A SHORT HISTORY OF POLISH-UKRAINIAN TERMINOGRAPHY

Author(s): Marek Wojciech Lukasik / Language(s): English / Issue: 16/2016

Specialised dictionaries fulfil a plethora of linguistic and cognitive functions in specialised communication. In particular, such reference works help introduce, harmonise and standardise national terminologies, thus playing an indispensable role in disseminating high quality specialised knowledge. An even more important role may be attributed to bilingual and multilingual specialised dictionaries, whose primary goal is to facilitate the flow of scientific and technical information at an international level. This function has come to the fore in today’s multinational and interconnected professional world. In light of the developing and ever stronger cooperation between Poland and Ukraine, an attempt is being made to evaluate bilingual and multilingual terminographic works containing Polish and Ukrainian which have been published in Poland to date. The aim is to assess the positive developments and to identify the gaps in Polish-Ukrainian terminography. It is hoped that the findings presented in this paper will be applied by terminographers in order to compile terminological dictionaries of higher quality, which satisfy the needs of specific users and follow terminographic principles.

Alice u Ukrajini ili o ukrajinskim prijevodima djela Lewisa Carrolla

Author(s): Liudmyla Vasylyeva / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 02/2015

The aims of this paper are to introduce existing Ukrainian translations of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and their respective translators; to discuss some reasons for recent retranslations of Lewis Carroll’s works; and to show some aspects of translators’ work which are characteristic of translations into Ukrainian and which primarily serve as a means of transferring the equivalent of the creative attributes of Lewis Carroll’s text for Ukrainian readers. The book is gaining in popularity in Ukraine and has been published four times in the last 10 to 15 years. Although it may be said that recent retranslations of Alice in Wonderland show the translators’ response to the demands from the publishers, these retranslations also expand the communication chain of literary reception which continues to cross linguistic boundaries, bringing new readers to the circle of Carroll’s admirers and opening up to them the boundless meaningful perspective of the Alice story. Preserving general equivalence to the original, each translator has tried to make use of the creative arsenal of language resources that exist in the Ukrainian language, bearing in mind – much like Lewis Carroll himself – different groups of readers.

ALTERNATIIVSEID ETÜMOLOOGIAID IV KORI : KORJA, MELEK(AS), RAHE(-) JA RIKKUMA

Author(s): Lembit Vaba / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 63/2017

