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Translatorska biografia Heinricha Nitschmanna: niemiecki polonofil w czasach germanizacji i antypolskiej propagandy

Author(s): Katarzyna Lukas / Language(s): Polish Issue: 47/2023

The article attempts to reconstruct the translator biography of Heinrich Nitschmann (1826– 1905) and explain the role he played in Polish-German literary contacts. Nitschmann made German readers familiar with Polish literature firstly through his translations of Polish poetry, and secondly through his popular compendium “History of Polish Literature,” aimed at the German Bildungsbürgertum. Although his translations are not outstanding in quality, they suited the literary tastes of the era and contributed to shaping the German discourse on Poland in the second half of the 19th century. The article traces Nitschmann’s linguistic biography and topobiography, characterizes and situates his translation work against the background of his other activities as a writer, publicist and composer; it attempts to reconstruct his aesthetics and worldview, his translation poetics and self-awareness as a translator. Nitschmann’s modus operandi in his network of literary contacts is shown, exemplified by his relationships with the Danzig publisher Karl Theodor Bertling and with the Lemberg-based Germanist Albert Zipper.

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The use of English among Latvian adolescents: A study of multilingual identity and language dominance

Author(s): Justīne Bondare / Language(s): English Issue: 20/2023

This paper examines the effects of virtual communication on language use among Latvian students aged 13-25, aiming to investigate whether language proficiency, language attitudes and identity construction are mediated by language dominance and global trends foregrounded by the dominant use of English on social media. The research material consists of 1) Bilingual Language Profile (Birdsong et al. 2012), a questionnaire that targets a variety of sociolinguistic factors and assesses language dominance; 2) a questionnaire on language use across various domains as well as language ideologies. The questionnaire results indicate Latvian language dominance in terms of language history and active use, but English is regarded as a beneficial language and used as a receptive language in entertainment and with peers. The findings of the study suggest English is associated with a multilingual identity, however, this does not seem to impact the expression of adolescents’ national identity.

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Diskusija

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 18/2022

Vienas iš šios knygos tikslų buvo parodyti, kad į mokyklinį raštingumą galima žvelgti ne tik iš normatyvinės perspektyvos, bet ir kaip į kalbos faktą, aiškinant mokinių tekstuose atsirandančius variantus per kognityvinius, socialinius, istorinius ir kitus veiksnius. Tyrimą skirdami būtent kalbos taisymams, be kita ko, norėjome būti balsas tų mokinių, kuriems perimti oficialiąsias normas dėl įvairių priežasčių gali būti sunkiau nei „suvidurkintam“ mokiniui, taip pat ir tų, kurie taisomi be pagrindo. Taisymų gausa glumino, tačiau analizės nuošaly liko lengviau prie raštingumo standartų prisitaikantys, mokytojų akimis, „klaidų“ nedarantys vaikai – jų rašto darbai į mūsų akiratį nepateko, nors galbūt būtų atskleidę kitą lietuviškos rašto mokymo tradicijos pusę. Būsimi kiekybiniai tyrimai parodys tiksliau, kaip laike ir pagal individus pasiskirsto taisomų variantų skaičiai ir tipai, koks procentas mokinių sugeba atitikti reikalaujamas mokyklinio raštingumo normas. Ateityje būtinai reikės patyrinėti mokytojų pastabas, mokyklinio rašymo žanrų ir turinio, jaunų žmonių motyvacijos, savirealizacijos, pasitenkinimo mokyklinio rašymo veikla ir kitus aspektus. Be to, dėmesio prašosi ir lietuvių kalbos ir literatūros programos turinys – lietuvių vaikai baigia mokyklą praktiškai nemokyti lingvistikos ir medijų studijų. Na, o šiandien kol kas galime konstatuoti, kad taisymų apskritai ir neturinčių pagrindo taisymų, tokių, kurie paremti specifiška preskriptyvia raštingumo samprata, esama tiesiog per daug. Galbūt tai viena iš priežasčių nemėgti lietuvių kalbos pamokų?

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Laiahaardeline pilk Balti uuringute hetkeseisule

Author(s): Kristina Jõekalda,Linda Kaljundi,Krista Kodres,Liisa-Helena Lumberg-Paramonova,Triin Metsla,Ingrid Ruudi / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 03+04/2024

Association for the Advancement of Baltic Studies (AABS) konverents „The Baltic Way: Unity and Giving Aid“ 13.–16. VI 2024 Yale’i Ülikoolis New Havenis.

