A Polish argument for the underlying status of [ɨ]

Author(s): Pawel Rydzewski / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2016

This article argues against the single-phoneme approach discussed in Padgett (2001, 2003, 2010), which does not recognize the phonemic status of the vowel [ɨ]. The relevant data are drawn from the processes of Polish palatalization in the class of velars, while the presented analyses are couched in the theory of Lexical Phonology. It is argued that the lack of [ɨ] enforces the use of diacritics and leads to the proliferation of rules that are necessary to accommodate diacritically-specified contexts of palatalization. It is also shown that the singlephoneme approach leads to the morphologization of processes that are typically phonological. On the other hand, assuming the existence of underlying [ɨ] allows for a transparent and uniform account of palatalization effects.

A SHORT HISTORY OF POLISH-UKRAINIAN TERMINOGRAPHY

Author(s): Marek Wojciech Lukasik / Language(s): English / Issue: 16/2016

Specialised dictionaries fulfil a plethora of linguistic and cognitive functions in specialised communication. In particular, such reference works help introduce, harmonise and standardise national terminologies, thus playing an indispensable role in disseminating high quality specialised knowledge. An even more important role may be attributed to bilingual and multilingual specialised dictionaries, whose primary goal is to facilitate the flow of scientific and technical information at an international level. This function has come to the fore in today’s multinational and interconnected professional world. In light of the developing and ever stronger cooperation between Poland and Ukraine, an attempt is being made to evaluate bilingual and multilingual terminographic works containing Polish and Ukrainian which have been published in Poland to date. The aim is to assess the positive developments and to identify the gaps in Polish-Ukrainian terminography. It is hoped that the findings presented in this paper will be applied by terminographers in order to compile terminological dictionaries of higher quality, which satisfy the needs of specific users and follow terminographic principles.

Alice u Ukrajini ili o ukrajinskim prijevodima djela Lewisa Carrolla

Author(s): Liudmyla Vasylyeva / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 02/2015

The aims of this paper are to introduce existing Ukrainian translations of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and their respective translators; to discuss some reasons for recent retranslations of Lewis Carroll’s works; and to show some aspects of translators’ work which are characteristic of translations into Ukrainian and which primarily serve as a means of transferring the equivalent of the creative attributes of Lewis Carroll’s text for Ukrainian readers. The book is gaining in popularity in Ukraine and has been published four times in the last 10 to 15 years. Although it may be said that recent retranslations of Alice in Wonderland show the translators’ response to the demands from the publishers, these retranslations also expand the communication chain of literary reception which continues to cross linguistic boundaries, bringing new readers to the circle of Carroll’s admirers and opening up to them the boundless meaningful perspective of the Alice story. Preserving general equivalence to the original, each translator has tried to make use of the creative arsenal of language resources that exist in the Ukrainian language, bearing in mind – much like Lewis Carroll himself – different groups of readers.

Anadili Rusça Olanların Türkçe Sözlü Anlatımında Karşılaştıkları Sorunlar

Author(s): Hüseyin Polat / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 166/2015

Turkish and Russian are in the different language groups of families in terms of structure and origin. This brings about native Russians language to encounter difficulties in both written and oral language of Turkish. It is known that each language has its own characteristics especially in spoken language and it can vary from region to region, even can vary from person to person. In this study, mistakes of Russian native speakers in oral expressions of Turkish language are investigated. Research consists of the introduction, goals, methods, findings, reviews and results sections. In this search was carried in TOMER (Turkish Language Teaching Center) belong to Ankara University and Gazi University and in preparatory class in Turkey -Kirghiz University, the mistakes of Russian native speakers in Turkish language oral expression are determined. These errors were observed generally in articulation, emphasis, toning, Turkish grammar and negative transfer.

Antropocentrizmus v názvoch húb

Author(s): Tomáš Bánik / Language(s): Polish / Issue: XII/2016

All the substances with which man is encountered, saw through the prism of their physical, human beings, therefore mushroom shape resembles a human figure. Fungi, specifically their fruiting bodies sees as a people, and therefore their classification uses similar criteria as to the classification of people. The basic criterion for the classification of people is their gender. According to this criterion man “pigeonhole” the mushrooms and their names. The oldest pre-Slavic names of mushrooms are female (hliva, bedľa, holubinka, čírovka), most of them concerns slim species with lamella. Word hríb gradually became established as the name of the large mushrooms with tubular hymenofor. Under this cognitive scheme people in our region named by other species of fungi. So mushrooms, that evoke feminine qualities and attribute, are receiving feminine names. Massive mushrooms, or mushrooms having a variety of unpleasant physical and olfactory qualities can be classified as masculine. We know very ancient names of fungi belonging to one species today, for example: rýdzik (Lactarius deliciosus and related species), surovička (Lactarius volemus), biel (Lactarius piperatus and related species). While exploring the Slavic and old Slovak names of mushrooms are very helpful Hungarian words coming from the ancient Slavic.

