"Klapać na pyszczysku", czyli o śląskiej leksyce i frazeologii dotyczącej mówienia

Author(s): Lidia Przymuszała / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 27/2019

The article discusses selected lexical units found in the dialects of Silesia, which refer to the act of speaking. It examines more than 190 tokens and collocations whose common denominator is the meaning of ‘speaking’. Analyzed are units referring to the content of the expression (with the main semantic component ‘to talk nonsense’), as well as those referring to physical aspects of the act of speaking, such as the clarity and accuracy of articulation (‘to speak indistinctly’, ‘to stutter’), the pace of speaking (‘to speak fast’, ‘to speak slowly’), also the tone, pitch, and intensity of the voice (‘to speak softly’, ‘to say shrilly’). An analysis of the collected material shows that these units form a semantically very heterogeneous group, and tokens and idioms which belong to it are characterized by a significant degree of semantic complexity. The article touches also the question of motivation and evaluation which is presented in the text of lexical units.

"The coral of your lips, the stars of your eyes" – the function of the genitive case in a particular kind of genitive metaphor compared to other semantic functions of this case (based on examples in the Polish language)

Author(s): Monika Szymańska / Language(s): English / Issue: 18/2018

This paper attempts to explicate the meanings of expressions representing a specific type of genitive metaphor — binding two notions by the rule of conventional, surface sameness. This article aims to prove that the genitive function that appears in this kind of expression is part of a general pattern modelling the semantic roles of this case. This pattern presents the genitive as a lingual indicator of the relation between a “smaller range” object and a “larger range” object and explains the essence of the semantic function appearing not only in this particular type of genitive metaphor, but also in structures such as genetivus definitivus.

"Ustawienie o piercach a prokuratorzech albo o rzecznikoch" : ze studiów nad staropolską terminologią prawniczą

Author(s): Aleksander Zajda / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 23/1990

Der vorliegende Aufsatz ist ein Versuch, 15 altpolnische Wörter mit der Bedeutung ‘vicarius, advocatus, patronus’ und derer Geschichte im Laufe bis 1600 im Lichte der Wortfeldtheorie darzustellen. Schon im 15. Jhd. befinden sich im Zentrum des Wortfeldes die Bezeichnungen pierca. prokurator, rzecznik - die wir im Titel (Zitat aus der in der Mitte des 15. Jhds. entstandenen Übersetzung der früheren polnischen Rechte) sehen - und zachodica. Andere 11 Bezeichnungen bilden zu dieser Zeit Peripherie des Feldes. Aber auch die Glieder des Zentrums sind differenziert - pierca ist ein masowisches Wort, prokurator - grosspolnisch; nur rzecznik und zachodica sind gesamtpolnisch. Infolge der weiteren Entwicklung befinden sich schon in der Mitte des 16. Jhds. nur prokurator und rzecznik im Zentrum; pierca und zachodica verschwinden überhaupt aus dem Wortfeld, geschweige andere Kompenenten. Ende des 16. Jhds. ist ein ausschliesslicher Glied des Zentrums prokurator - sein Sieg ist auf den damaligen Zustrom des lateinischen Wortgutes in die polnische Rechtsterminologie zurückzuführen.

"Żydy" i "psy" w stadionowym języku nienawiści

Author(s): Kazimierz Sikora / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 27/2019

The paper discusses selected problems of the language of football fanatics who constitute the so- -called szalikowcy subculture (‘hooligans; lit. scarfers’). The author pays most attention to two (pejorative) personal expressions: żyd ‘Jew’ and pies ‘dog’ which, in the hate-saturated conflict between the fans of two clubs from Cracow, Cracovia and Wisła, are used as heavy insults and invectives serving to humiliate and depreciate the opponent. The paper analyses the sphere of negative semantic connotations of both words, their origin and fluctuations.