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In memoriam Maia-Ülle Väkram

Author(s): Annekatrin Kaivapalu / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 34/2024

In memoriam Maia-Ülle Väkram 29.9.1932–23.3.2024

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In memoriam Maia-Ülle Väkram

Author(s): Annekatrin Kaivapalu / Language(s): Finnish Issue: 34/2024

In memoriam Maia-Ülle Väkram 29.9.1932–23.3.2024

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Deictic motion verbs and anchoring the direction of motion in Estonian, Finnish and Czech

Author(s): Petra Hebedová / Language(s): English Issue: 34/2024

The aim of this paper is to contrast Estonian and Finnish deictic motion verbs (minema/mennä, tulema/tulla, viima/viedä, tooma/tuoda) with descriptions of the same motion situations in Czech, which does not have similar pairs of deictic motion verbs. The paper first describes Estonian and Finnish deictic motion verbs according to the literature and provides a short overview of motion verbs in Czech. The analysis is based on examples selected from two literary texts, one Estonian and one Finnish, and their translations. The comparison concentrates on different means of anchoring the direction of motion, that is, which part of the motion scene is selected as the landmark for translational motion. The paper shows that though Czech verb prefixes can in effect anchor the direction of motion to the speaker or to a location known to the speaker and addressee, the function of these prefixes is not directly comparable with the pairs of deictic motion verbs in Finnish and Estonian.

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Itämerensuomalaisten kielten keskinäistä ymmärrettävyyttä mittaavan kokeen suunnittelu, toteutus ja uutuusarvot

Author(s): Aleksi Palokangas / Language(s): Finnish Issue: 34/2024

Mutual intelligibility of Baltic Finnic languages can be measured and observed in multiple ways. This article describes the development of a new kind of language test designed for informants whose mother tongue is Finnish or Estonian. The participating Finns’ language proficiency level in Estonian was 0, A or B, and Estonians’ level in Finnish was 0, A or B. Compared to previous test types, ways to measure mutual intelligibility, and measuring differences between cognates this test offers new features. The process of test word selection, test design, and scoring method are described phase by phase. The selection of cognates was conducted with meticulous care, as the test aimed to provide diverse data for analysis. One of the most important purposes of the test was to observe and analyse how these two groups of people understood cognates from each other’s language in different contexts. First, the cognates were translated one at a time, then as a part of sentences, and ultimately as a part of short text. Additionally, informants translated Vepsian and Livonian languages. Another objective in developing this test was to collect data for analysing whether Finns’ language skills in Estonian aided their understanding of Livonian and whether Estonians’ language skills in Finnish helped them to understand Vepsian. Hence, the informants not only translated cognates shared by all these languages but also those with specific etymological connections. For instance, they considered cognates like ‘parta’ and ‘bard’ (both meaning ‘beard’) – which have a common etymology only in Finnish and Vepsian – as well as ‘habe’ and ‘abbõnd’ (also meaning ‘beard’) – which share a common etymology exclusively between Estonian and Livonian. Furthermore, this type of test provides an opportunity to analyse how symmetric or asymmetric the level of understanding between Finnish and Estonian is. Therefore, the cognates in the test include morphologically rich word forms. The piloting of the test and its results have also been described in this article, alongside the development process of the test’s scoring system. The test’s scoring method is thoroughly explained, as it is nuanced rather than binary. The pilot’s results substantiate that the development, structure and scoring method of the test were successful. The test fulfills its purpose and objectives as it is capable of highlighting differences among informants with varying backgrounds, such as different mother tongues and language proficiency levels.

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Latvian reflexive and non-reflexive verbs and action nouns with paš- ‘self-’