The article presents new etymological interpretations of the words kori : korja ‘hearth’, melek(as) ‘stock pigeon’, rahe(-): rahejalg, kooljarahe ‘bier’ and rikkuma ‘to spoil, ruin, break, etc’. Kori : korja ‘hearth’ is a forgotten word in modern Estonian, which is known from northwestern Läänemaa as well as Hiiumaa. Nikolai Anderson suggested over a hundred years ago that kori belongs together with the Finnish word korju ‘bear’s (above-ground) winter lair’. Anderson’s comparison has been cited by Andrus Saareste as well as, with some hesitation, in Finnish etymological dictionaries. Julius Mägiste did not attempt to explain the word’s origin in his Estnisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Due to both phonetic and semantic considerations, an etymological link between Estonian kori : korja and Finnish korju is impossible. I suggest that kori : korja is a Baltic loan from the word family represented in modern Baltic languages by Lithuanian kùrti (kùria, kū́rė) ‘to heat up, start a fire etc’, ùžkura(s) ‘oven full of wood; widower’, užkurỹs ‘man who has married a widow and moved into her home; man living in his wife’s parents’ house’. This Baltic word family has equivalents with fire- and hearth-related meanings in other Indo-European languages, e.g. Old Russian курити ‘to start a fire, ignite’, Old English here ‘fireplace, hearth, small oven’ and the stem variant with a final dental consonant heorð ‘hearth, fireplace, home etc’. Kori : korja presumes a Baltic loan base with the stem i̯a-, *kuri̯a-, presumed original meaning ‘fire, fireplace’. Melek(as) ‘stock pigeon’ occurs sporadically in different parts of northern Estonia. This bird name has been seen as onomatopoetically motivated (Andrus Saareste, Mart Mäger, and with hesitation Alo Raun), a view which has been rejected by Julius Mägiste. Another suggestion is that melekas derives from a common Finnic-Mordvin stem, in which -l- may have developed from the affricate *č, cf. dialectal Finnish mettinen ‘turtle dove’, Erzya Mordvin m´eče, m´eča ‘dove’ (Y. H. Toivonen, Mikk Tooms), but Mägiste is skeptical of this explanation as well, and sees the word as more likely a contamination of mehikas ~ mehekas ‘wood dove’ + meltsas ‘green woodpecker, wood dove’. I argue that the explanation of the origin of the word melek(as) must take into account the observation of the Lithuanian linguist, who in the 1880s-1890s drew a parallel to the Lithuanian bird name meletà ‘Picus viridis, Dryocopus martius, Merops apiaster, Coracias garrulus; chatterbox, sweet-talking person’. Baltic *melatā ~ *meletā is etymologically related to the Balto-Slavic word family *mel- ‘to rub, grind; chatter’: Lithuanian málti ‘to grind; speak too much, blather, prattle’, dialectal Russian мелея́ ‘grinder; blabbermouth etc’, dialectal Belarusian мэ́ лю́х ‘lblabbermouth’. Phonetically, there is no reason not to accept the Baltic etymology. The final syllable *-tā of the Baltic loan base has been replaced by the very productive affix k(as), which appears in many bird names. (k)rae- in the compound words (k)raejalad, (k)raepuud ‘trestle table, stretcher, barrow’ derives from the Low German schrage ‘(transverse) stand (with two pairs of crossed legs) etc’ (Udo Uibo). According to older lexicography, Estonian has known the compound words kooljarahe and rahejalg ‘bier, coffin base’, which are not related to the aforementioned Low German loan base, because in Low German loans in Estonian, word-internal -g- is replaced by the partially voiced medial stop -g-, in some cases also -j-, but never -h-. Mägiste has presumed that rahe(-) is related to the Finnic word family rahi: Courland Livonian ra’i ‘chair’, dialectal Finnish rahi : rahin ‘bench with no backboard; stool etc’, Ingrian rahi ~ rähi ‘bench, stove-bench etc’, North Karelian rahi ‘bench’. I propose a Baltic etymology for the word rahi: < Baltic *krasi̯a-, cf. Lithuanian krãsė ‘chair, reclining chair, stool; low footstool; seat’, krasià ‘sofa-like wooden bench with backboard; (reclining) chair; standing/walking chair for a small child; footrest etc’. This Baltic stem has plausible etymological correspondences only in Eastern and Western Slavic languages, e.g. Russian крéсло́ ‘armchair, reclining chair, backrest in a sleigh’. An analogous substitution, i.e. Finnic h < Baltic *s, is e.g. Estonian lahja ‘lean, thin’, dialectal lahi, laih, Finnic laiha etc < Late Proto-Finnic *laiha < Early ProtoFinnnic *lajša < Baltic *laisa-. Estonian rahe ‘hail’ has conformed to other nouns ending in e. Rikkuma, in dialects also rikkima, rikma ‘to break, ruin, damage, smash, destroy; negatively influence someone; decay, deteriorate; (dialectally) go bad, become spoiled’ is a wide-ranging word family found in all Finnic languages: Finnic *rikkoi- < Early Proto-Finnnic *rikka. A Germanic etymology has been proposed for it (Christfrid Ganander 1787), which is rejected by etymological dictionaries of Finnic languages. Another rejected explanation is that of Lauri Hakulinen, who suggested that it is related to the word family rikka : rikan ‘dust, scrap, litter’. I propose a Baltic etymology for this Finnic verb stem, deriving from either 1. Baltic *rika-, on the successors of which are Lithuanian rìkti (riñka ~ reñka ~ rinksta, rìko) ‘to disintegrate, break into pieces, be crushed; to be wrong, confuse, err, act wrongly or imprecisely (e.g. when speaking or enumerating), stumble’, aprìkti ‘to confuse, mix up, garble; to be wrong, do something wrong etc’ or 2. Baltic *trika-, the successors of which are Lithuanian trìkti (triñka, trìko) ‘to be wrong, make a mistake, stumble, get stuck (when speaking, enumerating, etc), stutter; disintegrate; break, be ruined; to be ruined, go out of order (e.g. health); to prematurely give birth; to go crazy, lose one’s mind, rave; to get rabies (of dogs); to get angry; to get confused, puzzled; to engage in mischief, act strangely, impolitely; bother, disturb, annoy etc’. Phonetically, the German and Baltic loan bases are equally plausible, but semantically the Baltic explanation is a better fit. The core meaning of both the Baltic and Finnic word families is ‘to do material damage (i.e. break, ruin)’, from which (likely independently of one another) the other semantic lines have branched off.