#naukanatwitterze. O multimodalnym designie informacji w dyskursie cyfrowym

Author(s): Magdalena Makowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 7/2020

The subject of the article are the ways of popularizing scientific and popular science knowledge by using Twitter as a social media platform. The research corpus comprises 100 tweets which come from institutional and individual senders, including both representatives of the world of science as well as of the media that aim to popularize scientific knowledge. As a result of the medialinguistic analysis, which focused on the structural and functional plane of the studied media texts, the high representativeness of multimodal tweets was noted. Namely, language and image contextualize each other: the image allows us to fill the semantic gap resulting from the ellipticalness of the verbal layer of a given tweet. Thus, the contribution of the multimodal information design to knowledge transfer in digital discourse has been demonstrated.

(Nie)honoryfikatywne sposoby określania znanych publicznie osób w polskim dyskursie medialnym na Litwie

Author(s): Irena Masojć / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 44/2020

This article focuses on the ways of referring to public figures which involve the use of honorifics when talking about high-ranking representatives of society. In the Polish cultural tradition this function is performed by official and professional titles and the honorific pan/pani ‘mister/misses’. The study analyses designations used by participants of the discussion programme “Szósty dzień tygodnia” [The Sixth Day of the Week], which is broadcast on the Polish Radio “Znad Wilii” [By the Wilia River] in Lithuania. The research material includes 10 radio broadcasts aired in 2015 and 2016, featuring a total of 24 people (the host and 23 guests). The aim of the study is to identify the most frequently applied constructions that consist of personal names and official/professional titles, and to determine different functions of the honorific pan/pani in these constructions. The quantitative analysis makes it possible to identify the frequency of particular constructions and the tendencies prevailing in the media discourse. The qualitative analysis of the collected material reveals a variety of functions performed by the honorific pan/pani. Depending on the formal or pragmatic context, this item may endow a construction with a shade of respect or, conversely, make it derogatory. The female honorific pani firstly has a grammatical function: it is used with the titles and surnames which are masculine in form as the only indicator of female gender (e.g. pani prezydent, pani premier Szydło).

(Боряна Братанова. Английските фразеологични глаголи и българските префигирани глаголи – граматикализация и аспектуалност)

Author(s): Krasimir Kabakchiev / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2021

(Пра)славянските nt-основи намират своето място в индоевропейското езиково семейство

Author(s): Borislav Petrov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2 (12)/2020

90. narozeniny předního českého dialektologa Jana Balhara

Author(s): Zdeňka Hladká / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 3/2021

On the 90th birthday of Czech prominent dialectologist Jan Balhar

A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF FEMINITIVES IN BULGARIAN, POLISH AND RUSSIAN

Author(s): Wojciech Paweł Sosnowski,Joanna Satoła-Staśkowiak / Language(s): English / Issue: 19/2019

The subject of this article is the contemporary usage of feminitives (specifically the names of occupations and functions), which traditionally are most often derived from masculine names. The article presents a contrastive analysis of feminitive usage in three Slavic languages: Bulgarian, Polish and Russian. The article examines the problem of linguistic asymmetry in the creation of feminine names in the three languages and presents the views of renowned linguists on the issue.

A DEMONIC CHRYSALIS: THE CONCEPT OF BOURGEOISIE IN POLAND

Author(s): Adam Kożuchowski / Language(s): English / Issue: 122/2020

This paper investigates the history of the concept of bourgeoisie in Poland, emphasising troubles with its assimilation into the Polish language, and its special entanglement with the socialist and modernist discourse. The concept, it is argued, was borrowed in the late nineteenth century from France, where it concerned the urban upper-middle class; it arrived in Poland as part of the socialist discourse of the time, which gave it strong negative and derogatory connotations. The ambiguity that arose was further complicated by a number of other factors as well. First, the understanding of the term ‘bourgeoisie’ within the leftist discourse was itself ambivalent, combining the strictly theoretical definition encompassing the class of capitalist owners of the means of production, and the practical and emotional label attached to the urban classes. Second, also for the reasons indicated above, the concept of bourgeoisie was not able to replace the older Polish concepts regarding the urban population [mieszczaństwo], and the differences between them remained vague, and occasionally disputable. Third, not only did the term ‘bourgeoisie’ never fully emancipate itself from the domination of the indigenous concepts, but it also suffered from its translation into Polish, where it was regularly omitted when regarding Western European realities, but where it was a permanent fixture in the case of Russian and Soviet literature. Finally, the paper searches for the reasons behind the relative elimination of the concept from the Polish discourse, or at least large segments thereof, in the last half-century.

