К вопросу о формировании польскиx говоров в Литве: полемика вокруг Г. Турской

Author(s): Viktorija Ušinskienė / Language(s): Russian Issue: -/2016

One of the most controversial problems in Polish historical dialectology is the ques¬tion of the genesis of the Polish language in the North-East Borderland of Poland, i.e., the variety of the Polish language which has developed in the former territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL). Some important aspects of the evolution of this language – first of all – its dialectical substrate and the chronology of the development of its different variants, have still not received an unambiguous interpretation, and this has inspired fur¬ther scientific research. The article deals with the systematization of the main approaches to the chronology of the formation of Polish dialects in Lithuania. It includes a system¬ic survey of the concepts made by important researchers of the Polish language of the borderland, such as K. Nitsch, H. Turska, J. Rieger, I. Grek-Pabisowa, I. Maryniakowa, V. Chekmonas and others. Historical circumstances in the GDL created a special relationship between the local Polish subdialects and the standard (cultural) dialect. Within the conditions of the autoch¬thonic development of the language, its official sub-system is formed on the basis of the dialects, while we can observe the reverse process in Lithuania, as the Polish standard dialect was formed there much earlier than the rural dialects. The areas of the Polish rural subdialects had been formed in the GDL around the second half of the 19th century as a result of the gradual polonization of the Lithuanian and Belarusian countryside. The at¬tempts of several scholars to shift the time of their formation to an earlier period of time, namely to the 16th-18th centuries, seem to be insufficiently convincing.

КОЛИЧЕСТВЕННАЯ РЕДУКЦИЯ ГЛАСНЫХ НА МЕСТЕ ГРАФИЧЕСКИХ «А» И «О» ПОСЛЕ ТВЕРДЫХ СОГЛАСНЫХ В РУССКОЙ РЕЧИ В ЛИТВЕ

Author(s): Danutė Balšaitytė,Vitalijus Kodzis / Language(s): Russian Issue: 27(32)/2015

This article analyses the absolute duration (ms) of stressed Russian vowels /a/, /o/ (graphs: “a”, “o”) and their allophones in unstressed positions after the hard consonants in the pronunciation of native and non-native Russian speakers in Lithuania. The results of the conducted spectral analysis reveal the specificities of quantitative reduction in the speech of the Russian speakers in Lithuania and the Lithuanian speakers that are learning the Russian language. These specificities are influenced by the two phonetic systems interaction. The speakers of both languages by the realisation of “a” and “o” violates the relation of unstressed vowel duration that is peculiar to the contemporary Russian language: the post-stressed vowels in closed syllables are shorter than the pre-stressed vowels; the first pre-stressed syllable differs from the second pre-stressed and post-stressed syllables by a longer voice duration. Both Russians and Lithuanians pronounce vowels longer in poststressed syllables than in the pre-stressed syllables. This corresponds to the qualitative reduction of the Lithuanian language vowels /a:/ and /o:/. There are certain differences between the pronunciation of qualitative vowels “a” and “o” reduction among the native and non-native Russian speakers in Lithuania. The Russian speakers in Lithuania pronounce the second pre-stressed vowel longer than the first pre-stressed vowel; this corresponds to the degree of reduction of pre-stressed vowels “a” and “o” in the standardised Russian language. These degrees of quantitative reduction in the Lithuanian pronunciation are peculiar only for “a” in the Russian language. According to the duration ratio, the unstressed allophones “a” and “o” in the Russian language are closer to the unstressed /a:/ and /o:/ in the Lithuanian language in the pronunciation of Russian-Lithuanian bilinguals than in the pronunciation of Lithuanian speakers.

