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This article is dedicated to analyses of Bulgarian idioms stemming from semantic fields centred round "earth” and "desert” from the point of view of cultural linguistics. An attempt has been made to classify cultural markers which were found in our material published in the phraseological dictionaries.
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The way in which we understand and analyze language has been so changed that believing that one nation speaks one language is slowly becoming a myth. Changes in language perception and defining culture are stronger thanks to globalization process, and those changes are reflected in the best way in observing influence of English, one of the strongest lingua franca today, on the other languages. In former Yugoslavia are as that influence started after the Second World War. In that way the oryof languages in contact became reality in this area as well and stayed dominant in sociolinguistic analyses of the English language influence on Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian, mostly through the works by Rudolf Filipović. The most obvious indicator of what is going on when those languages come into contact are the anglicisms which can be shortly defined as words originating from English language and culture. Reaction of academics and wider public to anglicisms have been both positive and negative.The final aim, in this case, is to show those reactions and tackle the topic of language purism and facts that some academics decided that it was not important if “kahva”, “kava” or “kafa” were drunk as long as it was not “coffee”.
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This paper deals with the analysis of sports discourse in Croatian through the theoretical framework offered by conceptual metaphor theory. Within this framework, certain metaphorical expressions found in sports discourse are analyzed as expressions of two conceptual metaphors: sport is war and sport is force. The analysis of these metaphorical expressions combines the methodology of cognitive linguistics with corpus linguistics, resulting in the proposal of a new method for discourse analysis in general. In our research, we introduce the notion of the specialized digitized corpus as a basis for further quantitative and qualitative research. On the basis of the specialized digitized corpus created for the purposes of this research, it is shown how the formation of sports discourse is dependent on three categories of metaphorical expressions relative to the degree of their conventionalization within sports discourse: (a) conventionalized, (b) semi-conventionalized, and (c) innovative metaphorical expressions. Each of these categories is analyzed according to their frequency and various aspects of meaning that it entails. Through the introduction of the semi-conventionalized metaphorical expression category, we aim to examine the gradable line between language creativity and conventionality as it is formed within the discourse of sports.
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This paper investigates the syntactic structure of nominal expressions in Croatian and proposes their analysis in terms of a split DP. Within the split DP-approach, the nominal left periphery contains functional projections DefP, FocP, TopP and DP. I will show that these functional categories host different lexical items (e.g. determiners, demonstratives, possessives, etc.) that contribute to the (in)definiteness and specificity of the Croatian noun phrase. A reanalysis of the nominal left periphery in terms of a split DP allows for the explanation of DP-internal word order variations, along with some other syntactic phenomena.
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In this work, based on relevant methodology and current literature in the field of normativity, errors in writing abbreviations in secondary education students’ essays are reviewed. The research covered 500 students (1594 essays in the Serbian language and literature) one classical and one specialized grammar school students, as well as two secondary technical schools. The work aimed to determine whether the students and in which way incorporated orthographic rules and, in connection with abbreviating words and expressions, when their orthographic knowledge is not the focus (unlike tests aimed at testing and evaluation achievements in the field orthography).Survey research has shown that students rarely use abbreviations in their writing tasks (at the random sample of 100 essays there was a total of 42 abbreviations), so that there is a small number of errors (only 35 errors were recorded in the use of abbreviations), what is undoubtedly influenced by a type of written text, lack of knowledge of orthographic norms when it comes to abbreviations, which has been confirmed by a short test given after the research.
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Due to its inconsistency, the prosodic norm of the Serbian language has generated a lot of discussion within the linguistic community. What has particularly been obvious in recent times is the major discrepancy between the prescribed and the actual language in use. Deviations from the norm relate to the sequence of accents and the repertoire of prosodic units. However, one of the most unstable positions is considered to be the pronunciation of the post-accentual length, which, based on the conducted research, is often equalized with the post-accentual shortness in younger population. This paper studies the pronunciation of the post-accentual length in the speech of western Serbia, and employs an acoustic analysis of duration and listening perception to examine the patterns of the disappearance of the post-accentual length (depending on the position within a word, type of syllable, type of accent, etc.).