A LEXICOGRAPHICAL APPROACH TO THE CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF BULGARIAN AND POLISH PHRASEOLOGY

Author(s): Diana Blagoeva,Maciej Paweł Jaskot,Wojciech Paweł Sosnowski / Language(s): English / Issue: 19/2019

This article discusses the concept behind The Lexicon of Active Bulgarian and Polish Phraseology [Leksykon aktywnej frazeologii bułgarskiej i polskiej] and provides an overview of the key aspects of the methodology used for selecting and composing the dictionary’s entries. The authors outline the theoretical underpinnings of this project, touching on the issue of interlingual equivalence, and explain both the process of selecting and verifying phraseological material and the methodology of presenting lexicographical information in the Lexicon. The article includes various examples of active phraseological units from both languages.

A Simplified Grammar of the Polish Language Williama Morfilla – o pierwszej angielskojęzycznej gramatyce języka polskiego

Author(s): Irmina Kotlarska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 01/2021

William Richard Morfill, A Simplified Grammar of the Polish Language (Uproszczona gramatyka języka polskiego), Nicholas Trübner, London, 1884. Review by Irmina Kotlarska.

ADAPTACJA FONETYCZNA I GRAFEMICZNA NAZWISK I IMION POLSKICH WE WSPÓŁCZESNYM JĘZYKU JAPOŃSKIM

Author(s): Kenji Miura / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 02/2021

While summarising the observations about the phonetic and graphemic adaptations of Polish last and first names in the Japanese language, one can notice that the source form and the target form of such an adaptation differ from each other to a large extent. The main cause of this situation is the discrepancy between the phonological systems of both languages. In simple terms, many Polish consonants do not have equivalents in Japanese and must be rendered using substitute equivalents. Another issue here is the principal foreignness of Polish last names to an average Japanese language user. They are long, do not resemble any patterns of more universal last or first names, since words of this kind are always connected with their native language, culture, and tradition.

Adela Kożyczkowska: Kaszubszczyzna. Pedagogicznie o języku i tożsamości.

Author(s): Elisabeth Walther / Language(s): German / Issue: 1/2021

Adolf Fierla (1908-1967). Poeta, pedagog, emigrant

Author(s): Adrian Uljasz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 13/2019

Adolf Fierla was a Polish writer and teacher attached to the Land of Cieszyn. He was born in the town of Orlová in Cieszyn Silesia and died in exile in Great Britain. He was not only a poet, because he also practised prose. The article is a synthetic look at the biography of A. Fierla and at the most important part of his poetic legacy – poems of religious themes, mainly as a literary and historical phenomenon of a regional nature. The following volumes of Fierla's poetry were discussed: Dziwy na gróniach – Tales of Arêtes (Kraków-Cieszyn 1932), Kopalnia słoneczna – Sunny Coal Mine (Kraków 1933), Kolędy beskidzkie – Beskid Christmas Carols (Czech Cieszyn 1935), Religious Poetry (Warszawa 1971). Religious poems (Prague 1934) of a Czeck poet Jiři Wolker (1900-1924), published in a translation into the Polish language by A. Fierla have also been cited.

Against the Psych Causative Alternation in Polish

Author(s): Bożena Rozwadowska,Anna Bondaruk / Language(s): English / Issue: Special/2019

The paper examines Object Experiencer (henceforth, OE)/Subject Experiencer (henceforth, SE) verb alternations in Polish in order to check whether Polish exhibits the causative/anticausative alternation in the psych domain (psych causative alternation of Alexiadou and Iordăchioaia 2014, henceforth A&I 2014). The focus is on two types of SE reflexive alternants of OE verbs, i.e., (i) SE forms with an obligatory instrumental case-marked DP derived from stative OE roots, and (ii) SE forms with an optional instrumental DP derived from eventive OE roots. It is argued that in both cases the reflexive SE alternants of either stative or eventive OE verbs have an obligatory or optional instrumental DP which acts as a complement and represents a Target/Subject Matter (henceforth, T/SM, cf. Pesetsky 1995), not a Cause. Therefore, the reflexive OE/SE verb alternation cannot be of the causative/anticausative type. Monovalent reflexive SE verbs, lacking an instrumental DP altogether, are unergative (Reinhart 2001), not unaccusative (contra A&I 2014). The overall conclusion reached in the paper is that the psych causative alternation is absent in Polish.