Author(s): Daiki Horiguchi / Language(s): English Issue: 15/2024

The author continues to address issues of Latvian reflexive and non-reflexive verbs compounded with paš- ‘self-’ and their action nouns. A mass media database search yielded 210 reflexive verbs and 39 non-reflexive verbs compounded with paš-, as well as 290 reflexive and 160 nonreflexive action nouns compounded with paš-. The functionality of paš-compounded reflexive verbs and nouns is facilitated through the interaction of the reflexive and emphatic semantics delivered by both the reflexive marker and paš-. For the non-reflexive verbs and action nouns, it may convey the causative semantics “subject someone/something to the autonomous action named by the verbal base” or the exclusive semantics “by oneself”. Although verbal derivation with paš- is a peripheral phenomenon in Latvian, reflexive verbs and nouns compounded with paš- provide insights into the intersection of verbal and nominal derivations. Paš- does not function fully in verbal derivation because of the sparse distribution of compound verbs. Instead, it demonstrates activity in the nominal domain as an action noun. For 53.4% of the reflexive action nouns and 74.3% of the non-reflexive action nouns, corresponding reflexive and non-reflexive verbs are not attested in the mass media database, which suggests the backformation of some paš-verbs due to the paradigmatic nature of the derivation verb – action noun. Paš- demonstrates its derivational potential from the nominal domain to the verbal domain, and action nouns with -šan- can be regarded as derived via this route.

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How lemmatisation and derivational annotation affect productivity measures: The case of deverbal agent nouns in the Joint Corpus of Lithuanian

Author(s): Jurgis Pakerys,Virginijus Dadurkevičius,Agnė Navickaitė-Klišauskienė / Language(s): English Issue: 15/2024

We discuss the automatic and manual stages of the lemmatisation and annotation of the Joint Corpus of Lithuanian (1.3 billion words) used to measure derivational productivity. As a case study, we present data of three productive deverbal agent noun suffixes in Lithuanian, -toj-, -ėj-, -ik-, and measure their realized, expanding, and potential productivity. We show that an additional semi-automatic lemmatisation and a manual derivational annotation significantly increase type and hapax counts. We also note that lemmatisation is affected by an artificially increased number of lemmas due to homographic forms unresolved by the lemmatiser. After the manual disambiguation of hapaxes, the numbers of feminine formations in -toj-(a) and -ėj-(a) were the most significantly reduced.

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Development of Lithuanian dialects in the active Baltic-Slavic contact zone: Signs of the decay of morphological structure

Author(s): Nijolė Tuomienė / Language(s): English Issue: 15/2024

This article presents sociolinguistic research of the Southern Aukštaitian subdialect of Lithuanian spoken on both sides of the border between Southeastern Lithuania and Northwestern Belarus. It should be noted that the Lithuanian dialect no longer forms a homogeneous area, as it is losing out to Belarusian, which is called po prostu in the studied areas. When the Lithuanian dialect lost its function, many Lithuanian speakers switched to the Belarusian dialect alone. The change of languages in the same areas over two or three generations has led to a very close relationship between the languages. The object of the investigation is two linguistic borderland areas: the first one includes 17 points of the southeastern borderland of Lithuania from Atlas of the Lithuanian Language (LKA) and the second one is comprised of four points, which constitute the continuation of Southern Aukštaitian beyond the borders of Lithuania. The material covers almost seven decades, from the second half of the 20th century to the second decade of the 21st century. The aim of the study is to analyse the most important changes in the morphological system of the Southern Aukštaitian dialect used in the two areas. The article analyses the changes of contact origin, which have occurred in the Lithuanian language systems of nouns and verbs at the morphological level. Due to constant interaction with Slavic languages, the Lithuanian dialect has undergone complex degenerative changes in its grammatical structure. The language processes are analysed using the apparent-time method (Labov 1963): the current language of three generations of informants is studied and compared.

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Die christlichen Grundgebete im Altlitauischen II. Das Apostolische Credo

Author(s): Markus Falk,Felix Thies / Language(s): German Issue: 26/2024

As part two of a series about the Basic Prayers (Hail Mary, Apostolic Creed and Lord’s Prayer) in Old Lithuanian, the aim of this article is to collect all attestations of the Apostolic Creed translated into Lithuanian prior to 1700. The Apostolic Creed has two forms, the “common” declaratory one and a shorter, interrogative one used during baptism. This interrogative creed is not a shortened form of the declaratory one, but rather the original urban Roman creed, which was expanded during the 3rd century C. E. A total of 46 versions of the Apostolic Creed are attested in the Old Lithuanian era (the 16th and 17th century). The lexical and syntactic structure of the prayers is analyzed and compared as outlined in the first part of the series, to show their dependences and connections (compare Falk, Thies 2023). Four traditions can be discerned: Firstly, an early Lutheran line in Lithuania Minor, beginning with the Forma krikštymo by Mažvydas and continued by Vilentas (as already described by Judžentis 2021), the first translation of Mažvydas in his Catechism is only weakly connected to the aforementioned. Bretkes translation is close to this line as well, but shows variation. Secondly, a later Lutheran line begins with the Königsberg Cathechism of 1670 and is continued e. g. in the scientific works of Nettelhorst and Hartknoch and in many reprints of the 18th century. Third, the Reformed tradition, consisting of the reprints of Knyga Nobažnystės and only loosely connected to the earlier Catechism by Petkevičius; and fourth, the Catholic tradition, which begins relatively late, in the second half of the 17th century, because all earlier Catholic translations e. g. by Daukša can be considered isolated attempts. The traditions of all three denominations can be considered as canonicalized with the third edition of the Königsberg Catechism from 1700, the second edition of Knyga Nobažnystės from 1684 resp. the catechism by Pranas Šrubauskis from 1725.