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In this paper the author analyzes a corpus of Germanisms that have been collected in field research of the dialect of Međimurje. The corpus is analyzed in terms of parts of speech, in terms of extralinguistic reality to which the words belong and in terms of their phonological, morphological and semantic adaptations. A special effort is made to include the variations of replicas at different local points of the dialect of Međimurje in terms of expression and contents. In the chapter on semantic adaptations, a special emphasis is made on the analysis of the seven different kinds of recent secondary semantic adaptations by means of which all the Germanism that have their equivalents in the standard Croatian prolong their presence in the active vocabulary of the speakers of the dialect of Međimurje.
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The aim of this paper is to discuss two fundamental pragmatic notions, convention and context within the framework of communication on social media. By presenting an overview of theoretical perspectives on the two notions and analyzing concrete examples from Twitter we put forward the importance of the dynamic and constant synergy between convention and context in communication on social media, but also in communication in general. Examples of tweets (Twitter posts) will show that the core principles of traditional communication – conventionalization and contextualization – remain strong and are visible in concrete realizations through new ‘communicative items’ such as hashtags (i.e. #onokad) and handles (i.e. @username). The technology behind the media opens up new avenues of creativity for the participants (users, speakers), yet the creativity remains situated within ‘contexts’ (micro- and macro-level) and perpetuated (or dismissed) through mechanisms of ‘conventionalization’. Pragmatics is shown to be a highly relevant and appropriate scholarly field for comprehensive research into language and communication on social media.
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Conference report from Solemn academy dedicated to the linguist Mahir Domi held in Tirana, 13 March 2015.
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Contemporary prosody in Croatian dialects possesses three different rising tones: “long rising”, “short rising” (which evolves from the former diachronically), and “acute” which is older. The acute appears mostly in Čakavian dialects, but is also present in Old Štokavian and some Kajkavian dialects. It is variously known as: “neoacute”; “new acute”; “čakavian acute”; “Posavina acute”; and “twisted”. The acute occurs on stressed long syllables; its main distinction from the other two rising tones is that it is produced in one syllable, while in long and short rising tones the high tone is spread over two syllables. Therefore, the acute can occur in monosyllabic words, as well in the last syllable of a word. The other difference between the acuteand the other rising tonesis its tone contour: Štokavian rising tones have a mostly flat frequency contouron the two neighboring syllables (therefore the rising tone would better suit the description “high tone”), while the acute has been described as “jump rising”. This description of the acute has been made mostly through listeners’ perceptions. In this paper we analyze phonetic realizations of the acute tone in recordings of Old Čakavian dialects (from Pitve and Pučišća), in Kajkavian dialects (from Đurđevac and Molve) and in Old Štokavian dialects (from Bački Monoštor, Stari Mikanovci and Gundinci). From speech recordings we extracted words with realizations of the acute, which were then auditorily verified by a dialectological expert. For further acoustic analysis, we selected words with the least influence of sentence intonation on the lexical tone. In the vowel with acute tone we analyzed frequency direction, frequency range and duration as well as the tone level of the post-accented syllable, where present. The analysis shows variability in acute realization within speakers, and within dialects. In Čakavian and Old Štokavian dialects the post-accented syllable can be low or high, whereas in Kajkavian dialects it is mostly high. Tone contour in the stressed vowel varies: it can be realized as flat, falling, rising, or falling-rising tone contours.
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Allomorphy is a phenomenon that occurs in many languages. Several psycholinguistic studies have shown that allomorphy, if present, co-determines cognitive processing. In the present paper we discuss allomorphic variations of Serbian instrumental singular form of pseudo-nouns as emerging from analogical learning. We compare the predictions derived from memory-based language processing models with results from a previous experimental study with adult Serbian native speakers. Results confirm that the production of suffix allomorphs in Serbian instrumental singular masculine nouns can be accounted for by memory-based learning and simple analogical inferences. The present findings are in line with a growing body of research showing that memory-based learning models make relevant predictions about the cognitive processes involved in various linguistic phenomena.