Конвербы в русском и литовском языках

Author(s): Diana Burbene,Alla Likhacheva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 38/2021

The paper gives a comparative overlook on peculiarities of Russian and Lithuanian converbs. Origins, modern usage of the forms and syntactic functions of converbs are summarized. Converbs are compared in regard of marking of verbal categories and relation to the subject of an action of a main verb. It is emphasized that the main semantic feature of these verb forms is a connection of an action referred by a converb to the action referred by verb, whereby converbs localize events on the time axis in the context of a deictic value of a main verb. From this point of view, converbs are a kind of dependent taxis where meanings (simultaneity / anteriority) have different morphological realization in Russian and Lithuanian: in Russian by means of the opposition of the lexical aspect markers, and in Lithuanian by means of the opposition of the tense markers. On the grounds of the analysis of corpora materials (RNC and CCLL), it is shown that equivalence between correlative forms (Russian imperfective converb – Lithuanian half-participle / non-agreeing present participle, Russian perfective converb – Lithuanian active past participle / non-agreeing past participle) is relevant in most instances of the contexts of a temporal relation, but in the contexts of logical relation there are regularities of dissimilar nature.

КЪМ ЕТИМОЛОГИЯТА НА НЯКОЛКО БЪЛГАРСКИ ДИАЛЕКТНИ ДУМИ

Author(s): Simeon Stefanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2 (14)/2021

Abstract: The text offers one possible etymology of some Bulgarian dialect nouns. Some of them have not been etymologized till now, which is one of the contributions of the study.

Лaбиализация финно-угорского *a в марийском языке

Author(s): Pavel Želtov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2015

The article analyses the origin of the common Mari o (occurring in the Hill, North-Western, Meadow and Eastern Mari dialects), which corresponds to the Mordvin and Finnic а in common Finno-Ugric and genuine Mari words, as well as the opposition of the Hill and North-Western Mari а ~ Meadow and Eastern Mari o which manifests itself mostly in borrowings from the Bulgar-Chuvash language and partly in some borrowings from the Tatar language. It is concluded that the process of transformation of the Finnic-Volgaic *a into the common Mari o (~ Mordvin а) must be distinguished from the development of the а ~ o opposition in certain Turkic loanwords used in Mari dialects, which is a later process. Nevertheless, the ­oppo­sition of а ~ o in Mari dialects, despite being mainly manifested in Turkic loanwords, is not directly linked either with the possible opposition of а ~ o/ô/u in Bulgar dialects or with the opposition а ~ a° between Mishar and Kazan Tatar dialects. This is proved by the manifestation of the opposition а ~ o in those Chuvash loanwords occurring in Mari dialects, which could not originally have had it.

Латгальский язык и русско-латгальский билингвизм в восприятии русскоязычных жителей Латгалии

Author(s): Gleb P. Pilipenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 162/2018

The paper deals with the narratives of Russian-speaking inhabitants of Latgale about the Latgalian language. The perception of phonetic and lexical level of language is analyzed, the specific examples and phrases in Latgalian are given as well. As an example of this language the informants use the utterances with code switching, the hybrid sentences. The Russian-speaking inhabitants of Latgale perceive the Lat¬galian language as a«mixed» language.

Лексика прибалтийско-финского и балтийского происхождения в русских говорах Северо-Запада

Author(s): Sergey Myznikov / Language(s): Russian Issue: -/2017

The problem of Baltic-Finnish, Baltic and Slavic (Russian) interaction has already been examined by us in various aspects: the differentiation of the Baltic-Finnish substratum in the North Russian dialects; the relationship of these Baltic and Baltic-Finnish origins in the Russian dialects of the Northwest; the Baltisms that are included in the Russian dialects through the medium of the Baltic-Finnish languages, etc. In this article, an attempt is made, on the basis of dialectal materials, to analyze the lexical units included in Russian dialects from the Baltic-Finnic languages with their final Baltsky source. The lexical data considered by us as lexemes of the Baltic-Finish origin are, in some cases, not native to this soil but represent earlier Baltic borrowings. These units of the Baltic-Finnish language continuum are its integral part; they often have a transformed form and semantics in comparison with the Baltic etymons. Later attempts were made either to expand or narrow the list of such units. Some of the lexemes of Baltic origin, being an integral part of the Baltic-Finnish continuum, had spread further to the North Russian dialects.

