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Lietuvių kalbos ir literatūros ugdymo siekiniai ir jų įgyvendinimo retrospektyva

Author(s): Zita Nauckūnaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 33/2014

The aim of the investigation is to establish the correspondence between the outcomes of Lithuanian language and literature education laid down by the educational policy for secondary schools, and the specific assessment criteria of Lithuanian language and literature matures examination. With this aim in view (on the one hand), educational documents on regulating the Lithuanian language and literature education in general secondary schools are analyzed (Lithuanian Language Education Strategy for 2010–2014, Lithuanian Language and Literature Framework Programme for Secondary Education) on the basis of which the Lithuanian language and literature education outcomes have been defined. On the other hand, the state matura examination syllabus and the construct of the Lithuanian language and literature exam are analysed for establishing whether the outcomes of education in the Lithuanian language and literature are adequately assessed by the language and literature state matures examination. The study shows that the main outcomes in the education of the subject under investigation – the Lietuvių kalbos ir literatūros valstybinio brandos egzamino užduoties vertinimo instrukcija. (2013). Internetinė prieiga: http://www.nec.lt/394/ [Žiūrėta: 2014 08 10]. Lietuvių kalbos ir literatūros vidurinio ugdymo bendroji programa. (2011). Internetinė prieiga: http://www.upc.smm.lt/suzinokime/bp/2011/ [Žiūrė- ta: 2014 08 10]. Lietuvių kalbos ugdymo bendrojo lavinimo programas vykdančiose mokyklose 2010–2014 metų strategija. (2010). Internetinė prieiga: http://www3.lrs.lt/ pls/inter3/dokpaieska.showdoc_l?p_id=390510&p_ query=&p_tr2= [Žiūrėta: 2014 08 10]. Mokinių pažangos ir pasiekimų vertinimo samprata. (2004). Internetinė prieiga: www.upc.smm.lt/ ekspertavimas/biblioteka/failai/samprata.pdf [Žiū- rėta: 2014 06 10]. Nauckūnaitė Z. (2011). Lietuvių kalbos ir literatūros samprata: vidurinio ugdymo kaitos diskursas. Acta Paedagogica Vilnensia, t. 27, p. 102–114. Salienė V. (2013). Kalba kaip socialinis kultū- rinis reiškinys pagrindinės ir vidurinės mokyklos gimtosios kalbos ugdymo sistemoje. Pedagogika, t. 109, p. 105–109. Valstybinių brandos egzaminų kriterinio vertinimo nuostatai. (2013). 1 priedas. Internetinė prieiga: http://www.nec.lt/106/ [Žiūrėta: 2014 08 10]. THE OUTCOMES OF LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE EDUCATION AND THE RETROSPECTIVE OF THEIR IMPLEMENTATION Zita Nauckūnaitė Summary development of cultural, social and civic, communicative and creativity competencies – are evaluated by the matures examination only in part because of the enormous number of requirements set out for the task (essay) and the lack of flexibility in assessment criteria. The Lithuanian language and literature outcomes in secondary education could be more successfully achieved if the following conditions were observed: 1) the definition of argumentative essay should be modified, allowing students to choose their own references to the contents of Lithuanian literature and cultural phenomena; 2) themes of the literary essay should not require the evaluation of works of various authors or reviews of the development of literature, but the awareness of the specificity of an individual author and the ability to perform an in-depth literary analysis; 3) criterion-referenced assessment should be liberated from the precise calculation of errors and be based on a holistic approach.

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Cultural Identity, Language and School: the Case of Lithuania

Author(s): Irena Stonkuvienė / Language(s): English Issue: 34/2015

On the basis of the data of the two qualitative research studies (“Identity, Cultural Transmission and National Education” conducted in 2010 and “Dominant and Demotic School Culture: Analysis of Tension Fields” carried out in 2014–2015), the article makes attempts to discuss the attitude of school community members (school learners, teachers and parents) towards the Lithuanian Language. It is also analyzed how this attitude depends not only on the public discourse and different ideologies of linguists but also on school cultures.