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In this paper we present the results of agreement experiments conducted at the University of Sarajevo as part of the EMSS project (Experimental Morphosyntax of South Slavic Languages). We conducted two experiments:oral and written. Our hypothesis was that the written experiment would better reflect native speaker intuitions about agreement forms of the predicate when the subject contains conjoined noun phrases. This was based on the assumption that participants in the oral experiment may be more prone to performance errors than those in the written experiment. The first experiment was a computer assisted oral experiment, in which participants were recorded.They were prompted to continue by the computer, which did not allow enough time for excessive thinking, or making corrections. The second (written) experiment contained the same material and distribution of material as the oral experiment. It was administered immediately after the oral experiment, and did not impose any time limits. The participants had more time to consider each example and correct themselves, if necessary. As a result, we assumed that the written experiment would leave less space for performance errors, and may better reflect native speaker intuitions about agreement forms. The experiments confirmed our initial hypothesis: there were considerably fewer performance errors in written than oral tests
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Andrija Kujundžić est reformateur de l’orthographie croate, ou bien de la graphie au commencement du 19. sied e en Bosnie et Herzegovine. Ce franciscain bosnien a oublie ses solutions graphiques dans la grammaire Institutiones grammaticae latinae idiomate illyrico de Štipan Marijanović qui les promouvait le plus efficacement avec ses fameux oeuvres, les grammaires latines et avec un abecedaire scolaire croate. En accord avec les suggestions graphiques de Kujundžić, deux ou trois decennies on ecrivait (en B .-H .) en caracte re s romains: entre 1822. et 1850. Au debut de la deuxieme moitie du 19. sied e la graphie de Kujundžić a e te repoussee par les solutions graphieques de Ljudevit G a j, generalement acceptees par le peuple croate. Kujundžić a du merite pour le developpement culturel du peuple croate au 19. siede en Bosnie et Herzegovine. Ce travail-ci essaye de contribuer a la determination de la place de Kujundžić dans la philologie croate, et a l’eclaircissement de son activite culturelle et ainsi l’arracher de l’oubli injustifie.
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The article attempts to present the comparison of two translator’s achievements: Zbigniew Dmitroca’s Radio Swoboda and Jerzy Czech’s Wdrapałem się na piedestał. The anthologist’s work is considered here as both the act of translation and revelation — joining the translation of literary texts and their compilation in anthologies with scrutinizing the particular writers and literary phenomena as well as the process of translation itself, and introducing a new, transforming quality to the native poetry. A translator-anthologist can be perceived in that perspective as a link between two literary cultures, and also as an initiator of changes and an independent creator who develops, in his own language and on his own conditions, a certain new Polish canon of Russian poetry
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The paper considers the anomalous use of definiteness and gender in Bulgarian noun phrases containing hypocoristic names, nicknames or sometimes even legal personal names. Proper names of people, being semantically definite, usually do not take the definite article in Bulgarian. But in the cases considered it is just the opposite – in informal conversation, in fiction or in ironic statements the use of a definite article is either obligatory or facultative depending on the formal and semantic features of the names. The factors to trigger the anomalous use described may be the female sex of the designee, the less typical ending of the noun, its being grammatically neuter or its inclusion in an attributive phrase. Thus the female legal personal names (e.g. Marija, Elena) may take a definite article on some special occasions (Marijata, Elenata) but male legal personal names (e.g. Boris) cannot. Male legal or hypocoristic names ending in -o (Stojko, Borko
The paper treats the problem of antonyms, based on material from the collection Uhode by Derviš Sušić. The paper aims to explain not only the function of antonymy in the collection, but also to offer a special view and select particular categories of antonymy. Our research shows that antonymy as a purely lexicologicaly-semantic phenomenon has specific repercussions in the content level of the text and message of the work of art. It is explained by numerous semantic incoincidences, presuppositions and confrontations of the content, in some lexemes as well as sentenial and discourse constructions. Acontribution to lexicology is reflcted in given examples from literary text of Bosnian authors, that show practical and very useful indicators of functioning of antonymy. Also, there is a special problem of separating contextual antonyms, which, as well as some other lexicology phenomena, shows general linguistic legalities based on polysemy of linguistic structure of lexemes and other units of the linguistic system, and as such they function in a contextual syntagmatic connection.
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