.

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Pythagorasçı Felsefede Tekliğin İlkesi Olarak Külli Ruh: Monad

Author(s): Aynur Çınar / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2021

Pythagoras and Pythagoreanism have a different position in the ancient philosophy tradition. The reason for this is the eclectical structure of Pythagoreanism which has syncretized from Orphism, Indian and Egyptian religions with philosophy. Orphism of these religions is especially important for affecting Pythagoreanism the most and giving to the ancient Greek religion a mystical content. Orphism which is a mystery cult is based on Orpheus, the poet, who sometimes is identified with Pythagoras in philosophy and the history of religions. Orpheus, was attributed divine character by virtue of his beautiful voice and hymns in the ancient history, has brought many religious and philosophic elements such as reincarnation and unity with God to the Greek religion. The way of life and creeds of Orphism based on asceticism and wisdom, first affected Italian philosophy starting from Pythagoras and, later influenced both philosophy and the other religions such as Judaism and Christianity through Plato. The reason for this was the Orphism’s stronger theological structure than the Greek religion had. Thus, philosophy, the Miletus philosophers tried to purify from the Homeric religion, has regained some spirituality through Orphism and Pythagoras. Pythagoras, a philosopher and a religious leader, accepted students to his philosophy school by initiation in Crotone. In this way, Pythagoreanism gained the quality of both a school of philosophy and a community of mystery. In this school, Pythagoras constituted a strong natural philosophy based on the idea of arkhe consisting of numbers, and the system of mathematics and music. At the same time, for he was a religious leader, Pythagoras used his school both to teach philosophy and to celebrate the teletaic mystery rituals of Orphism. According to the Pythagoreans, as a master, Pythagoras has united with the spirit of Dionysos and has privileged to rise to the World-Soul of God.

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JULIUSZ CEZAR – TYRAN CZY NADZIEJA RZECZPOSPOLITEJ? ANALIZA MOWY PRO MARCELLO MARKA TULLIUSZA CYCERONA

Author(s): Tomasz Banach / Language(s): Polish Issue: 121/2021

Background: The article analyzes Cicero’s Pro Marcello in close connection with the political problem that the speech concerned. The comparative juxtaposition of speech with the views presented in the dialogue De re publica proves that Ciceronian rhetoric corresponds in this case to the political philosophy presented earlier. It also confirms the timeless, anti-tyrannical dimension of Cicero’s speeches, for whom the freedom of the Roman political community from tyranny and its varieties is of paramount importance. Research purpose: Analysis of Cicero’s Pro Marcello speech and indication of its anti-tyrannical dimension. Methods: The article uses the historical – legal method and the comparative method. Conclusions: The speech is in fact a republican message addressed to the victorious leader who, in Cicero’s opinion, guided by the common good – rei publicae causa, should follow the path leading to the “best form of government” (optimus status rei publicae). Cicero in Pro Marcello puts Caesar in the place which he ascribed to Scipio in De re publica, as a politician (rector rei publicae) who “will have to become a dictator and put the affairs of the republic in order.”

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Method as Necessity – The Superstructure of Gnosticism in I. P. Culianu Analysis

Author(s): Stelian Manolache / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

The disconcerting diversity of mythological contents conveyed by the literature related to ancient Gnosticism was a sufficiently prohibitive factor for all attempts at integrated analysis, systematization, or theological-historical evaluation of the origins and evolutions of this. Against this background, accurately locating the methodological limits of previous analytical attempts, I.P. Culianu managed, resorting to a radical paradigm shift, to establish a new way of researching gnosis, identifying and operationalizing a method capable of overcoming a good part of the difficulties previously recorded. Given the exceptional significance of this perspective of exploring the mythological contents of gnosis, our study aims to evaluate the Romanian scientist’s method, paying close attention to its theological significance precisely because ancient Gnosticism’s religious dimensions are indisputable and, implicitly, defining.

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Visual Culture, Posthumanism and the Pythagorean Paradigm. Documentary vs the Politicization of Truth

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Visual Culture, Posthumanism and the Pythagorean Paradigm. Documentary vs the Politicization of Truth

Author(s): Evi D. Sampanikou / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The paper deals with a documentary narrative of the real story of a philosophical project that came out of a huge accident. The accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine, Soviet Union on April 26, 1986. In 1997, seven scientists involved into the accident leave Ukraine for health reasons. They settle on Gavdos, a small island south of Crete, the most distant border of Europe in the Mediterranean. They remain there for about fifteen years and initially have a major positive interaction with the local community, leading a Pythagorean School and several philosophical group meetings, public work, and constructions. During this time, they evolve a new philosophical approach to humanity, the option for immortality, based on what they call “Philosophical Evolution”, a combination of Pythagorean teaching and the ideas of Epicurus, and also specific views that can be related to critical posthumanism and transhumanism.

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The Critique of Philip Sidney and Percy Bysshe Shelley on Plato’s Views about Poetry

Author(s): Panos Eliopoulos / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

In the platonic dialogue Ion, Socrates clarifies that poetic creation is a result of inspiration but not of knowledge. As a gift from the Muses, poetry cannot even have a didactic role; since it is not rational and does not constitute a product of right reason, it cannot satisfy the needs of the person who aspires to the acquisition of wisdom. This insistence of Plato on the potential moral deficiency of poetry proves that only epistemological criteria can assist the political balances that are required in his ideal Polis. Since poetry is mimesis and a subcategory of rhetoric, it is deduced that it stands far from the truth. For Philip Sidney, however, in his critique of Plato’s views, the poet is directly connected with “poiein”, the act of creating. As a creator, he is close to the truth, and he is an owner of the Idea, to which he urges other human beings. As such, the poet is a stronger intellectual figure than the philosopher, due to the fact that he does not abstractly think of moral values but helps to proliferate them. The poet never lies, despite what Plato claims, because the poet never confirms the knowledge of anything, quite unlike the philosopher. Shelley, on the other hand, places great emphasis on the role of imagination within the context of poetic work. He declares that poetic imagination exceeds the borders of reason, thus being rendered the only human faculty that can not only see the ideal forms that Plato is enthusiastic about but also is capable of competently expressing the “eternal truth of life”. The two English poets are in accord about poetry signifying unity and harmony, not only with the abstract truth of the world but with virtue and law as well, providing the human being with the right ontological orientation.

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Imaging Philosophical Discourse

Author(s): Jean-Ives Beziau / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

I first present a general analysis of the different types and kinds of philosophical discourses. The second part examines why images have been and are still rejected in philosophy. In the third part, I explain the different ways to fruitfully use images to develop philosophical thinking and discourse, in particular by giving various significative examples.

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