"Ustawienie o piercach a prokuratorzech albo o rzecznikoch" : ze studiów nad staropolską terminologią prawniczą

Author(s): Aleksander Zajda / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 23/1990

Der vorliegende Aufsatz ist ein Versuch, 15 altpolnische Wörter mit der Bedeutung ‘vicarius, advocatus, patronus’ und derer Geschichte im Laufe bis 1600 im Lichte der Wortfeldtheorie darzustellen. Schon im 15. Jhd. befinden sich im Zentrum des Wortfeldes die Bezeichnungen pierca. prokurator, rzecznik - die wir im Titel (Zitat aus der in der Mitte des 15. Jhds. entstandenen Übersetzung der früheren polnischen Rechte) sehen - und zachodica. Andere 11 Bezeichnungen bilden zu dieser Zeit Peripherie des Feldes. Aber auch die Glieder des Zentrums sind differenziert - pierca ist ein masowisches Wort, prokurator - grosspolnisch; nur rzecznik und zachodica sind gesamtpolnisch. Infolge der weiteren Entwicklung befinden sich schon in der Mitte des 16. Jhds. nur prokurator und rzecznik im Zentrum; pierca und zachodica verschwinden überhaupt aus dem Wortfeld, geschweige andere Kompenenten. Ende des 16. Jhds. ist ein ausschliesslicher Glied des Zentrums prokurator - sein Sieg ist auf den damaligen Zustrom des lateinischen Wortgutes in die polnische Rechtsterminologie zurückzuführen.

(Bardzo) wczesne nauczanie języków obcych. Kilka uwag na temat celów, możliwości i metodyki

Author(s): Joanna Rokita-Jaskow / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2018

The article presents the phenomenon of very early foreign language teaching (i.e. in the preschool years) from the linguistic and pedagogical perspective. It begins with dispelling the myth about the necessity of ‘an early start’ for ensuring future competence, pointing at the relevance of cognitive, affective and social factors influencing the outcomes. Then it presents the possible achievements and crosslinguistic influences in language acquisition of a very young child. Finally, it outlines the critical aspects of FL methodology that are necessary for progress in early FLL.

(Nie)poprawność językowa w oświeceniowych gramatykach języka polskiego

Author(s): Wanda Decyk-Zieba,Monika Kresa / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 02/2017

The object of the analysis is forms considered incorrect, non-standard, yet included and discussed in Enlightenment grammar books of Polish by: Walenty zylarski (1770), Michał Dudziński (1776), and Onufry Kopczyński (1778––1781, 1817), and in a book on the Polish language by Stanisław Kleczewski (1767). The issues of proper language use touched upon by the authors in the above mentioned works refer to various problems: spelling, pronunciation, inflection, word structures and appropriateness, syntactic connectivity, and utterance/statement clarity. The object of the evaluation is (general Polish and regional – borderland) forms which, in the authors’ opinion, violated the norms of general familiarity, semantic expressiveness, and stylistic dignity. The grammarians approve of the borrowings which entered the Polish language long ago. Each of the discussed works is another link in the debate on the Polish language, linguistic habit, and norms of language use.

, Semantyczny model pamiątkowy w etymologiach potocznych nazw miejscowych z pogranicza śląsko-małopolskiego: Bytom, Będzin, Piekary (na podstawie podań)

Author(s): Elzbieta Michow / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 79/2016

The author of the article - basing on Silesian-Lesser Polish place names of Bytom, Będzin, Piekary - presents a tendency of giving the toponyms a commemorative semantic in the common etymologies that are placed in numerous contemporary electronic and paper publications. The most important causes of the phenomenon include the extralinguistic reasons (i.a. development of regionalism and regional education, rank increase of the concept of homeland, implementation of regional European projects, as well as local marketing and promotional strategies, regional megalomania in conjunction with the creation of the literary Myth of the Beginning of the original settlement and its inhabitants), linguistic causes (i.a. non-transparency of the toponyms, low level of knowledge of the language and the methods of creating the place names, the facility to confuse the commemorative with the possessive type, phonetic associations, spelling myths), and literary reasons (genre characteristics of the etymological tale, literary Myth of the Beginning). Furthermore, the author presents the methodology of description of common etymology of toponyms and proposes to use a more appropriate and widespread term, i.e. common etymology (of a toponym) instead of the currently used: folk etymology, since the unscientific etymologies are a natural consequence and manifestation of common thought.