Białoruskie elementy językowe w rosyjskiej gwarze staroobrzędowców mieszkających w regionie suwalsko-augustowskim

Author(s): Dorota Pasko-Konieczniak / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 38/2014

The article deals with the Belarusian elements in the Russian dialect of the Old Believers living in Poland. The Old Believers arrived in Poland in the second half of the 18th century. At present they live in the Suwałki-Augustów region in the north eastern Poland. They inhabit mostly two villages in the county of Suwałki, namely Gabowe Grądy and Bór, which are very close to each other, and three towns: Augustów, Suwałki and Sejny. The dialect used by the Polish Old Believers represents the western Central Great Russian dialects characterized by akanie, the so-called Pskov group. They share features which are typical of Pskov. The dialect was also influenced by other north-eastern Belarusian dialects, that is, the ones which were closest to the areas originally inhabited by Old Believers, who migrated in phases. After each phase, their dialect came to reflect some new linguistic influences. A large number of lexemes directly borrowed from Polish, or via the Belarusian language, are found in this dialect, which is also characterized by other features common in Belarusian dialects or the Bulgarian language. By way of illustration, they include the following features: the prosthetic j-, prosthetic v-, the occurrence of the endings -im and -ym in the case of singular masculine adjectives in the locative, promotion of the endings -i and -y in the case of the plural masculine and neutral nouns in the nominative, and the occurrence of lexemes borrowed from the Belarusian language.

Bilingualism in Ukraine: Value or Challenge?

Author(s): István Csernicskó ,Réka Máté / Language(s): English / Issue: 10/2017

Several analyses have summarized the linguistic situation of Ukraine, highlighting various aspects of the problematic issues of Ukraine’s language policy. The fundamental problems of the linguistic situation in Ukraine are the lack of consensus regarding the issue of what role the Ukrainian language has in constructing the new post-Soviet identity and in nation building, what status the Russian language should be given in Ukraine. According to the data from the 2001 census, 80% of the adult population of Ukraine speak (at least) one other language fluently in addition to their mother tongue. In the country it is clear that the reality in most of Ukraine is of bilingualism. Almost everyone in Ukraine is bilingual; to varying degrees, a fundamental characteristic of the language situation in Ukraine is bilingualism of society. In spite of this, due to negative historical experiences, bilingualism is stigmatized in Ukraine, and that makes codification of bilingualism impossible on the state level. The paper shows the attitude of the political elite that took power after the overthrow of President Viktor Yanukovych towards the issue of bilingualism. We present how the linguists and representatives of the intellectuals comment on the bilingualism in Ukraine. The primordial, national romantic view that makes the Ukrainian language and the (free and independent) Ukrainian nation the same nowadays strongly dominates in Ukraine.

Body Idioms in Russian and Serbian Languages

Author(s): Mata TARAN ANDREICI / Language(s): English / Issue: 15/2016

The purpose of the current paper is to display a comparative analysis of the body idioms belonging to two related languages, Russian and Serbian that metaphorically designate human physical and psychical features. A part of the Russian and Serbian idioms contain in their structure a word related to body that function as a symbol. The research of the phraseological material has revealed that phrasemes that have as a head-word a word related to body is one of the most numerous type of phraseological units in both the two Slavic languages.

Borrowings in Ukrainian: Etymological, Semantic, and Orthographic Issues

Author(s): Maksym O. Vakulenko / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2015

In the article, the borrowings in Ukrainian as a linguistic and terminological problem are studied on the basis of etymological, comparative, morphosemantic, and acoustic phonetic analysis. It is shown that one of the most prevalent modifications that foreign words undergo in Ukrainian is a shift of values that can lead sometimes to the breach of motivation ties with the etymon meaning, and to irregularities or distortions of lexical semantic relations and to unwanted connotations. Therefore, normalization of foreign words usage is extremely important. In addition, excess of foreign words in Ukrainian – as in many European languages – often causes orthoepic and orthographic difficulties in their mastering. It is expedient therefore to intensify use of native units, minimizing the number of unnecessary borrowings. Relevant spelling propositions are formulated, including the use of the Ukrainian “ă” and “č” and expediency of some simplifications in the loanwords.

Demonstrative or article? The case of ten in Polish

Author(s): Artur Bartnik / Language(s): English / Issue: 11/2015

The paper discusses the syntactic status of the Polish demonstrative pronoun ten ‘this’ in the light of grammaticalization theory. The discussion begins with establishing formal (morphosyntactic) as well as semantic criteria for discriminating between articles and demonstratives. Then it reviews arguments for the demonstrative status of ten put forward in the literature. The paper ends with providing evidence for the definite article status of ten. Although the primary function of ten is still that of a demonstrative pronoun, it reveals some traces of categorial change on the grammaticalization cline in spoken Polish.

