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DZIAD, DZIADY W GWAROWYM WIDZENIU ŚWIATA (NA MATERIALE SŁOWNIKA GWAR LUBELSZCZYZNY)

Author(s): Halina Pelcowa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 70/2022

This paper offers a discussion of the linguistic picture of dziad present in the folk worldview of the Lublin region, with special emphasis on social, physical, locative, axiological and customs-related aspects of everyday rural life. The meanings of the lexis analysed are grouped according to eight semantic domains, including ‘man and their role in the family and in the social structure of the village’, ‘farming and harvesting’, ‘plants’, ‘food’, ‘footwear’, ‘tools’, ‘weather phenomena’, and ‘folk customs’. The study is based on spoken texts of 2000 informers between 70–90 years of age, collected in 1986–2020, in 600 villages of the Lublin region.

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POLSKIE TŁUMACZENIA HISTORII ALEKSANDRA WIELKIEGO W UJĘCIU JĘZYKOZNAWCZYM – STAN I PERSPEKTYWY BADAŃ

Author(s): Rafał Zarębski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 70/2022

The author presents the state of research of Polish translations of The Story of Alexander the Great – a manuscript translation by Leonard of Bończa (1510) and an anonymous print publication of 1550 as a comparative source; both sources constitute a series of translations. The manuscript provides an interesting lexical material (especially various synonymic equivalents placed in the glosses), which can broaden our knowledge on the affluence of lexical resource of Old Polish language. The study of translational practice of a medieval author opens up new perspectives of research, because of varied use of Latin in Polish language. The 16th century print publication sheds some light on the stylistic and linguistic characteristics of the manuscript, indicating constant and variable linguistic elements in diachronic perspective.

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POLSZCZYZNA KRESOWA NA EKRANIE – ANALIZA JAKOŚCIOWA FILMOWYCH WYKŁADNIKÓW STYLIZACJI W SERIALU BOŻA PODSZEWKA W REŻYSERII IZABELLI CYWIŃSKIEJ

Author(s): Klaudia Abucewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 70/2022

This article concerns the problem of dialectization in a show Boża podszewka by Izabela Cywińska. It analysed language indicators occurring on phonetical, inflectional, word-formational and syntactic planes in 15 episodes of the show. In the research, besides indicating features of north-eastern borderlands’ dialect, it also highlited occurance of features from other polish dialects within characters dialogue.

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Werbalne i niewerbalne przejawy seksizmu w wybranych podręcznikach do nauki języków polskiego i norweskiego jako obcych

Author(s): Anna Olszewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2022

The aim of this study is to examine signs of gender discrimination in selected textbooks for learning Norwegian and Polish as foreign languages. Norway is considered to be a leading country in terms of gender equality, while Poland does not traditionally carry such connotations. Therefore, it is presumed that those slight cultural differences have an impact on the content of the books under discussion. The study considers whether included texts teach about feminism and gender equality. Secondly, professional occupations of male and female characters are examined in order to assess the extent of gender stereotyping. The last part is focused on examples of sexism itself. The analysis leads to a conclusion that gender discrimination is in fact more prevalent in the Polish textbooks than in the Norwegian ones

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NAZWY POŻYWIENIA W GWARACH GRODZIEŃSKICH ŚWIADECTWEM HISTORYCZNEJ WIELOJĘZYCZNOŚCI SUBREGIONU

Author(s): Katarzyna Konczewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

The paper presents the names of food in the Grodno region as evidence of the multicultural and multilingual past and traditions of the subregion. For more than 500 years, it was a unified area separated by a state border in 1948. The basis for the analysis was dialect lexicographic sources and the author’s field research conducted in 2015–2019. The analysis of the selected lexemes allows us to conclude interference between various linguistic systems in the dialects of the Grodno region, the predominance of Proto-Slavic lexemes with pronounced East Slavic features, and the presence the borrowings from Polish with Belarusian dialect features, and also about the borrowings from Lithuanian and Yiddish.

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NAZWY POTRAW W MOWIE MIESZKAŃCÓW DAWNYCH KRESÓW POŁUDNIOWO-WSCHODNICH (NA PRZYKŁADZIE KILKU WSI Z OBWODU LWOWSKIEGO)

Author(s): Anna Kostecka-Sadowa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

The article aims to discuss the names of dishes in the speech of Poles in the south-eastern borderlands. The subject of this study is the generational characteristics of the names of local dishes prepared and eaten as daily meals. The analysis focuses on the dynamics of change in the functioning of food names. The informants are diverse in terms of age, which made it possible to compare the collected materials and see the differences in the spoken issues. The presented material and its preliminary analyses allow us to unequivocally attribute many of the food names to specific generational groups of the studied people. Comparison of the discussed names of dishes with the content of SGP showed that many of them are common with Polish dialect in the Poland. In Lesser Polland the following names were testified: chamuła, czyr, kulesza, maczanka, in Lesser Poland and Masovia there are such names as lemieszka, prażucha, pieróg, zgliwiały ser, in Pomerania – maczajka, in Silesia maczka is known, in Silesia and Lesser Poland we have gałuszki.