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Conference Report: Zeitenwende im Baltikum und in der Baltistik (Turning Times in the Baltics and in Baltic Studies)

Author(s): Simon Fries,Henrik Hornecker,Simon Moll / Language(s): English Issue: 26/2024

For a few years now, public interest in the Baltics has been increasing sharply. The main reason for this is the current geopolitical situation after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and the important role that the Baltic States play as a political as well as military frontier against Russia and Belarus. At the same time, knowledge about the peoples, languages, culture and history of the Baltics still remains limited among the general public. As an academic field that comprises a wide range of disciplines in the humanities pertaining to the Baltics in particular, Baltic Studies (Baltistik) has the genuine duty to preserve and cultivate this knowledge.

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DAR KARTĄ DĖL MIKALOJAUS DAUKŠOS MIRTIES METŲ

Author(s): Darius Antanavičius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 90/2024

The article goes back to the question of Mikalojus Dauša’s death date. The date provided in the 2022 publication, February 1615, should be reconsidered. Similarly, final proofs are given in support of the mainstream historiography that Dauša died in 1613.

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KRUOPŠČIOS IR SĄŽININGOS KALBININKĖS JUBILIEJUS

Author(s): Zigmas Zinkevičius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 91/2024

Jadvyga Kardelytė gimė 1929 m. vasario 17 d. Linkmenyse, Ignalinos r. Baigusi Vilniuje gimnaziją, studijavo lituanistiką universitete. Studijas baigė 1953 m. Po to, 1953–1956 m., tobulinosi universiteto doktorantūroje (tuomet aspirantūroje). 1956–1962 m. dėstė universitete. Už rūpinimąsi palaikant lietuvybę nutautinamoje pietryčių Lietuvoje ir Gudijos lietuviškose salose bolševikai neleido gabiai kalbininkei toliau dirbti universitete (gerai parengtai specialistei, filologijos mokslų kandidatei!). Į universitetą galėjo grįžti tik Lietuvai atgavus nepriklausomybę. 1962–1975 m. dirbo redaktore „Minties“, 1975–1990 m. „Mokslo“ leidyklose.

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Metaphors and Metonymies in Latvian and English Phraseological Units with the Keyword Head

Author(s): Elīna Veinberga / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Phraseology, often considered a supplementary discipline in the past, now occupies a central place in many fields as an object of interdisciplinary research for cross-cultural and cross-linguistic studies in general and cognitive linguistics, pedagogy, translation, corpus and computational linguistics, lexicography, and psychology. Two databases in Latvian and English are used to extract phraseological units (PUs) with the keyword “head”. The article aims to identify, compare and contrast metaphorical and metonymic Latvian and English phraseological units, discussing the similarities and differences in meanings of the base form of a phraseological unit (PU) and its use in every analysed case. Since metaphor and metonymy are central thought patterns in cognitive linguistics, testing their function in PUs is crucial. Metaphorical and metonymic Latvian PUs and their English counterparts are examined in the cognitive linguistic framework, analysing conceptual metaphors and conceptual metonymies. Corresponding pairs of PUs are studied as one set to establish if they will function similarly. It can be concluded that pairs of PUs in both languages have the same structure, convey equivalent meanings and even have the same type of conceptual metonymy: a part stands for the whole, for instance, divas galvas (ir) gudrākas nekā viena (two heads (are) smarter than one) and its English counterpart: “two heads are better than one”.