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Kalbos didaktika: kalbos ugdymo paradigmų kaita ir kalbos mokymo(si) logika

Author(s): Zita Nauckūnaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 34/2015

The paper provides an analysis of the linguistic aspect of language didactics. The Lithuanian language syllabi of the basic school are studied against the background of linguistic paradigms with the purpose of establishing the following: 1) how the shift of linguistic paradigms affects the changes in the paradigm of language development, and 2) what particular changes in the awareness of language system have taken place with regard of different language development paradigms. Three linguistic paradigms have been taken into consideration: 1) comparative-historical, 2) structural, and 3) anthropocentric. The latter two correlate well with the language development paradigms in Lithuanian schools. The analysis proves that in the period of 1909 to 1993, the syllabi of the Lithuanian language followed the systemic paradigm of language development with structural linguistic and classical development paradigms at their basis. The syllabi of the Lithuanian language for 1994 to 2008 were designed according to the communicative integral language development paradigm based on the anthropocentric paradigm of linguistics and free development paradigm. Both language development paradigms have their merits and shortcomings. The advantage of the systemic paradigm is linguistic and logical reasoning, whereas communicative integral paradigm enhances the development of free linguistic communication. The principal disadvantage of the systemic paradigm is grammatization and formalization, and the shortcoming of the communicative-integral paradigm is its fragmentariness and indefiniteness. At present the Lithuanian language syllabi for primary and basic education are being updated with the aim of retaining the best qualities of both syllabi: systematic teaching of the Lithuanian language, thematic/chronological teaching of literature, and more intensive training in the use of spoken and written language. The new syllabus of the Lithuanian language development is based on synergy as a new modern paradigm.

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FREGE’S „BEDEUTUNG“ KAIP „REIKŠMĖ“ IR KAIP „NURODYMAS“

Author(s): Albinas Plėšnys,Marius Povilas Šaulauskas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 91/2017

This article deals with the problems of understanding and translating the term Bedeutung as introduced by Gottlob Frege, which arose in the analytic tradition of philosophy of English-speaking world, and with their solutions in the context of Lithuanian philosophical terminology. Two different approaches in the translation of the term should be distinguished: literal, which pays the biggest importance to the lexical properties of the word within the context of the natural source language, and interpretive. Both approaches emerge at the crossroad of contemporary problems in philosophy of language, mind and science, and choice of one over another demonstrates rather methodological attitude than possible defects in one’s translation technique. Thus the development of Lithuanian analytic philosophy is hardly imaginable without the corresponding equivalents in Lithuanian language at hand. Literal translation of Bedeutung as reikšmė satisfies the needs for being used in both such contexts, where literal English translations, such as meaning or significance of word Bedeutung are used, and where the traditional diachronic standpoint of historiography of philosophy is held. Admitting that the vast majority of texts in contemporary analytic philosophy are written in English we suggest adding a new notion to the Lithuanian philosophical terminology, namely nurodymas, as a way to avoid conceptual difficulties and problematic usage of word referencija.

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KABELIŲ APYLINKIŲ SANGRĄŽINIAI VEIKSMAŽODŽIAI

Author(s): Danutė Valentukevičienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 13/2019

The article discusses the reflexive verbs in the environs of the village of Kabẽliai that belong to the Southern Aukštaitian subdialect. The diverse forms of the verbs have been described for the first time, their morphonologic features and morphologic paradigms as well as their original accent are discussed. The list of the material under investigation amounts to about 250 reflexive verbs. The material was collected from the 1950s and 1960s handwritten notes of the Kabẽliai (Ašãšninkai) subdialect by dialectologists Aloyzas Vidugiris and Žaneta Urbanavičiūtė, the first volume of the Dictionary of the Southern South Aukštaitians’ Subdialects and the personal audio records of the subdialects (2011–2019). The research demonstrated that in the subdialects of Kabẽliai ir Šklėriai because of the sporadic mixed usage of the consonants s, z and š, ž parallel reflexive forms with the reflexive affixes -si and -ši are in use. This phenomenon can be explained by phonetic causes. There is a tendency to shorten the reflexive affix in all the word’s positions. In the environs of Kabẽliai a peculiar stress//accent of the reflexive verbs’ ending or reflexive formant has been recorded, which until now has not been documented by the scholars who researched these subdialects, e.g.: stɔ.j·s ǀ stɔ.jos ‘stojos(i)’ he/she stood up him-/herself (without any help), ẹ.m·s ǀ ẹ.m.s ‘ėmės(i)ʼ he/she undertook (to do something). Such inflexional accentuation is a relic of the earlier accentuation system of reflexive verbs.