Antropocentrizmus v názvoch húb

Author(s): Tomáš Bánik / Language(s): Polish / Issue: XII/2016

All the substances with which man is encountered, saw through the prism of their physical, human beings, therefore mushroom shape resembles a human figure. Fungi, specifically their fruiting bodies sees as a people, and therefore their classification uses similar criteria as to the classification of people. The basic criterion for the classification of people is their gender. According to this criterion man “pigeonhole” the mushrooms and their names. The oldest pre-Slavic names of mushrooms are female (hliva, bedľa, holubinka, čírovka), most of them concerns slim species with lamella. Word hríb gradually became established as the name of the large mushrooms with tubular hymenofor. Under this cognitive scheme people in our region named by other species of fungi. So mushrooms, that evoke feminine qualities and attribute, are receiving feminine names. Massive mushrooms, or mushrooms having a variety of unpleasant physical and olfactory qualities can be classified as masculine. We know very ancient names of fungi belonging to one species today, for example: rýdzik (Lactarius deliciosus and related species), surovička (Lactarius volemus), biel (Lactarius piperatus and related species). While exploring the Slavic and old Slovak names of mushrooms are very helpful Hungarian words coming from the ancient Slavic.

Bilingualism in Ukraine: Value or Challenge?

Author(s): István Csernicskó ,Réka Máté / Language(s): English / Issue: 10/2017

Several analyses have summarized the linguistic situation of Ukraine, highlighting various aspects of the problematic issues of Ukraine’s language policy. The fundamental problems of the linguistic situation in Ukraine are the lack of consensus regarding the issue of what role the Ukrainian language has in constructing the new post-Soviet identity and in nation building, what status the Russian language should be given in Ukraine. According to the data from the 2001 census, 80% of the adult population of Ukraine speak (at least) one other language fluently in addition to their mother tongue. In the country it is clear that the reality in most of Ukraine is of bilingualism. Almost everyone in Ukraine is bilingual; to varying degrees, a fundamental characteristic of the language situation in Ukraine is bilingualism of society. In spite of this, due to negative historical experiences, bilingualism is stigmatized in Ukraine, and that makes codification of bilingualism impossible on the state level. The paper shows the attitude of the political elite that took power after the overthrow of President Viktor Yanukovych towards the issue of bilingualism. We present how the linguists and representatives of the intellectuals comment on the bilingualism in Ukraine. The primordial, national romantic view that makes the Ukrainian language and the (free and independent) Ukrainian nation the same nowadays strongly dominates in Ukraine.

Body Idioms in Russian and Serbian Languages

Author(s): Mata TARAN ANDREICI / Language(s): English / Issue: 15/2016

The purpose of the current paper is to display a comparative analysis of the body idioms belonging to two related languages, Russian and Serbian that metaphorically designate human physical and psychical features. A part of the Russian and Serbian idioms contain in their structure a word related to body that function as a symbol. The research of the phraseological material has revealed that phrasemes that have as a head-word a word related to body is one of the most numerous type of phraseological units in both the two Slavic languages.

Borrowings in Ukrainian: Etymological, Semantic, and Orthographic Issues

Author(s): Maksym O. Vakulenko / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2015

In the article, the borrowings in Ukrainian as a linguistic and terminological problem are studied on the basis of etymological, comparative, morphosemantic, and acoustic phonetic analysis. It is shown that one of the most prevalent modifications that foreign words undergo in Ukrainian is a shift of values that can lead sometimes to the breach of motivation ties with the etymon meaning, and to irregularities or distortions of lexical semantic relations and to unwanted connotations. Therefore, normalization of foreign words usage is extremely important. In addition, excess of foreign words in Ukrainian – as in many European languages – often causes orthoepic and orthographic difficulties in their mastering. It is expedient therefore to intensify use of native units, minimizing the number of unnecessary borrowings. Relevant spelling propositions are formulated, including the use of the Ukrainian “ă” and “č” and expediency of some simplifications in the loanwords.

Demonstrative or article? The case of ten in Polish

Author(s): Artur Bartnik / Language(s): English / Issue: 11/2015

The paper discusses the syntactic status of the Polish demonstrative pronoun ten ‘this’ in the light of grammaticalization theory. The discussion begins with establishing formal (morphosyntactic) as well as semantic criteria for discriminating between articles and demonstratives. Then it reviews arguments for the demonstrative status of ten put forward in the literature. The paper ends with providing evidence for the definite article status of ten. Although the primary function of ten is still that of a demonstrative pronoun, it reveals some traces of categorial change on the grammaticalization cline in spoken Polish.