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CO O ZWYCZAJACH ŻYWIENIOWYCH MIESZKAŃCÓW WSI PODHALAŃSKICH MÓWIĄ LUDOWE NAZWY ROŚLIN?

Author(s): Ilona Kulak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

The article outlines the nutritional habits of the inhabitants of Podhale on the basis of the folk names of plants motivated by the vocabulary of food. The research material was collected in several villages in the Podhale region in the years 2016–2017. Several dozen units were analysed in which the nominating entity entered the terms of food, objects or activities related to the consumption of food or drink. The comprehensive description of the collected names was facilitated by two classifications – the first took into account the type of motivation (e.g. plant names motivated by shape, taste, performance properties, etc.), in the second – the meaning of lexemes written in phytonyms (semantic classes collecting plant names referring to particular types of food).

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NEOLOGIZM KULINARNY KASZOTTO. STUDIUM PRZYPADKU

Author(s): Agnieszka Latos / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

The study analyses the morphological structure, semantics and contemporary uses of the neologism kaszotto ‘kashotto’ created in Polish by analogy to the Italianism risotto. The hybrid word-formation structured as a semi-calque reveals that the Polish culinary lexicon is being enriched not only through the transfer of Italian terminology or with lexical innovations such as pseudo-Italianisms. The assimilation of Italian cultural and linguistic elements also occurs as a structural and semantic remodelling of the foreign pattern in order to accommodate it to the realities of Polish culture. As illustrated by real examples of use, the new word pattern is replicated. On the sidelines of our linguistic discussion, we propose reflections on the mass reception of Italian culture and the experience of Italianity in today’s Poland, as well as on the semiotic potential of linguistic means carrying information about Italianity in the verbal communication of Polish speakers.

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ODNALEZIONY PROSPEKT WYDAWNICZY DYKCJONARZA PRZYSŁÓW FRANCUSKICH… (1782)

Author(s): Marcin Jakubczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

The article discusses the previously unknown prospect of the four-language French-Polish-Latin-German dictionary entitled Dykcjonarz przysłów francuskich… (Warsaw 1782). This advertising text, published in 1782 in the multilingual newspaper “Annonces et avis divers de Varsovie”, informed that the Dykcjonarz… which had been prepared in Warsaw, would be based on the first and second editions of the Dictionnaire des proverbes français… (Brussels 1710; Amsterdam 1728; however, it is not certain whether the second edition existed). The author of the article verified the contents of the prospect and came to the conclusion that while preparing the Dykcjonarz…, the first edition of the Dictionnaire des proverbes… and one of its reprints published from 1748 were probably used, as well as the Nouveau dictionnaire françois, allemand et polonois… (Leipzig 1744–1747) by M.A. Trotz. The article completes and updates the knowledge of the history of lexicography and brings information on old dictionary advertisement.

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EPTONIM W FUNKCJI NAZWY WŁASNEJ: MOTYWACJA, KONTEKST, INTENCJA (NA PRZYKŁADZIE FRAZY JESZCZE W ZIELONE GRAMY)

Author(s): Aneta Wysocka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

The subject of the article are proper names derived from winged words. The text deals with the issue of the interpretation of these names in terms of content and motivation. During semantic and pragmatic analyzes involving over twenty proper names based on a single winged word Jeszcze w zielone gramy [‘we are still playing green’] (originally the title of the song by Wojciech Młynarski), answers were sought to the following questions: what motivated these names, what aspect of the designate they expose, and what could be the cognitive basis for their interpretation. The research showed that in the case of most of the names, the basis was the source text and linguistic and cultural context (particularly the cultural connotations of the adjective zielony ‘green’, but also connotations of the verb grać ‘to play’). The intentions of the creators of the proper names usually corresponded with the intentional meaning of the source text. They used the imagery, expressiveness, and potential associative richness connected to the song, from which the winged word came, to achieve their own goals: not only to identify the designate, but also to give it a certain characteristic

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FRAZEOLOGIZMY W GAWĘDACH DOMINIKA KUZINIEWICZA

Author(s): Barbara Dwilewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2022

The subject of considerations presented in this article is phraseological units appearing in Dominik Kuziniewicz’s tales. The research material was selected from two of his books: Kochaninkie, patrzajciesami (1989) and Żeby gembulka była uśmiech¬nięta (2007).The overwhelming majority of the phraseological relationships used by the storyteller is colloquial, which was dictated by the topics discussed in the texts that relate to various situations occuring in everyday life. The research shows that only a small group of phraseologies was used in the canonical form, while the absolute majority of phraseological units appear in a modified form. Their various transformations were largely favored by the stylization of the Polish dialects used in Lithuania. As a result of such an operation, in many phraseologisms (with original lexics), Polish grammatical forms were replaced by forms characteristic to these language varieties. Much more often, the author changes the lexical composition of phraseologisms, using various procedures, such as replacing the lexical com¬ponent of phraseology, supplementing phraseology with new components and using phraseological calque of East Slavic languages.