Наградени учени

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 24/2012

НАЗВАНИЯТА ЗА ЧЕРЕН И БЯЛ ЦВЯТ В БЪЛГАРСКАТА, ПОЛСКАТА И ЛИТОВСКАТА ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЯ

Author(s): Nedelina Ivova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2021

The present paper is contrastive analysis of Bulgarian, Polish and Lithuanian phraseological units containing a color term naming black or white. It traces the way these components reflect the figurative meaning of the unit - through their color semantics or through their function as a cultural signs. The study classiffiеs Bulgarian, Polish and Lithuanian expressions as to their belongings to several groups, which refer to different concepts. In each group the comparison of the examples found in the three phraseological subsystems is based on their semantics, their lexical components and structure. Under observations are substantive, adjectival, adverbial and verbal phraseological units where the colors are used only as an adjective component. The analysis takes into consideration that black has negative symbolism and cultural connotations. Thus the phraseological units with black are linked mainly to the concepts such as death, sorrow, bad life, misfortune. The text suggests that color term for black is rarely used to express neutral or positive meanings. The white has a positive cultural connotation associated to whiteness, light, good life, goodness, but its meaning can vary to neutral or negative in phraseological system of the three languages. The present paper observes similarities of collected phraseological expressions and emphasizes their nation-specific features.

Незамеченные семантические полонизмы в приказном языке Московского государства

Author(s): Liudmila Pavlovna Garbul / Language(s): Russian Issue: -/2016

This article examines the history of the following words found in the 17th c. Musco¬vite State diplomatic correspondence: nasaditi ‘appoint, nominate; invest with author¬ity’, nasaditisja ‘put smb. hostilely, with enmity against smth.; be up in arms (against); threaten, imperil’, nužnyj ‘poor, beggarly, squalid, miserable; meagre, scanty; bad, nasty’, oprava ‘repair(s), repairing; restoration, renewal; improvement’, pobrati ‘take away, be¬reave of; take possession of, seize’, privernuti ‘return, restore, recover’, strašlivyj ‘ter-rible, frightful, horrific’, sumnen’e ‘conscience’, teplica (-y) ‘a locality with hot springs; pl. health resort with hot springs’.The author argues that these words, in the meanings provided above, are probably semantic calques from Polish in the Russian written language of the 16th and 17th centu¬ries, which were borrowed likely through mediation of the written language of the Great Duchy of Lithuania, with the exception of nasaditi.

Новая английская конструкция типа [N [N]] в славянских языках и причины ее отсутсвия в балтийских языках

Author(s): Cynthia M. Vakareliyska / Language(s): English Issue: -/2011

Наряду с потоком английских лексических заимствований, хлынувшим в славян¬ские языки после 1990 г., в них появилось не свойственное славянским языкам явле¬ние — атрибутивные словосочетания, в которых определяемому имени существи¬тельному предшествует определяющее имя существительное, подобное английской конструкции типа [N [N]], ср. jazz singer и action figure. В этой конструкции, заим¬ствованной независимо друг от друга всеми славянскими языками, определяемое имя представляет собой субстантив — заимствование, вошедшее в язык ранее и, как правило, не через английский язык, а определяющим существительным являет¬ся английский субстантив в нетрансформированной английской морфологической форме, без суффикса, переводящего субстантив в прилагательное, и без окончания, напр.: болг. джаз певец или екшън фигура. Такие определительные конструкции довольно частотны и продуктивны, несмотря на то, что отсутствие прилагательного и флексии в определительной конструкции со вторым определяемым словом пред¬ставляет собой значительное нарушение основных славянских морфологических и морфосинтаксических правил. В статье предлагаются объяснения (с учетом исто-рической перспективы) того факта, что болгарский (и, вероятно, македонский) язык опережает другие славянские языки по частотности и продуктивности рассматрива¬емой конструкции, а также когнитивные основания, по которым славянские языки эту конструкцию допускают, несмотря на трудности усвоения. Обращается внима¬ние на отличие в этом отношении родственных современных балтийских языков.

