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This article is dedicated to analyses of Bulgarian idioms stemming from semantic fields centred round "earth” and "desert” from the point of view of cultural linguistics. An attempt has been made to classify cultural markers which were found in our material published in the phraseological dictionaries.
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Review of: Nina Čolović - Ivan Kosić, Album hrvatske ćirilice u Zbirci rukopisa i starih knjiga Nacionalne i sveučilišne knjižnice u Zagrebu, Zagreb: Nacionalna i sveučilišna knjižnica, 2015, 396 str.
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V makedonské slavistické vědě se bohužel stále šíří několik mýtů, mezi nimi mýtus o první univerzitě v Evropě, kterou založil Kliment Ochridski, a o tom, že počátky pražské (československé) makedonistiky jsou spjaty s Antonínem Frintou (14. 6. 1884–21. 11. 1975). Přirozeně že jako mýty jsou buď nepravdivé, nebo vyjadřují pouze částečnou pravdu. Mýtus o první univerzitě na Balkáně a v Evropě tu nebudu rozebírat, protože pojednávám o tom jinde. Pouze pro klid duše podotýkám, že šiřitelé tohoto mýtu vůbec neberou v úvahu, že soluňští bratři Konstantin a Metoděj studovali na magnaurské vysoké škole v Konstantinopoli. A pokud jde o prof. Antonína Frintu, nebyl první, kdo se zajímal o makedonský jazyk. Jeho přenášky o spisovné makedonštině, o nichž se ještě podrobněji zmíním, byly završením etapy zesíleného zájmu o vše, co bylo spjato s Makedonií a zároveň začátkem nové etapy odlišného pohledu na makedonskou problematiku.
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Na začátku považuji za nezbytné připomenout několik důležitých fakt. Podle našich i cizích encyklopedických a jiných příruček žilo ve 20. století v Řecku 95 % Řeků, zbytek tvoří občané makedonské, turecké, albánské, židovské, romské nebo jiné národnosti. Nedlouho po skončení 2. světové války v Evropě v květnu 1945 došlo na jihu Balkánského poloostrova k prvnímu ozbrojenému konfliktu. Levicové a demokraticky orientované síly v Řecku, které sehrály rozhodující úlohu v antifašistickém a národně osvobozeneckém boji, byly pronásledovány členy četných profašisticky, monarchisticky a pravicově orientovaných skupin a spolků. I přes nepříznivou vnitřní a zahraničně politickou situaci se proto na podzim roku 1946 začaly formovat první partyzánské jednotky. Jejich zástupci podepsali dohodu s Národně osvobozeneckou frontou (NOF), jež sdružovala Makedonce z Egejské Makedonie. Řekové i Makedonci však byli zřejmě nedostatečně informováni nebo vůbec nevěděli o jednání W. Churchilla a J. V. Stalina v říjnu 1944 o rozdělení zájmových sfér na Balkáně.
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The text discusses the various conditions that determined the social and political status of the Bosnian language in general, focusing on the circumstances that characterized the ways of returning this language to the public discourse not only in Bosnia and Herzegovina, but also in those states and societies in which Bosnian language has acquired the status of an official language, ie was given the opportunity to be studied as one of the minority language that are being used in the field of education, public communication as well as in the domain of private use in the countries of Southeast Europe. The paper also deals with the basic historiographic, demographic, legislative and constitutional solutions related to the official use of the Bosnian language, and discusses the issues of scientific study of this language in the South Slavic social context.
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Within a multidisciplinary anthropological study on the population structure of Middle Dalmatian islands, the extent of linguistic microdifferentiation has been analyzed in 45 villages ofthis region. Through the analysis of basic vocabulary the differences and/or similarities between the settlements are determined at the level of contemporary Croatian dialects, subdialects and local speeches. The estimated linguistic distances are discussed in view of known population migration throughout history.
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ln the article the author develops the idea that the fate of the language of Croats in Istria is part oftheir general historic fate. Prior to the 1940s the Croats in Istria, not including the area of the Croatian medieval state which spread to Raša, were a people without a state or rulers of their own. They did not have their gentry, middle class nor cities. Thus the only protectors of Croatian language values, in the encirclement of stronger communities, were the Croatian priest and the Croatian commoner. In such circumstances a strong penetration of Roman idioms into the syntactic frame and lexis of Croatian language systems in Istria ensued. But in spite of this, the substance and structure of Croatian idioms had been preserved, as well as the awareness of the Croatian language, while the amount of Istrian idioms in the Croatian standard morphological and prosodic structures was confirmed. Popular experience found a strong literary expression in the works of Mate Balota, and the new language and literary orientation has led towards tending initial language values and modern Croatian Iiterariness.