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GRZEGORZ MAJKOWSKI, POLSKI JĘZYK MIGOWY W SYSTEMIE SZKOLENIA OBRONNEGO RZECZPOSPOLITEJ POLSKIEJ. W STRONĘ EDUKACJI DLA BEZPIECZEŃSTWA

Author(s): Joanna Kuć / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2022

Review of: Grzegorz Majkowski, Polski Język Migowy w systemie szkolenia obronnego Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej. W stronę edukacji dla bezpieczeństwa, Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek, Toruń 2022, ss. 404

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Zu einigen Problemen der Vorurslawischen Lautgeschichte

Author(s): Emanuel Klotz / Language(s): German Issue: 63/2020

Based on the reconstruction modelled by Georg Holzer, the author discusses three phenomena of Proto-Slavic that should not exist according to earlier sound changes: 1) Disyllabic masculine o-stems stressed on their first syllable, as they contradict the “Second Deaccentuation”, 2) o-stem dative singular forms in -uw, as this would yield -ū and then OCS -y instead of attested -u, 3) Word forms accented on a short final vowel, as this stress pattern had been eliminated by Olander’s Law. Where possible, the author seeks to harmonize these phenomena with Holzer’s reconstruction, or to provide data for further research.

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TRANSLATION METHODS FOR DEALING WITH THE INCONGRUITY OF LABOUR LAW TERMS IN THE POLISH AND BRITISH LEGAL SYSTEMS – A CASE STUDY

Author(s): Anna Kizińska / Language(s): English Issue: 26/2022

The paper aims to discuss incongruent Polish and British terms referring to labour law. The terms characteristic of each of the three separate legal systems: of England and Wales, Scotland or Northern Ireland are called British terms in this paper. The Polish terms under analysis appear in the Polish Labour Code Act of 26 June 1994 and name types of benefits granted under the Polish Labour Code. The English equivalents of each Polish term researched have been used in two Polish Labour Code translations into English and have been accommodated in the most up-to-date bilingual Polish-English legal dictionary. The research problem is to verify whether the published typology of translation methods used in the Polish-English translation of civil and criminal law terms encompasses translationmethods applied when translating Polish labour law terms into English. The translation methods are defined according to Hejwowski. The theoretical part of the paper includes a presentation of the definitions of a term and incongruity of terms. On the basis of the research, however, it may provisionally be presumed that the published typology of translation methods used in the translation of incongruent Polish and English civil and criminal law terms encompasses the translation methods employed when translating labour law terms into English, as the equivalents under analysis have been formed as a result of the application of as many as four out of the ten methods of the typology.

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ЛIНГВОПРАГМАТИКА НОВОРIЧНОГО ПРИВIТАННЯ ЯК МОВЛЕННЄВОГО ЖАНРУ ПОЛIТИЧНОГО ДИСКУРСУ: ЗIСТАВНИЙ АСПЕКТ (НА МАТЕРIАЛI ПРОМОВ АНДЖЕЯ ДУДИ I ВОЛОДИМИРА ЗЕЛЕНСЬКОГО)

Author(s): Natalia V. Kondratenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 26/2022

The purpose of the study is to analyze the New Year’s speeches of the President of Poland Andrzej Duda and the President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelensky. The main methods used are linguopragmatic and comparative. The main genre parameters of the text are revealed and the requirements as to its content and structure are outlined. The structural components in the New Year’s speeches of the presidents for 2018–2020 are characterized, and a comparison of Polish and Ukrainian presidential discourses is made. Speech acts that determine the linguopragmatic potential of New Year’s speeches are analyzed. A typology of communication strategies used by the Presidents of Poland and Ukraine in New Year’s speeches to influence the recipients in ritual political communication is proposed. The specifics of New Year’s speeches in Polish and Ukrainian political discourse are determined.