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KAUNO APYLINKIŲ ŠNEKTOS RANKRAŠTINIŲ ŠALTINIŲ DUOMENIMIS

Author(s): Laura Brazaitienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 14/2020

The goal of the article is to discuss the change of the subdialects of the surrounding area of Kaunas belonging to the territory of Kaunas district. The manuscripts of the second half of the 20th century and the printed texts of these subdialects and audio recordings served as research material. The situation of subdialects in the Kaunas area is revealed by the analysis in different periods by the differentiating (the pronunciation of the consonant l, accented long and accented short vowels, stress retraction) and their characteristic (the pronunciation of unaccented inflexional vowels ė and o) dialectal features recorded in the manuscripts.It was found that the western part of the dialect area was more homogeneous in all classifications: the consonant lwas usually not hardened, cases of stress retraction were few, and the unaccented long vowels were seldom shortened. In the eastern part, the inhabitants of both speakers of the traditional Lithuanian subdialect and the local Polish language tended to retract the stress, shorten the unaccented long vowels, and prolong the accented short vowels. The influence of the local Polish language is thought to be explained by some other cases recorded in this part of the subdialect area.

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Zenon Klemensiewicz a składnia dialektów polskich i słowiańskich

Author(s): Maciej Rak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 28/2019

The paper discusses two issues: 1) Z. Klemensiewicz’s previously unknown research in the area of dialectal syntax, and 2) his dispute with J. Bauer, regarding the inclusion of syntax in Ogólnosłowiański atlas językowy (‘General Slavic linguistic atlas’). It has transpired that the collections of the Archive of Science of PAN and PAU in Cracow contain Klemensiewicz’s materials for Zarys składni polskich dialektów (‘An outline of the syntax of Polish dialects’), excerpted from K. Nitsch’s Wybór polskich tekstów gwarowych (‘A selection of Polish dialectal texts’), as well as the manuscript of the polemic with Bauer’s proposal. It seems probable that, by describing the syntax of Polish dialects, Klemensiewicz wanted to capture the characteristics of the syntax of spoken Polish.

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Identyfikacja tematów na *-(j)ū w materiale polskim i słowiańskim

Author(s): Paweł Janczulewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 29/2020

The paper discusses the question of the substitution of the stem suffix *-ъv- for the suffix *-ъka, which converts words from the *-(j)ū- to the *-a-declension, as well as the problem of identification of original *-(j)ū-stems. An analysis of Polish and Slavic material leads to the conclusion that a part of nouns that are commonly regarded as *-(j)ū-stems have in fact a different origin: some can be derived from collective nouns in *-va (still productive in East Slavic), e.g. *kuropъtva, *plotva, *ǫtva, and a part have probably been extended with an unmotivated labial element -v- which has the appearance of a relic of a *-ū-stem, but appears most commonly after roots that end in a velar consonant or a spirant-stop sequence. The paper argues against the hypothesis about late (Proto-)Slavic activization of *-ū-stems and proposes instead that a part of this class had been eliminated at a prehistoric stage, depending on the quality of the stem consonant.

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Dlaczego Bałtowie i Słowianie liczyli pokrewieństwo w kolanach, czyli o etymologii słow. kolěno ‘kolano; ród’ i lit. kẽlis ‘kolano; ród’

Author(s): Norbert Ostrowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 29/2020

OCS. kolěno ‘knee; tribe, generation’ (cf. Polish pokolenie ‘generation’) and Lith. kẽlis ‘knee; joint in a plant; tribe; degree of kinship’ come from old adjectives with possessive suffixes (-ěn- in Slavic and -ija- in Baltic). Their primary meaning was ‘a joint in the body’ (*‘a rotating part of the body’). Both were formed from nouns with the meaning ‘wheel’ (OCS. kolo, kolese ‘wheel’, Old Prussian kelan ‘wheel’, Latvian duceles ‘chaise’; IDE. *kwelh1- ‘to turn, to rotate’). The hypothesis proposed in this paper explains the semantic relationship between Slav. kolěno ‘knee; tribe, generation’ and Proto-Slav. *kel-nŭ- > *čelnŭ- > Slovenian člèn // Serbo-Croatian člȃn ‘joint; ankle, talus’. Assuming that the meaning ‘joint’ was the original one, OCS. kolěno ‘tribe, generation’ and Lith. kẽlis ‘degree in relationship; tribe’ can be interpreted as old terms of customary law in the field of succession. The counting of kinship by enumeration of body parts from the head to the middle fingernail has been preserved in Middle Low German customary law, so-called “Sachsenspiegel”. The hypothesis is supported by numerous parallels: Lith. sąnarys ‘a joint in the body; (OLith.) ‘generation’, Lith. stráipsnis ‘body part; (OLith.) generation’, OPr. streipstan ‘body part; generation’, Middle High German Gelied ‘body part; generation’, and Middle Low German lede ‘a joint in the body; body part; degree of kinship’.