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The first Dalmatian newspaper of an administrative-political character, „Il Regio Dalmata – Kraglski Dalmatin”, was published from 12th July 1806 to 1st April 1810 as a bilingual (Italian-Croatian) publication. The Croatian text translated from the Italian original did not relate to the whole content, but just to those parts that were considered to offer particular information to the vast Dalmatian audience. The editor and the author of the majority of articles was Bartolo Benincasa and the translators were Nikola Dominik Budrović, Paško Jukić, Nikola Sandrić and Andrija Kadčić. Since the late medieval period, there had existed a developed tradition of oral and literary translation in Dalmatia. However, the translator came to grips with this very difficult task due to the fact that, in the Croatian of that period, elaborated terminology still did not exist that could encompass all segments of public life, politics, science, philosophy etc. The translator, led by puritan tendencies, endeavoured to create in Croatian a whole sequence of new phrases when translating the foreign ones, mostly Italian language patterns, in order to express a new political and social reality. Since the Croatian text is translated from Italian, it is obvious that the text abounds in lexical, phraseological and syntactic calques that imitate Italian language models or constructions.
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In this paper, the linguistic characteristics of Šokci and Bunjevci Croats in Bačka and Croats in Srijem, as well as Croats in Andzabeg (south of Budapest) are described. The analysis is based upon the brief prose noted by Balint Vujkov, while listening to local storytellers who were born at the end of the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century. It is determined that, a hundred years ago, the local idioms of Croats in Srijem maintained features of the Slavonian dialect, to which they essentially belong.
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The article deals with lexical borrowings in Old Church Slavonic, particularly with borrowings from Greeks, from the point of view of their etymological origin, meaning and further spreading in other Slavonic languages. On examples from semantic field “architecture” it is shown that the borrowings in Old Church Slavonic constitute a peculiar part of the lexicon the sorting of which does not have a simple solution according to generalizing rules.
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The author deals with the history and present situation of Macedonian regional ethnocultural groups. She compares the studies on these topics in the Macedonian national ethnology with the studies in the Czech, Slovak and Bulgarian ethnology. For the regional groups the ethnology used and uses variety of terms, which differ in the diverse national traditions, and all of them have their own historical development. The shift of various terms (tribe, ethnographic group, subethnical group, regional group, ethnocultural group, ethnic group) is accompanied by a change in the interpretation. The conception of regional groups as ethnic subgroups leads nowadays to a new interest in them. Regional groups are delimited by a collective identity, an awareness of dissimilarity and by an ethnonym. Nowhere on the Earth they are a nation, they are smaller than a nation, they differ in a specific characteristic from the surroundings and geographically they cover the area from several localities to a macroregion. On the Balkans their main features are incoherence caused by the migration and heterogeneity caused by the Balkan‘s multiethnicity and multiculturality. Hence these groups were not of the same importance in a cultural characteristic of the regions in the Balkan countries as e.g. in Moravia. In multiethnic Macedonia, one or two regional groups, several ethnic minorities and members of the majority usually lived next to each other. Among the Macedonian regional groups we count particularly Torbeshes and Gorani in the large region of Sharr Mountains, who differ mainly in a religious way (Islam), while they keep a genetic language affinity with their parent ethnic group. On the basis of ethnonym, identity and language and culture specifics four other groups can be delimited: Brsjaks, Mijaks, Shopi, Mrvaks. During the 20th century a majority of these groups was split by new political borders into the new Balkan states. The identities of the members of the regional groups were made complicated by a spreading of modern national identities: the regional and national identities either became hierarchical or they got into a conflict. They were also influenced by national agitations from outside. Therefore some of these groups or parts of them consider themselves or they are considered as Bulgarian, Serbian or Albanian. On the multiethnic Central Balkans individuals or parts of the regional groups chose and choose various strategies of determination their identities.
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Slovanská Makedonie je zakládající fenomén mezinárodní slavistiky. Má výrazný diachronní rozměr, jenž je právem spojován se staroslověnštinou a Ochridským kulturním centrem, k němuž se hlásí jak dnešní Makedonie, tak Bulharsko. I když makedonský jazyk nepatří ani mezi slovanskými k největším co do počtu mluvčích, je důležitou součástí jihoslovanské jazykové skupiny, rozvíjí se, obohacuje a vytváří umělecké, esteticky a poeticky hodnotná umělecká díla.
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The article describes the problem of the “dark vowel” or schwa, which is one of the phones of Macedonian. It has been discussed among linguists whether this phone is a phoneme too, or just “a dark tone”. Even if it does not exist as a phoneme, it can be often heard in Macedonian, but in some cases it also functions as a phoneme – because it distinguishes the meaning of words. It is not difficult for Czech speakers to pronounce the schwa, but they mostly do not even know that it exists or where it is located. The schwa is not even mentioned in contemporary textbooks, but in my opinion it should be.
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This paper elaborates on the main morphological linguistic features of Split Čakavian in the literary work of Marko Uvodić Splićanin (1877 - 1947). Split Čakavian at the beginning of 20th century was under the strong influence of nearby Štokavian idioms so the town of Split had started to lose its primal Čakavian features. Templates for analysis were texts: Naš bidni tovar (Our poor donkey), Kun Frane i njegov tovar (Godfather Frane and his donkey), Ni ni tovar luda beštija (Not even a donkey is a stupid animal), Štorija jednega tovara (A donkey’s tale). Special details of Split’s labourers’ lives have been connected with that animal. Analysis includes morphological features within forms of declensional, conjugational and unchangeable words. The linguistic corpus has shown the process of Čakavian and Štokavian interference, that is Ikavian-Čakavian with the Ikavian-Štokavian dialect.