Akademické počátky české jazykovědné bohemistiky

Author(s): Věra Dvořáčková / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 1/2015

For more than three decades, Czech linguists strove to establish an institution devoted to Czech linguistic bohemistics in the area of theoretical research as well as the practical care of the Czech language. That did not happen until 1946, when Ustav pro jazyk cesky (‘Institute for the Czech Language’) was established, with the Kancelar Slovniku jazyka ceskeho (‘Office for the Dictionary of the Czech Language’) considered as its first direct predecessor. The Office, however, was primarily focused on lexicography (even though the concept of standardisation, regional dialects, orthography, orthoepy, stylistic characteristics of words, etymology and other disciplines also required attention, too, given the comprehensive approach to the preparation of an interpretative dictionary), and was included in the Institute as its Department of Lexicography. The establishment of the other departments of the Institute was then influenced by the – sometimes non-systemic – activities of the Class III. committees, and sometimes joint Class I, III and IV committees, of the Czech Academy which either wholly or in part dealt with the linguistic aspects of the matter. The Department of Dialectology at the Institute was able to build upon the earlier research carried out by the Committee for Dialectology, the Department for the Study of New Standardised Czech Language followed up on the activities of the Committee for Orthoepy, the Department of Language History used the materials produced by the Committee for the Study of the Old Czech Bible and the Committee for Photocopying Manuscripts and Old Prints. Work on gathering linguistic papers was transferred smoothly from the Committee for Bibliography to the Department of Bibliography at the Institute. The Cabinet of Phonetics, established at the Institute in 1953, directly based its work on the papers produced by the Committee for Phonography, Committee for Orthoepy and Committee for Phonetics. The Department of Onomastics, included in the Institute for the Czech Language no earlier than in 1969, was a direct successor of the Committee for Topography.

AKSJOLOGICZNA ANALIZA SŁOWA GŁUCHY W JĘZYKU POLSKIM (NA PODSTAWIE MATERIAŁU KORPUSOWEGO)

Author(s): Wiktor Eźlakowski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 02/2021

Słowo głuchy obecne jest w języku polskim od bardzo dawna, tak samo zresztą jak i sami Głusi. I słowo, i ludzie funkcjonują wśród polskiej społeczności od wieków [Czajkowska-Kisil 2014, 25]. Ale jakie nastawienie mają użytkownicy języka polskiego do tego słowa? Nie chodzi tutaj o nastawienie świadome, o odpowiedź na pytanie Co sądzi Pan/ /Pani o słowie głuchy? Czy jest ono pozytywne czy negatywne? Ciekawsze okazać się może nastawienie nieświadome, ukryte w danych leksykograficznych oraz korpusowych języka polskiego. Aby do niego dotrzeć, trzeba przeanalizować słowniki języka polskiego oraz słowniki etymologiczne. Niezbędna okaże się też analiza Narodowego Korpusu Języka Polskiego oraz przeprowadzenie testów mających na celu wydobycie wartościowania w nim zawartego.

Aktywizowanie rozwoju sprawności słuchania w języku polskim jako ojczystym

Author(s): Marta Urszula Chyb / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 29/2020

The aim of the present article is to present the typology of listening comprehension skills activated during Polish language lessons. What the author claims is that in Polish school two types of listening co-exist, namely: natural and activated. The former resembles conditions of natural communication, since a student assumes the role of text recipient, whereas the latter is a process of teaching the skills of listening comprehension. Based on questions and instructions elicited from selected school handbooks shows in what way the activated type of listening comprehension is taught as a part of Polish as a mother tongue lessons.