О некоторых фразеологизмах польского и русского преступного жаргона с компонентом-анимализмом: материалы к словарю

Author(s): Elena Nevzorova-Kmech / Language(s): Russian Issue: 21/2022

This article discusses one of the components of the criminal jargon – animalistic phraseology, i.e. phrases that include animalism. According to M.A. Grachev, the proportion of such units is much higher than in other systems. To prove this statement, we have collected material from the Polish-Russian dictionaries of jargon. The number of animalistic phraseological units in the criminal jargon is small compared to the literary and colloquial language, which is due to the specificity of the sublanguage under consideration.The purpose of the description is to prepare material for the Polish-Russian dictionary of jar­gon. To do this, we made a selection of animalistic phraseological units of the Polish and Russian criminal jargon from Polish and Russian dictionaries of slang (jargon), made a comparison, identi­fied common features and differences, and made an attempt to explain them. Based on the analysis, it was revealed that the component composition includes the following animalisms: domestic mam­mals, poultry, wild mammals, wild birds. The following remained outside the scope of the article: fish, amphibians, reptiles, crustaceans, insects, molluscs, worms.Animalistic phraseological units of criminal jargon are included in the following semantic groups: 1) the names of criminals according to the specifics of the crimes committed; 2) the names of representatives of law enforcement agencies and law enforcement officers; 3) the objects of crimes, profit; victims of crimes; 4) types of crimes and the way they were committed; 5) life and life in freedom and in places of detention; 6) names of places of exile and imprisonment, punishment; 7) human behaviour, condition; 8) signals, warnings. A comparative analysis of Polish and Russian units revealed similarities and differences.Further research in this area will serve as an addition to the Polish-Russian jargon dictionary and may also serve as material for etymological research in the field of substandard.

О некоторых ценностях и антиценностях в русской и литовской коммуникативных культурах

Author(s): Alla Borisovna Likhachiova / Language(s): Russian Issue: -/2017

This article explores certain features of the Russian and Lithuanian communicative cultures and analyzes the opposite – from the axiological perspective – communicative manifestations in each of the compared cultures. The comparison of Russian and Lithuanian communicative cultures shows that both communicative cultures are contradictory, and that the national characters of the representatives of these cultures combine paradoxical features. Communicative values that are usually assigned to Russians are openness, close contact, cordiality, emotionality, but these are accompanied by harshness, assertiveness, an aspiration to correct another’s behavior and a lack of tolerance. Lithuanians value the following communicative qualities: moderateness, kindliness, friendliness and a compliance to the standards of decency, but they acknowledge their communicative closedness, jealousy, pessimism, mistrust. Discrepancies between the reflexive communicative categories (which are understood to represent the ideal or norm) and those found in everyday life (which reflect how things are in real communication) make obvious the difference between the values a nd antivalues in both communicative cultures.

Перевод библейских, а также коранических названий священных книг в письменных памятниках татар Великого княжества Литовского и польских переводах Библии и Корана

Author(s): Joanna Kulwicka-Kamińska / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2011

The purpose of this analysis is to present the manner of translating the titles of holy books from Hebrew, Greek, and Arabic by Polish and Lithuanian Tartars and by Polish translators of the Bible and the Quran. It also attempts to define the scope and the nature of relations between the translations of the Bible and the Quran and to present the picture of the books in question on the basis of selected source texts. The source texts vary in terms of form and origin and the vocabulary was excerpted from such materials as historical writings of the Polish and Lithuanian Tartars (the texts were written in Arabic and required transcription and transliteration) as well as translations of the Quran into Polish. The words were also selected from the translations of the Bible (16th-century, 17th-century, and contemporary versions).