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The Croatian Glagolitic medieval literature consisted mostly of religious texts (e.g. hagiographies, visions, debates/contrasts, Miracles of the Blessed Virgin, dialogue poems, miracle and morality plays). Some of them contain the motif of fasting and prayer as well as the benefits of self-renunciation, allowing men to become purer and better in their relationships towards both themselves (through fasting and self-renunciation) and other people (through good deeds and almsgiving), and to achieve a closer relationship with God (through prayer). The motif of fasting and prayer is frequently found in texts of various themes, forms, and genres over the centuries. It was present in European Christian literature from its beginnings to the early modern period, making it a long-standing motif. During the Middle Ages in Europe, that motif was most notably found in moral-didactic and pastoral texts, but also in narrative prose texts. Three Croatian Glagolitic manuscript codices were chosen for this research: Oxford Miscellany (15th c.), Berčić Miscellany (15th c.) and Gršković Miscellany (16th c.), as collections of texts exhibiting motifs of fasting, prayer and works of mercy. The recombination of the motif in different contexts (as a sermon in a debate, as a motif in a legend and as a starting point of a moral-didactic text) reflects the memory-based nature of medieval culture – that which is adopted as one’s own, can be recombined rather freely. The three Glagolitic codices list Biblical figures and saints who found salvation from evil through fasting and prayer (e.g. Isaac, Lot, Susanna, Daniel, three young men in the fiery furnace, Saint Thecla, and Saint Margaret) and those in various ways blessed by God (e.g. Moses, Elijah, Joachim and Anne, the apostle Paul, Saint Nicholas, Saint Benedict). The list of characters is consistent to a large extent in all three manuscripts. The tone and style of the texts indicate that they were intended not only for a smaller religious community, but also for a wider audience. Two important features of Croatian Glagolitic prose are present in the analysed texts: polyfunctionality, because the texts combine practical (e.g. pastoral, moral and didactic) functions with the aesthetic function; and the openness of the form, because themes, motifs and images always appear in new combinations and contexts.
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This article analyses the narration and language in Anno Domini 1573 by Vatroslav Mimica. This film deals with a 16th-century peasant rebellion against feudal lords in north-western Croatia. The director/screenwriter has included modern elements and original accents into this historical film. On the basis of an analysis of two versions of the screenplay (from 1972 and the “film log” from 1974) and their comparison with the film and TV series adaptation, this paper discusses Mimica’s interpretation and narrative design of a story, which draws on historical sources and is topped with fictional elements (the life of Petrek). As Mimica’s characters speak in the Kajkavian idiom, the paper focuses on the linguistic aspect of characters’ lines and the authenticity and anachronicity of the language.
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Context Despite the fact that phraseology is a present-day and appealing theme in linguistics that many linguists gain from, which is due to the fact that our language is made up of many steady and idiomatic structures, this scientific discipline is still an area in which linguists have not agreed yet on the definition of its basic unit and field of research. The findings have confirmed that there are areas in context of phraseology that haven´t engaged attention of Czech and Serbian linguists to the same extent and that terminology in Serbian and Czech phraseology, as well as during the existence of Serbo-Croatian language, belongs to a just partly clarified area.
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The topic of this article is to identify some Croatian linguistic elements that can function as initial discourse markers and to compare them to the equivalent elements in the Italian language. The insufficient representation of their discourse usage in Croatian and Italian dictionaries and grammar books is pointed out by the authors. Some of the difficulties which occur when describing discourse markers are indicated: semantic and pragmatic meaning oscillation, possibilities of initial marker usages in various contexts and with different functions, as well as their salient multi-functionality. Since these discourse markers have interactional functions which indicate a relationship towards the interaction process, special attention is paid to the discourse structure rules, conversation forms and mechanisms that control the communication processes in both languages. By comparing Croatian and Italian examples, the authors attempt to recognize the prototypical representatives of the functional category of initial discourse markers and to exemplify some similarities and differences in the usage of each language element which functions as initial discourse marker.
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The author introduces the socio-linguistic situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina, he identifies the present situation in the usage of three standard languages and he outlines the attitudes of linguistic experts.
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Savremeni perzijski jezik i njemu srodni iranski jezici i dijalekti potječu od zajedničkog indo-iranskog jezika. Oni zajedno sa evropskim jezicima čine širu jezičku porodicu indoevropskih jezika u koje spadaju i grčki, romanski, germanski, slavenski, baltički, keltski, albanski i jermenski jezici. Otuda što pripadaju istoj skupini indoevropskih jezika, perzijski i bosanski jezik su genetski slični, s tim što perzijski pripada iranskoj a bosanski slavenskoj porodici jezika.
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