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ROZWÓJ POLSKIEJ MYŚLI GLOTTODYDAKTYCZNEJ NAD NAUCZANIEM JĘZYKA DO CELÓW MEDYCZNYCH

Author(s): Paulina Oczko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 26/2022

The subject of the present text is the Polish language of medicine (medical), while the aim is to present and discuss the concepts of teaching medical Polish developed over the last 50 years. The work is both a review and a summary of the achievements of Polish language glottodidactics to date. The analysis is based on both academic texts on linguistic and subject-related education, and on the teaching of specialist (medical) language, as well as on glottodidactic materials from 1975–2022. The review of previous concepts of teaching medical Polish leads to the conclusion that the greatest emphasis was placed on mastering professional terminology and grammatical structures characteristic of the professional speciality, as well as developing reading and speaking skills. The necessity of teaching the competence of working with text, especially its stylistics, was also recognised.

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Kim jest nauczyciel? Językowo-kulturowy obraz pedagoga widziany oczami uczniów

Author(s): Monika Kubiak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 37/2021

The article presents the cultural - linguistic image of a teacher. To make an investigation of this phenomena, the ethnolinguistic system S-A-T has been used. This system, created by Jerzy Bartmiński, is one of the foremost instruments to collect research resources. The S-A-T triad was built from three components: (S) – dictionary data, (A) – survey data and (T) – selected texts from culture. In the beginning, the teacher lexeme will be shown in terms of philosophy, history, pedagogy and didactics. Then, the information collected from data acquired from several dictionaries: etymological, Polish, phraseological and synonyms dictionary will be presented before the survey”s evaluation placed in the end of the article. Students were obligated to give answers for questions related to broadly defined topic of teaching in the context of teacher as a person with synonymous and idiomatic expressions associated with. Next, respondents had to explain who, to their minds, the teacher is. Further questions referred to features of a perfect pedagogue (in primary and secondary school student”s eyes) and justice at school. They were also asked for giving some writings (from literature, cinema and music), where the character of a good teacher can be found.

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Zwrot "wierzgać przeciw ościeniowi" – od genezy do słownika

Author(s): Stanisław Koziara / Language(s): Polish Issue: 39/2022

The phrase wierzgać przeciw ościeniowi – from origin to dictionary The paper provides a proposal of a monographic description of a selected linguistic unit in the Polish language, namely the phrase "wierzgać przeciw ościeniowi", which so far has been commonly perceived as belonging to the resources of Polish biblisms. The work is divided into two parts. The first section is devoted to a rather peculiar genetic status of the phrase, previous description of the unit, its textual realisations in biblical and general Polish language, as well as the state of native lexicographic records. The second part contains synthetically approached data from the first part in the form of a trial dictionary entry of the phrase "wierzgać przeciw ościeniowi", as the ‘trailer’ of multicontextual lexicon of Polish biblisms, combining the elements of philological, biblical and cultural knowledge into a whole.

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"Napadłem niechcący na portret Emilii…" O współcześnie nieoczywistych czasownikach z 1 poł. XIX w. (na podstawie "Podróży bez celu" Fryderyka Skarbka)

Author(s): Olga Radziszewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 39/2022

Unclear meanings of selected verbs from the first half of 19th century (based on Podróż bez celu by Fryderyk Skarbek) The aim of the article is to initiate the lexical research of Polish novels from 1800–1830. It is pursued by analyzing the meanings of verbs on the basis of Podróż bez celu (1824–1825) by Fryderyk Skarbek. In the conducted research, both the methods of computer linguistics and the classical philological method were used, which allowed for the necessary immersion into contexts and connotations. Verbs with meanings not noted in modern dictionaries of the Polish language were subjected to a detailed analysis. From the perspective of the general contemporary language, these are lexical, semantic and morphological archaisms. Half of them disappeared completely, in the remaining ones there were semantic shifts: extensions, narrowing, changes in designation, the analysis of which proves a significant tendency of the nineteenth-century resource to differentiate and expand.

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"Zapraw je korzeniem". Analiza historycznojęzykowa wybranych nazw przypraw korzennych z "Compendium ferculorum" Stanisława Czernieckiego

Author(s): Simone Pasternak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 39/2022

The article is focused on the names of selected root spices taken from the oldest Polish cookbook, which is Compendium ferculorum by Stanisław Czerniecki. The paper briefly describes the importance of roots spices in Polish cuisine in the Baroque era, how the name of root spices was understood by the author of the cookbook and which products he included in this group. In the following part, four names of root spices were extracted: goździki, gałka muszkatołowa, kwiat muszkatołowy and migdał (cloves, nutmeg, nutmeg flower and almond), and then described on the basis of information contained in the Compendium ferculorum. This is followed by a historical and linguistic analysis including considerations of the etymology of the lexemes mentioned. The work ends with a part in which, on the basis of historical language dictionaries and dictionaries of the Polish language, linguistic changes (phonetic, semantic and word-formation) occurring over the centuries within the lexemes mentioned above are traced.

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