Der Instrumental des Ortes und der Zeit in den slavischen Sprachen. Kasusmarkierung und präpositionale Kodierung lokaler und temporaler Relationen im Russischen, Polnischen und Serbeischen / Kroatischen

Author(s): A.V. Koroleva / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 60/2015

Review of: The instrumental of place and time in the Slavic languages. Case marking and prepositional coding of local and temporal relations in Russian, Polish and Serbian / Croatian. Oldenburg: BIS-Verlag, 2014.

Derywaty z interfiksem -i- / -i/y- oraz pierwszym członem czasownikowym w języku serbskim, rosyjskim oraz polskim

Author(s): Dragana Ratkovic / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 51/2016

The paper gives a comparative historical analysis of derivative words with the i / i/y- interfix and a verb as the first component in Serbian, Russian and Polish from the standpoint of contemporary Slavic morphology (derivatology). The aim is to provide their description in terms of semantic variation. The author ascertains that all the three languages feature a derivational model of forming expressive lexis by means of the i / i/y- interfix, predominantly nouns, of mostly humorous and pejorative meaning. A special group is formed by onyms (nicknames turned surnames, but also toponyms, oronyms, hydronyms etc). This type of words first occurred in Serbian and Russian in the thirteenth century (possibly in Serbian in the eleventh century), and in Polish in the fifteenth century. Judging by the available sources, derivatives with the i- interfix appear frequently in historical as well as modern Serbian, Polish and Russian (much more in Serbian and Polish than in Russian). In Serbian and Russian pre-nineteenth-century sources chiefly given names and nicknames-turnedsurnames were noted (in Russian, also some animal and plant names as well as abstract nouns). In Old Polish, words of the discussed kind are zoological and botanical lexemes; from Middle Polish on, the lexemes encompass all semantic categories characteristic of modern Serbian and Russian. It should, however, be stressed that the inaccessibility of the spoken language as well as the limited number of sources introduce considerable uncertainty to observations regarding the time of origin and vocabulary of the first centuries of Slavic languages. This applies especially to expressively marked lexemes, a considerable portion of which is constituted by common nouns of the “A (verb) + -i- / -i/y- + B” model. In contemporary Serbian, Polish and Russian, the lexis formed by means of this derivational model is almost equally developed conceptually and relates predominantly to the same phenomena. Expressive words in all three languages are formed in the processes of metonymisation, metaphorisation, personification, hyperbolization and grotesque, and are characterized by numerous derivational and semantic equivalents.

DIctionnaire Synchronique des FAmilles dÉrivationnelles de mots français (DISFA ) jako faza ewolucji słowotwórstwa gniazdowego

Author(s): Wanda Fijalkowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 21/2016

The lexicography of the Slavonic nations, especially the branch of nest lexicography, has seen an impetuous development since the sixties, producing at least fifty publications, but it remains effectively unknown to French lexicography. Updated terminology, the symbols of successive parts of speech in the word-formative chain from the centre of the nest to the specific derivative, remain an achievement of researchers solely on this side of the Rhône. The DISFA dictionary (Claude Gruaz et al., published *""‰) neither does refer to the Slavonic tradition, nor even to the native, French tradition (p.ex. an unfinished project from the nineties that was initiated by Danielle Corbin), and remains despite the announcements only a morphological and etymological dictionary.

Dynamika rozwoju gwar słowiańskich w XXI wieku

Author(s): / Language(s): Slovak,Russian,Czech,Polish,Ukrainian / Publication Year: 2017

The intensive and rapid civilizational development of the last decades has marked its presence in all areas of life in Europe. The changes to the conditions of life and work as well as effects of globalization have affected the rural environments in particular. This gave rise to the idea of organizing an interdisciplinary conference which would provide an opportunity to discuss the problems of rural areas from the perspective of different approaches, including especially linguistics. An effect of this meeting of linguists, sociologists, museologists and anthropologists is the presented collection of articles which allow for seeing the language change we are observing in a wider context.