100 години Лекторат по български език и литература в Карловия университет в Прага

Author(s): Milena Prikrylová / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 33/2016

A SHORT HISTORY OF POLISH-UKRAINIAN TERMINOGRAPHY

Author(s): Marek Wojciech Lukasik / Language(s): English / Issue: 16/2016

Specialised dictionaries fulfil a plethora of linguistic and cognitive functions in specialised communication. In particular, such reference works help introduce, harmonise and standardise national terminologies, thus playing an indispensable role in disseminating high quality specialised knowledge. An even more important role may be attributed to bilingual and multilingual specialised dictionaries, whose primary goal is to facilitate the flow of scientific and technical information at an international level. This function has come to the fore in today’s multinational and interconnected professional world. In light of the developing and ever stronger cooperation between Poland and Ukraine, an attempt is being made to evaluate bilingual and multilingual terminographic works containing Polish and Ukrainian which have been published in Poland to date. The aim is to assess the positive developments and to identify the gaps in Polish-Ukrainian terminography. It is hoped that the findings presented in this paper will be applied by terminographers in order to compile terminological dictionaries of higher quality, which satisfy the needs of specific users and follow terminographic principles.

Abstract extensions of the relation UNDER represented by English particle under and Polish verbal prefix pod-

Author(s): Ewa Konieczna / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

In this paper, it is argued that multiple abstract senses of the particle under and the verbal prefix pod- are motivated by the prototypical spatial meaning of the corresponding prepositions. Principled Polysemy Model adopted here argues that meaning extension takes place through general cognitive principles, such as experiential correlation, or real world force dynamics. Owing to pragmatic strengthening, the new meaning becomes established in the semantic network as a separate sense, distinct from the spatial configuration which initially gave rise to it but at the same time was grounded in human everyday interactions with the world and the nature of human body. The aim pursued here is to analyze non-spatial extensions of the particle under and verbal prefix pod- with a view to identifying both universal tendencies and language specific divergences.

Abstrakta v českých a slovenských nářečích

Author(s): Zuzana Hlubinková / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 4/2014

In the contribution we compare available pieces of knowledge about the formation of nouns denoting actions and qualities in Czech and Slovak dialects. Our findings show that abstracts are by no means specific to the standard language only. We have shown – like F. Buffa in his book Odvodené abstraktá v slovenských nárečiach – that in a part of Czech dialects there exist basically the same word-formative types like in the standard language. The only difference is in their usage.

Akademický slovník současné češtiny

Author(s): Pavla Kochová,Zdenka Opavská / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 2/2016

The aim of the article is to present the Academic Dictionary of Contemporary Czech (Akademický slovník současné češtiny). It is a new monolingual dictionary of contemporary Czech work on which has been in progress since 2012 at the Institute of the Czech Language of the Academy of Sciences of the CR. The Academic Dictionary of Contemporary Czech is a medium-sized dictionary with an anticipated total of 120,000–150,000 lexical units. Its objective is to document the widespread vocabulary of contemporary Czech. The article deals with dictionary-making principles concerning both its macrostructure and microstructure.

ALTERNATIIVSEID ETÜMOLOOGIAID IV KORI : KORJA, MELEK(AS), RAHE(-) JA RIKKUMA

Author(s): Lembit Vaba / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 63/2017