Der Instrumental des Ortes und der Zeit in den slavischen Sprachen. Kasusmarkierung und präpositionale Kodierung lokaler und temporaler Relationen im Russischen, Polnischen und Serbeischen / Kroatischen

Author(s): A.V. Koroleva / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 60/2015

Review of: The instrumental of place and time in the Slavic languages. Case marking and prepositional coding of local and temporal relations in Russian, Polish and Serbian / Croatian. Oldenburg: BIS-Verlag, 2014.

Derywaty z interfiksem -i- / -i/y- oraz pierwszym członem czasownikowym w języku serbskim, rosyjskim oraz polskim

Author(s): Dragana Ratkovic / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 51/2016

The paper gives a comparative historical analysis of derivative words with the i / i/y- interfix and a verb as the first component in Serbian, Russian and Polish from the standpoint of contemporary Slavic morphology (derivatology). The aim is to provide their description in terms of semantic variation. The author ascertains that all the three languages feature a derivational model of forming expressive lexis by means of the i / i/y- interfix, predominantly nouns, of mostly humorous and pejorative meaning. A special group is formed by onyms (nicknames turned surnames, but also toponyms, oronyms, hydronyms etc). This type of words first occurred in Serbian and Russian in the thirteenth century (possibly in Serbian in the eleventh century), and in Polish in the fifteenth century. Judging by the available sources, derivatives with the i- interfix appear frequently in historical as well as modern Serbian, Polish and Russian (much more in Serbian and Polish than in Russian). In Serbian and Russian pre-nineteenth-century sources chiefly given names and nicknames-turnedsurnames were noted (in Russian, also some animal and plant names as well as abstract nouns). In Old Polish, words of the discussed kind are zoological and botanical lexemes; from Middle Polish on, the lexemes encompass all semantic categories characteristic of modern Serbian and Russian. It should, however, be stressed that the inaccessibility of the spoken language as well as the limited number of sources introduce considerable uncertainty to observations regarding the time of origin and vocabulary of the first centuries of Slavic languages. This applies especially to expressively marked lexemes, a considerable portion of which is constituted by common nouns of the “A (verb) + -i- / -i/y- + B” model. In contemporary Serbian, Polish and Russian, the lexis formed by means of this derivational model is almost equally developed conceptually and relates predominantly to the same phenomena. Expressive words in all three languages are formed in the processes of metonymisation, metaphorisation, personification, hyperbolization and grotesque, and are characterized by numerous derivational and semantic equivalents.

DIctionnaire Synchronique des FAmilles dÉrivationnelles de mots français (DISFA ) jako faza ewolucji słowotwórstwa gniazdowego

Author(s): Wanda Fijalkowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 21/2016

The lexicography of the Slavonic nations, especially the branch of nest lexicography, has seen an impetuous development since the sixties, producing at least fifty publications, but it remains effectively unknown to French lexicography. Updated terminology, the symbols of successive parts of speech in the word-formative chain from the centre of the nest to the specific derivative, remain an achievement of researchers solely on this side of the Rhône. The DISFA dictionary (Claude Gruaz et al., published *""‰) neither does refer to the Slavonic tradition, nor even to the native, French tradition (p.ex. an unfinished project from the nineties that was initiated by Danielle Corbin), and remains despite the announcements only a morphological and etymological dictionary.

Dovanota vertybė ar įsiūlytas paveldas? Lietuvos rusakalbių nuostatos gimtosios kalbos atžvilgiu

Author(s): Ala Lichaciova,Svetlana Markova / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 4/2014

So far there has been no detailed research done in Lithuania that would allow to analyze the attitudes of the Russian-speaking citizens towards their native language. In this article, an attempt is made to determine the subtle relation between the Lithuanian citizens of non-Lithuanian nationality and the Russian language which is considered to be native in their families, while they either are Russians or identify themselves as Russians.Certain questions concerning this problem are taken into consideration: do Russian-speaking citizens feel good about using their native language; do they feel affinity to Russia as their symbolic homeland or the mother country of their language; do they want their children to have a good command of Russian and consider it their native language; is their relationship with their native language affected by the manifestation of Russophobia in public discourse and mass media.The data of the sociolinguistic projects Language Use and Ethnic Identity in Lithuanian Cities (2007–2009) and A Sociolinguistic Map of Lithuania (2010–2012) focussing on Vilnius, Klaipėda and Visaginas is discussed. These cities have been selected as the ones with the largest Russian-speaking population as compared to other regions of Lithuania.The analysis of in-depth interviews reveals that for the Russian-speaking people in Lithuania the native language remains the only real indicator of their ethnic self-identification. Most of the respondents do not regard Russia as a country close to them in terms of lifestyle and mentality, they do not perceive Russia as a symbolic concept defining their self-identity; it is for them the space of their mother tongue. The respondents claim that they value their mother tongue, see it as emotionally closest and stress the relation between the Russian language and culture as well as the pragmatic value of knowing Russian nowadays. Young respondents declare that they intend to do their best to pass their mother tongue to their future children.However, the intentions of the Russian-speaking people of Lithuania to support the vitality of their native language, which requires more effort than is usual for people living in the environment of a different language. In the Lithuanian media and online comment sections, ethnic and linguistic intolerance towards local people who speak another language is livened up periodically. Therefore Russian-speaking residents of Lithuania need to be psychologically strong in order to resist the pressure of public discourse and to sustain their native language.