Dynamika współczesnego słownictwa słowiańskiego w przestrzeni stylowo-funkcjonalnej

Author(s): / Language(s): Slovak,English,Bulgarian,Russian,Polish,Slovenian,Ukrainian,Belarussian,Greek, Modern (1453-) / Publication Year: 2017

This volume of studies by Polish and international linguists is devoted to changes in modern Slavic languages, which are especially noticeable in the spheres of vocabulary and word formation. Taking into consideration the stylistic and functional aspect of lexis development allows for a better understanding of the dynamics of language change and the efficacy of communicational acts. The purposeful and pragmatic character of communicational behaviour manifests itself widely in the social, political and cultural contexts considered by the Authors. The works comprising the volume are divided into three thematic sections: - Phenomena, processes and tendencies in the development of specialist lexis (terminology); - Word formation and lexical mechanisms dynamics; - Lexical change in modern language communication and discourse. The sections help organize the volume by highlighting the dominant theme in particular texts. The scopes of the sections are, nevertheless, not sharply delineated – each section is to an equal extent devoted to the complex and multifaceted subject-matter of the tendencies and changes in modern Slavic vocabulary. Most of the works comprised in the volume adopt a contrastive approach, the remaining ones can serve as bases for contrastive studies. The text analyse the rich material of the Slavic languages – Polish, Czech, Slovak, Belarusian, Russian, Ukrainian, Bulgarian and Slovene – as well as of other languages, like Modern Greek.

Eзиковедската българистика в Лвивския университет

Author(s): Olha Soroka / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 23/2011

Formuliczność w Słowniku górnołużycko-polskim

Author(s): Grzegorz Szpila / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2015

The paper discusses the place and presentation of formulaic language in Henryk Zeman’s Słownik górnołużycko-polski. Published in 1968, it has remained to date the only bilingual Upper-Sorbian-Polish dictionary of that size. It contains over 5000 phraseological units of varius types. The paper discusses the types of formulaic language found in the lexicon, the macroand microstructure of the dictionary, and the equivalence of Upper-Sorbian phraseological units in the Polish language. Notwithstanding a few inaccuracies, inconsitencies and errors, as well as lexical out-datedness, the dictionary appears to be an invaluable source of lexical information about the formulaic Upper-Sorbian.

Fraz. zbić z pantałyku ‘stropić kogo, pozbawić pewności siebie’

Author(s): Grazyna Rytter / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 51/2016

The article concerns the East-­Slavic linguistic influence on Polish in the second half of the nineteenh century as exemplified by the meaning of the phrase zbić z pantałyku. Today’s meaning of the phrase is associated with another phraseologism zbić z tropu ‘to throw [lit. knock] off trace,’ which originates from the hunting jargon. *Pantałyk as a separate word is not (and never has been) used in general Polish, and the comprehensibility of the whole phrase is the result of the sum of its components. East Slavic counterparts of the phrase are attested from the mid­nineteenth century. In the Polish of the period, zbić z pantałyku had a colloquial status, and its usefulness in the sphere of everyday communication was a manifestation of economy of imaginary rather than conceptual means of expression. Especially in the conditions of widespread bilingualism, the new phrase could easily be recognized against the background of contemporary usage of near­synonymous colloquial phrases derived from the verb zbić ‘to beat’ but also ‘to knock off.’ The greater frequency of zbić z pantałyku in the Polish of south­eastern borderlands resulted from a combination of factors, mainly the blurred boundaries between literary and dialectal (folk) phraseology.

Gabriela Olchowa, Mieczysław Balowski (eds), Języki słowiańskie w procesie przemian, Banská Bystrica 2015

Author(s): Monika Biesaga / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 10/2016

HOMONIMIA WŚRÓD NOMINATÓW DOTYCZĄCYCH CZASU I PRZESTRZENI: POLSKO-ROSYJSKIE STUDIUM KONTRASTYWNE

Author(s): Martyna Król / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 29(34)/2016

The article is devoted to the problem of interlanguage homonymy. Resulting from the analysis of Polish and Russian nominates (words and phrasemes) in time and space, there have been selected four groups of interlanguage homonyms: proper homonyms (as well known as the simple ones), homonymoidal homonyms, idiomatic homonyms and culture homonyms. Special attention should be paid to the homonymoidal type of interlanguage homonymy, as this type of homonymy covers the cases of meaning inadequacies of words having very similar meanings in both analysed languages, and in formal-descriptive linguistics, those words are described as ambiguous. The practice in interlanguage contacts shows that the axiom concerning the language polysemy has a very negative influence on the acquisition of the so-called ambiguous lexemes of a foreign language by contributing to the process of identification of a certain form with all the meanings associated with this form in the native language. Hence, here comes to being the postulate to treat lexemes as monosemantic language units and obligatorily use the new notion “homonymoid”, which, according to the author, may replace the notion of “polysemy” as referred to the relations of systemic nominative units.