The article presents new etymological interpretations of the words kori : korja ‘hearth’, melek(as) ‘stock pigeon’, rahe(-): rahejalg, kooljarahe ‘bier’ and rikkuma ‘to spoil, ruin, break, etc’. Kori : korja ‘hearth’ is a forgotten word in modern Estonian, which is known from northwestern Läänemaa as well as Hiiumaa. Nikolai Anderson suggested over a hundred years ago that kori belongs together with the Finnish word korju ‘bear’s (above-ground) winter lair’. Anderson’s comparison has been cited by Andrus Saareste as well as, with some hesitation, in Finnish etymological dictionaries. Julius Mägiste did not attempt to explain the word’s origin in his Estnisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Due to both phonetic and semantic considerations, an etymological link between Estonian kori : korja and Finnish korju is impossible. I suggest that kori : korja is a Baltic loan from the word family represented in modern Baltic languages by Lithuanian kùrti (kùria, kū́rė) ‘to heat up, start a fire etc’, ùžkura(s) ‘oven full of wood; widower’, užkurỹs ‘man who has married a widow and moved into her home; man living in his wife’s parents’ house’. This Baltic word family has equivalents with fire- and hearth-related meanings in other Indo-European languages, e.g. Old Russian курити ‘to start a fire, ignite’, Old English here ‘fireplace, hearth, small oven’ and the stem variant with a final dental consonant heorð ‘hearth, fireplace, home etc’. Kori : korja presumes a Baltic loan base with the stem i̯a-, *kuri̯a-, presumed original meaning ‘fire, fireplace’. Melek(as) ‘stock pigeon’ occurs sporadically in different parts of northern Estonia. This bird name has been seen as onomatopoetically motivated (Andrus Saareste, Mart Mäger, and with hesitation Alo Raun), a view which has been rejected by Julius Mägiste. Another suggestion is that melekas derives from a common Finnic-Mordvin stem, in which -l- may have developed from the affricate *č, cf. dialectal Finnish mettinen ‘turtle dove’, Erzya Mordvin m´eče, m´eča ‘dove’ (Y. H. Toivonen, Mikk Tooms), but Mägiste is skeptical of this explanation as well, and sees the word as more likely a contamination of mehikas ~ mehekas ‘wood dove’ + meltsas ‘green woodpecker, wood dove’. I argue that the explanation of the origin of the word melek(as) must take into account the observation of the Lithuanian linguist, who in the 1880s-1890s drew a parallel to the Lithuanian bird name meletà ‘Picus viridis, Dryocopus martius, Merops apiaster, Coracias garrulus; chatterbox, sweet-talking person’. Baltic *melatā ~ *meletā is etymologically related to the Balto-Slavic word family *mel- ‘to rub, grind; chatter’: Lithuanian málti ‘to grind; speak too much, blather, prattle’, dialectal Russian мелея́ ‘grinder; blabbermouth etc’, dialectal Belarusian мэ́ лю́х ‘lblabbermouth’. Phonetically, there is no reason not to accept the Baltic etymology. The final syllable *-tā of the Baltic loan base has been replaced by the very productive affix k(as), which appears in many bird names. (k)rae- in the compound words (k)raejalad, (k)raepuud ‘trestle table, stretcher, barrow’ derives from the Low German schrage ‘(transverse) stand (with two pairs of crossed legs) etc’ (Udo Uibo). According to older lexicography, Estonian has known the compound words kooljarahe and rahejalg ‘bier, coffin base’, which are not related to the aforementioned Low German loan base, because in Low German loans in Estonian, word-internal -g- is replaced by the partially voiced medial stop -g-, in some cases also -j-, but never -h-. Mägiste has presumed that rahe(-) is related to the Finnic word family rahi: Courland Livonian ra’i ‘chair’, dialectal Finnish rahi : rahin ‘bench with no backboard; stool etc’, Ingrian rahi ~ rähi ‘bench, stove-bench etc’, North Karelian rahi ‘bench’. I propose a Baltic etymology for the word rahi: < Baltic *krasi̯a-, cf. Lithuanian krãsė ‘chair, reclining chair, stool; low footstool; seat’, krasià ‘sofa-like wooden bench with backboard; (reclining) chair; standing/walking chair for a small child; footrest etc’. This Baltic stem has plausible etymological correspondences only in Eastern and Western Slavic languages, e.g. Russian крéсло́ ‘armchair, reclining chair, backrest in a sleigh’. An analogous substitution, i.e. Finnic h < Baltic *s, is e.g. Estonian lahja ‘lean, thin’, dialectal lahi, laih, Finnic laiha etc < Late Proto-Finnic *laiha < Early ProtoFinnnic *lajša < Baltic *laisa-. Estonian rahe ‘hail’ has conformed to other nouns ending in e. Rikkuma, in dialects also rikkima, rikma ‘to break, ruin, damage, smash, destroy; negatively influence someone; decay, deteriorate; (dialectally) go bad, become spoiled’ is a wide-ranging word family found in all Finnic languages: Finnic *rikkoi- < Early Proto-Finnnic *rikka. A Germanic etymology has been proposed for it (Christfrid Ganander 1787), which is rejected by etymological dictionaries of Finnic languages. Another rejected explanation is that of Lauri Hakulinen, who suggested that it is related to the word family rikka : rikan ‘dust, scrap, litter’. I propose a Baltic etymology for this Finnic verb stem, deriving from either 1. Baltic *rika-, on the successors of which are Lithuanian rìkti (riñka ~ reñka ~ rinksta, rìko) ‘to disintegrate, break into pieces, be crushed; to be wrong, confuse, err, act wrongly or imprecisely (e.g. when speaking or enumerating), stumble’, aprìkti ‘to confuse, mix up, garble; to be wrong, do something wrong etc’ or 2. Baltic *trika-, the successors of which are Lithuanian trìkti (triñka, trìko) ‘to be wrong, make a mistake, stumble, get stuck (when speaking, enumerating, etc), stutter; disintegrate; break, be ruined; to be ruined, go out of order (e.g. health); to prematurely give birth; to go crazy, lose one’s mind, rave; to get rabies (of dogs); to get angry; to get confused, puzzled; to engage in mischief, act strangely, impolitely; bother, disturb, annoy etc’. Phonetically, the German and Baltic loan bases are equally plausible, but semantically the Baltic explanation is a better fit. The core meaning of both the Baltic and Finnic word families is ‘to do material damage (i.e. break, ruin)’, from which (likely independently of one another) the other semantic lines have branched off.