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Žodinės asociacijos kaip informacijos apie konceptą šaltinis (remiantis žodžių dukra ir sūnus asociacijų laukais)

Author(s): Silvija Papaurėlytė-Klovienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 97/2024

Research on the content of concepts, due to the uncertainty of the boundaries of the researched object, requires to use of more diverse materials in order to reveal the variety of information associated with the concept. Verbal associations are the information about what the object named by the word stimulus is associated with in the minds of language users. Hence, it can be said that associations are also a direct source of information about the content of a concept. This is why the information obtained from the experiment of free associations and the description of the association fields of specific lexical units can help to describe the content of any concept in more detail. Based on the association fields of the words daughter and son, the article discusses part of the content of the concepts DAUGHTER and SON associated with the worldview of the Lithuanian language as well as presents how Lithuanian-speaking people perceive the characteristics of a daughter and a son.

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Tarminis žodynas kaip kultūros tekstas: kalbinis ir kultūrinis kviečio paveikslas

Author(s): Vilija Sakalauskienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 97/2024

The abundance of examples and definitions from dialects and folklore in dialect dictionaries makes these dictionaries a source to rely upon. For the very same reason, dialect dictionaries carry the important meaning of authentic texts. This article scrutinises the linguistic and cultural image of wheat, one of the four grain staples in Lithuania, as highlighted by the data from the big Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language and other sources of Lithuanian lexicography. The word wheat is known and used across all dialects of the Lithuanian language. The study focuses on the connection between wheat and the human existence and folk culture, the value that it provides to the human being, and the value wheat holds compared to other grains. The amount of data on wheat available in lexicographical sources makes it possible for the cultural image of this plant to be analysed using the methodology developed by the ethnolinguistic school of Lublin. Notably, dialect dictionaries offer material that is much more limited in scope compared to folklore narratives. However, if one were to rely on the latter, dictionary material can prove to be a sufficient source for ethnolinguistic information about the linguistic image of plants.

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Paprasta lietuvių kalba: pirmi žingsniai link automatinio administracinių tekstų paprastinimo

Author(s): Danguolė Kotryna Kapkan,Justina Mandravickaitė,Danguolė Kalinauskaitė,Eglė Rimkienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 45/2024

Plain language is a variety of standard language that aims to open up the content produced by experts to as wide an audience as possible, so that the target audience could easily find, understand and make use of the information (Adler, 2012; Cheek, 2010; Maaß, 2020). Plain language, which has been promoted in Western countries since the 1970s, is normally used by public institutions to provide information to the public. In Lithuania, plain language is a new concept, and in this article we present some suggestions on where to begin the development of plain Lithuanian, starting fromthe suggested principles of plain Lithuanian and on to automatic simplification of Lithuanian administrative texts. In the introductory section, we discuss the history and theoretical foundations of plain language, and justify the need for plain Lithuanian. After describing a methodology for developing plain language rules based on plain language principles from other languages and the Lithuanian guidelines for easy-to-read language (Bružaitė, Daraškienė & Vilkaitė, 2021) as well as easy-to-read language level descriptors (Bružaitė, Vilkaitė & Daraškienė, 2022), we propose and exemplify a set of basic rules for plain Lithuanian. These rules were applied in creating a parallel corpus of original administrative style texts and plain Lithuanian, which will be used for developing a solution for automatic simplification of administrative texts based on artificial intelligence. We conclude the paper with a quantitative analysis of the parallel corpus and perspectives for further research.

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Lithuanian politicians as the target of negative emotions

Author(s): Jelena Kirejeva / Language(s): English Issue: 45/2024

The present research lies within the realms of cognitive linguistics, cultural linguistics and computer-mediated communication. It focuses on the negative stances adopted by Lithuanian internet users as a response to certain actions undertaken by Lithuanian politicians. The study seeks to establish the correlation between the negative stances conceptualised in online Lithuanian discourse and the negative emotions rendered by them. On the basis of the analysis carried out, the following conclusion can be drawn: negative stances instantiated in the sample communicate the idea of politicians being unnecessary, harmful to the people of Lithuania, devoid of certain human propensities and lacking certain professional characteristics. The emotions of HATE, ANGER, DISGUST and CONTEMPT appear to be congruent and correlate to the negative stances rendered in the sample. They are conceptualised through one conceptual metonymy and a number of conceptual metaphors, such as POLITICIANS ARE ILLNESSES, POLITICIANS ARE CHILDREN, POLITICIANS ARE ANIMALS, POLITICIANS ARE OBJECTS, POLITICIANS ARE FICTITIOUS CHARACTERS, POLITICIANS ARE ARTISTS, etc. Among the source domains drawn upon in the process of metaphorical and metonymical conceptualisations of the negative evaluative judgements are the BODY, THEATRE, MEDICINE, GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY, etc. domains.

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