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Zur Frage der baltischen Eigennamen des Gebietes „Ragnit“ und „Tilsit“ in den Ordensdokumenten des 14.–15. Jahrhunderts

Author(s): Darius Ivoška / Language(s): German Issue: 83/2020

The article examines proper names in two selected areas of Prussian Lithuania, i.e. Ragainė and Tilžė. The primary aim and objective of the research was to examine personal names as well as place names (in case any would have been identified in the course of the research) with key focus exclusively on their possibly unknown mentions and etymology. However, in the course of the research, the aims and objectives had to be expanded by supplementing them with an attempt to answer questions related to the problems of Historical Onomastics in a broad sense, its research scope, main objectives, the selection of appropriate research sources and materials, etc.

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Dėl kaimo vardo Ývoliai kilmės

Author(s): Laimutis Bilkis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 83/2020

Based on the analysis of the data from the living language and historical sources, the article presents a comprehensive discussion on the origin and development of the name of the village Ývoliai, which is located in Kražiai eldership, Kelmė district. After reviewing the records of the oikonym from the living language and evaluating their reliability, the conclusion is made that the name form with a long vowel at the beginning of the word is authentic. When discussing the usage of the oikonym in historical sources, most attention is paid to the analysis of the records from the Baptism Register Book of Kražiai Parish of 1656–1672 in which this name was mentioned for the first time. In order to evaluate the history of both the name and the settlement bearing this name, the toponymic and anthroponymic context of historical records is provided: the mentions of the village and its residents are thoroughly reviewed; the links of the recorded people are revealed. Since it was found that the personal name *Yvolis (Iwolis, Iwolowa, Iwołayte, Iwalowa, Iwołaytis, Iwoliene, Iwalowna) actually existed in Yvoliai village and its environs in the second half of the 17th century, the conclusion is made that the oikonym is definitely of anthroponymic origin.

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Žagarės šnektos sintaksinės ypatybės (remiamasi 1998–2003 metų įrašais)

Author(s): Janina Švambarytė-Valužienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 82/2020

By this article the author finishes the description of Žagarė local dialect. The article analyzes its syntactic phenomena and discusses morphosyntactic constructions (perficientive, expression of necessity and condition, arthroid), which can also be found in another Baltic language, i.e. Latvian. The article describes the dialectal expression of the subject, object, time, place and cause in the sentence. It reviews the linking words of dangling constructions and complex sentences used in the dialect. Based on Phraseological Dictionary and Dictionary of Comparisons, the article describes the dialect’s phraseology (traditional phraseological units and stable word phrases) and comparisons and draws attention to the insightfully applied expressive content in the dialect.

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Personvārdi Būtiņģes un Sventājas latviešu dzimtās XX–XXI gadsimtā

Author(s): Daiga Straupeniece / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 82/2020

The article covers the most popular Latvian personal names in the borderline area of Lithuania in the early 20th century. The ancient tradition of giving names in Kurzeme is explained, which is also noticeable in the Būtingė and Šventoji native. A study has been performed in the dynamics of personal names in 4 generations of 10 Latvian-born families in Būtingė and Šventoji.

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Danguolė Mikulėnienė. „Lietuvių tarmėtyra: genezė, raida ir paradigminiai lūžiai. I dalis. Ikitarmėtyrinis laikotarpis. Lietuvių tarmėtyros pradžia: tarmių skyrimas, tyrimų perspektyvų užuomazgos ir jų tipai“

Author(s): Vytautas Kardelis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 82/2020

Review of: Danguolė Mikulėnienė. „Lietuvių tarmėtyra: genezė, raida ir paradigminiai lūžiai. I dalis. Ikitarmėtyrinis laikotarpis. Lietuvių tarmėtyros pradžia: tarmių skyrimas, tyrimų perspektyvų užuomazgos ir jų tipai“ Review by: Vytautas Kardelis

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Asta Leskauskaitė, Vilija Ragaišienė. „Pietinių pietų aukštaičių šnektų žodynas“

Author(s): Vytautas Kardelis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 82/2020

Review of: Asta Leskauskaitė, Vilija Ragaišienė. „Pietinių pietų aukštaičių šnektų žodynas“. Review by: Vytautas Kardelis

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Building a Partial Aspect System in East Aukštaitian Vilnius Dialects of Lithuanian: Correlations between Telic and Activity Verbs