Eзиковедската българистика в Лвивския университет

Author(s): Olha Soroka / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 23/2011

FORMS OF ADDRESS AS DISCRETE MODAL OPERATORS

Author(s): Wojciech Sosnowski / Language(s): English / Issue: 16/2016

The category of expressions of politeness includes, among others, forms of address. Forms of address express honorification. Honorification can be defined as a special type of meaning that consists of information about the social and interpersonal relations between the speaker and the addressee, the speaker and the hearer, and the speaker and the protagonist of the predication. As far as their place in the syntactic structure is concerned, forms of address can either be integrated with the other elements of a predication or not. However, they are always part of a predication’s semantic structure. Moreover, forms of address convey the speaker’s attitude to the meaning of the predicate that they want to convey, which consequently means that forms of address also carry a modal element. Modality can be defined as a situation in which an individual is in a particular mental state, i.e. exhibits some kind of attitude to a situation or a type of situations. Forms of address can be categorised as modal operators conveying imperatives, requests, suppositions, etc. The term “operator” can be used for a unit of language when it changes the semantic structure of the predication. My research on honorification is mainly based on contemporary corpora, both monolingual and multilingual. In the present study, I analyse forms of address which carry imperative and optative meanings.

Formuliczność w Słowniku górnołużycko-polskim

Author(s): Grzegorz Szpila / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2015

The paper discusses the place and presentation of formulaic language in Henryk Zeman’s Słownik górnołużycko-polski. Published in 1968, it has remained to date the only bilingual Upper-Sorbian-Polish dictionary of that size. It contains over 5000 phraseological units of varius types. The paper discusses the types of formulaic language found in the lexicon, the macroand microstructure of the dictionary, and the equivalence of Upper-Sorbian phraseological units in the Polish language. Notwithstanding a few inaccuracies, inconsitencies and errors, as well as lexical out-datedness, the dictionary appears to be an invaluable source of lexical information about the formulaic Upper-Sorbian.

Fraz. zbić z pantałyku ‘stropić kogo, pozbawić pewności siebie’

Author(s): Grazyna Rytter / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 51/2016

The article concerns the East-­Slavic linguistic influence on Polish in the second half of the nineteenh century as exemplified by the meaning of the phrase zbić z pantałyku. Today’s meaning of the phrase is associated with another phraseologism zbić z tropu ‘to throw [lit. knock] off trace,’ which originates from the hunting jargon. *Pantałyk as a separate word is not (and never has been) used in general Polish, and the comprehensibility of the whole phrase is the result of the sum of its components. East Slavic counterparts of the phrase are attested from the mid­nineteenth century. In the Polish of the period, zbić z pantałyku had a colloquial status, and its usefulness in the sphere of everyday communication was a manifestation of economy of imaginary rather than conceptual means of expression. Especially in the conditions of widespread bilingualism, the new phrase could easily be recognized against the background of contemporary usage of near­synonymous colloquial phrases derived from the verb zbić ‘to beat’ but also ‘to knock off.’ The greater frequency of zbić z pantałyku in the Polish of south­eastern borderlands resulted from a combination of factors, mainly the blurred boundaries between literary and dialectal (folk) phraseology.

Frazeologizmy Wisławy Szymborskiej w przekładzie. Propozycja kategorii śladu frazeologicznego

Author(s): Krzysztof Skibski,Joanna Studzinska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 25/2016

The article introduces the concept of the phraseological trace – a tool for the study of modified and non-modified idioms (phraseologisms) in the poetic text and its translated version. It analyses Wisława Szymborska’s poems Census, Conversation with a stone and A speech at the lost-and- found, along with their translations into Spanish. The aim of the juxtaposition of the original text and its translations is to pinpoint the differences in conceptualization and determine their sources.

Gabriela Olchowa, Mieczysław Balowski (eds), Języki słowiańskie w procesie przemian, Banská Bystrica 2015

Author(s): Monika Biesaga / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 10/2016