Политическая/национальная/конфессиональная/ языковая карта Восточной Европы: история и современность

Author(s): N. N. Zapolskaja,Arina Mihaylenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: -/2012

5–9 ноября 2012 года в Вильнюсе и в Супрасле прошел международный научно-образовательный семинар Политическая/национальная/конфессиональная/языковая карта Восточной Европы: история и современность. Проведение семинара стало возможным в результате совместной работы славистов Института славяноведения РАН, Вильнюсского университета, Супрасльской aкадемии, фонда “Российско-польский центр диалога и согласия” и научно-издательского центра “Индрик”; поддержку семинару оказало Посольство Российской Федерации в Литовской республике.

Поучения из Пандектов Антиоха в Прологе: указатель инципитов

Author(s): Marina Vladimirovna Chistiakova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2021

This publication presents an incipitarium of sermons borrowed into the Church Slavonic Prologue from the Pandects of Antiochus. The data are collected from all the known translations and editions of the Prologue for the autumn-winter half-year. The beginnings and headings of 41 synaxarian teachings are indicated in alphabetical order, in three cases the same sermon is given in two versions. The calendar date (there may be more than one), on which the readings are placed in the Prologue, is marked after the ellipsis, the editions containing this text are listed in brackets. If the didactic article is specific only to certain copies of edition, the call numbers of these manuscripts are given in bracket after dash. Then the links to the source chapters are provided. The index of incipits summarizes information about handwritten prologues of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the instructive section of which is unknown to a wide range of readers.

Процессы трансонимизации в балтийских и славянских языках (на материале этнонимов латыш, лотвин, латгалец)

Author(s): Julia Gurskaja / Language(s): Russian Issue: 12/2012

The article deals with the phenomena of transonymisation in Baltic and Slavonic languages. The proper names formed on the bases of ethnonyms Latysh, Lotvin, Latgalec are investigated as an example. It is established that the basis for the formation and development of ancient onims are broad and diversified cooperation onomastic macro concepts – anthroponymic concept of man and toponymic concept of space, which is manifested in various categories of aggravated transonymisation of ancient names. The ancient names and their components can be found in modern family names represented in onimastic systems of the related languages.

Прус. «aukis» ‘grif’ EV 708: слышимый или видимый образ птицы?

Author(s): Anatolijus Nepokupnas / Language(s): Russian Issue: 56/2007

The author follows Nesselmann in assuming that OPr. aukis ‘grif (EV 708), rather than referring to the fabulous creature, denotes an existing bird, the bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus). He rejects the reading ankis proposed by some scholars and connects aukis with the Lith. verb aukuoti ‘rock, sway’, assuming that the word is not onomatopoeic but refers to the visual image of the soaring bird of prey.

Псковские говоры в их синхронно-диахронных отношениях с соседними языками (к фиксации и исследованию)

Author(s): Larisa Kostyuchuk / Language(s): Russian Issue: -/2017

The collection and research of the Pskov folk speech have resulted in an understanding of the role of synchronic and diachronic relations of the Pskov dialect to its neighboring languages in the borderzone. Certain unique peculiarities of the Pskov dialect distinguish it from the East Slavic languages and all Russian dialects. The multi-faceted lexicographic work on the Pskov Regional Dictionary with Historical Data compels us to search for the explanation of specific dialectic aspects of certain words (кеп, всегли, мочигло, подпояхаться, приведи булку, etc.) and to find investigational solutions that change established academic judgments. Archaeological data are relevant for the study of the Pskovian ancestors’ contacts with the native speakers of other linguistic systems (Baltic and Finno-Ugrian in the first place). The 20th century has demonstrated that records of the folk speech throughout all stages of preservation must be accurate, as the consideration of even rare facts may lay the foundation of an important discovery and new theoretical conclusions.

Ранната модерност – сложност и ред

Author(s): Joseph Vilmots / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2013