Author(s): Jurgis Pakerys,Björn Wiemer / Language(s): English Issue: 57/2007

This paper is a pilot study based on tape-recorded and transcribed Lithuanian dialectal texts (from the northern part of the East Aukštaitian Vilnius dialect group) to investigate the correlation between telic and activity verbs. We analyzed morphologically correlated (prefixed and unprefixed) verbal stems which are potential members of “gradual-terminative” (GTER) verb pairs. We conclude that the prefixed members of the pairs are ‘perfective’ in the sense that they are restricted to events, whereas the simplex verbs are functionally much less constrained (and thus aspectually diffuse). Nonetheless, this aspectual specialization of prefixed derivatives has not led to a complementary distribution of functions, as it would be required if these productive processes of morphological pairing yielded true aspect pairs.

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Lingvistiniai ir kultūriniai lietuvių kalbos rašybos kodifikacijos pradžios aspektai

Author(s): Vaida Buivydienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 107/2021

In 1905–1939, due to various historical, political and social factors, there were formed the norms for standard Lithuanian (1905–1918) and the dissemination of functions (1919–1939). The authors of Lithuanian language textbooks for schools continued the work started by Petras Kriaušaitis in his “Lithuanian language grammar” at the beginning of the 20th centuryand in his Lithuanian language syllabuses (syllabi), which influenced the textbooks. Therefore, the functions of the standard language were improved. School had a positive impact on the dissemination of language norms. The article deals with the aspects of the change and the establishment of the written language norms of the first Lithuanian textbooks for primary schools in the first half of the 20th century. The article presents the cultural background that had an impact on the formation of the norms of the standard language. The changes in spelling found in different textbooks show that during that period, due to the deliberate efforts of linguists and other active public figures, the consolidation of the norms for standard Lithuanian and the improvement of functions came from cultural and social factors.

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«А иначе зачем на земле этой вечной живу?» (памяти В.А. Косовой)

Author(s): Gelinya Khayretdinovna Gilazetdinova,Tamara Gennadievna Fomina,Lilija Renadovna Akhmerova,Ekaterina Sergeevna Palekha / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4-5/2021

This article is dedicated to the memory of Vera Alekseevna Kosova (1960–2021), a prominent Kazan linguist, the representative of the Kazan School of Linguistics. Her life as a researcher and educator was inextricably linked with Kazan University, where she worked on the important problems of the theory of word formation, starting from her PhD thesis written under the guidance of a famous scientist Emiliya Agafonovna Balalykina and dedicated to the functioning of word-formation categories in their interaction with other levels of the language. V.A. Kosova pursued her reflection on this problem in the subsequent monograph and doctoral thesis. She concluded about the inter-level nature of derivational processes and relationships and the important role of word-formation science in the process of cognition: word formation, according to her, is capable of opening categorical “corridors” to the secrets of the structures of linguistic consciousness before researchers. By elaborating and developing the achievements of Kazan linguists, V.A. Kosova was one step ahead of her teachers in her theoretical views on the above problem. She performed a comprehensive analysis of the concept of word-formation category and turned to the theory of nomination. She was also successful in teaching, worked a lot with Russian and foreign students, including those in abroad universities, and strengthened the cooperation between Russia and other countries. Under her guidance, eight theses were defended; she was the chairperson of the Thesis Council. For many years, V.A. Kosova was the deputy executive editor and a member of the editorial board of the scientific journal Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta (Proceedings of Kazan University. Humanities Series). V.A. Kosova will remain forever etched in the memory of her relatives and colleagues because of her exceptional human qualities, such as great heartedness, cheerfulness, sincere affection, humanity, and responsiveness.

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КЪМ ЕТИМОЛОГИЯТА НА НЯКОЛКО БЪЛГАРСКИ ДИАЛЕКТНИ ДУМИ

Author(s): Simeon Stefanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 02/2021

Abstract: The text offers one possible etymology of some Bulgarian dialect nouns. Some of them have not been etymologized till now, which is one of the contributions of the study.

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O nowych ręcznie zrównoleglonych i znakowanych dwujęzycznych korpusach równoległych oraz ich zastosowaniach

Author(s): Roman Roszko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 45/2021

This article is devoted to the manually aligned and tagged bilingual parallel CLARIN-PL-BIZ corpora of the Baltic and Slavic languages which are currently being developed. The study discusses the essential features of these corpora that make their applications go far beyond typical corpus analysis. Applications of these corpora include the design of cross-language models for the development of machine translation and artificial intelligence. The article also draws attention to the high potential of these resources as a model training base for testing natural language processing tools.

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