Amerikanizace českých příjmení na území Chicaga

Author(s): Lenka Procházková / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 3/2016

The article discusses the changes in surnames of Czech origin in Chicago. The first part analyzes the historical aspects of the Czech immigration to Chicago during the second half of the 19th century. The second part focuses on the different types of changes of the Czech surnames. Haphazard and infrequent changes are also mentioned.

An Experiment in Labelling Draw-a-Map Maps

Author(s): Kamil Stachowski / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2017

Apart from offering a contribution to perceptual dialectology of Poland, the paper discusses an experiment in which two groups were set a map drawing task. One group was given a map on which major cities were marked while the other a map with the main regions. The two maps combined from their answers have proven to be nothing alike, suggesting that this one detail in the design of the study can dramatically influence its results, and as such it needs to be paid particular attention and further investigated.

Analiza dyskursywno-genologiczna nazw telewizyjnych programów publicystycznych w Polsce (2005–2015)

Author(s): Ewa Szkudlarek-Smiechowicz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2016

The aim of the article is a discursive and genealogical analysis of proper names of television current affairs programmes. The linguistic characteristics (structural, semantic and functional) of television broadcasts’ titles are related mostly to their self-presentation strategies and self-promotional functions. By naming, a television broadcaster creates, above all, the television’s image as an institution which safeguards freedom of speech, which is objective, pluralistic, truth-revealing and which brings a univocal resolution to socially important issues

Analiza porównawcza pola leksykalno-semantycznego ‘kobieta w relacji seksualnej’ w dobie staropolskiej i współczesności

Author(s): Dorota Kondratczyk-Przybylska / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

This paper is an attempt at describing the sematic field ‘woman in sexual relation’. The basis for the excerption was the lexicographic material included in „Słownik staropolski” edited by S. Urbańczyk nad from Słowosieć – polish wordnet. The material obtained from this both references was subjected to a semic analysis discussed from the viewpoint of the semantic field theory as approached by Ryszard Tokarski. What was considered archisems was kobiecość (femininity) ([Human being+], [Childish–], [Male–]) and sexual relation [Sexual relation+]. The analysed vocabulary group was characterised and comparised in terms of hierarchical relations. Result of analysis of Old Polish and contemporary sematic field suggests existence of binary marked sems: [RELATIONSHIP+/–], [PAYMENT+/–], [NEGATIVE ASSESSMENT+/–].

Aneksja kolektywu czy dyktat wybiórcy? Z zagadnień antologii tłumaczeń (na przykładzie nowych wyborów poezji rosyjskiej)

Author(s): Ewa Goczal / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 157/2017

The article attempts to present the comparison of two translator’s achievements: Zbigniew Dmitroca’s Radio Swoboda and Jerzy Czech’s Wdrapałem się na piedestał. The anthologist’s work is considered here as both the act of translation and revelation — joining the translation of literary texts and their compilation in anthologies with scrutinizing the particular writers and literary phenomena as well as the process of translation itself, and introducing a new, transforming quality to the native poetry. A translator-anthologist can be perceived in that perspective as a link between two literary cultures, and also as an initiator of changes and an independent creator who develops, in his own language and on his own conditions, a certain new Polish canon of Russian poetry

Anita Lorenc, Wymowa normatywna polskich samogłosek nosowych i spółgłoski bocznej, Warszawa 2016

Author(s): Andrii Baran / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 02/2017

The review of: Anita Lorenc, Wymowa normatywna polskich samogłosek nosowych i spółgłoski bocznej, Dom Wydawniczy „Elipsa”, Warszawa 2016, ss. 370

Archaizmy leksykalne współczesnej polszczyzny grodzieńskiej (socjolektu szlacheckiego)

Author(s): Katarzyna Konczewska / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

The paper presents the lexical archaisms selected from material collected of the linguistic research carried out at the very Grodno region in 2015, the areas of concentration of the Polish nobility from the area of the Indura city (“szlachta zaindurska”). These tokens non-users in modern literary Polish language, including dialects unmarked in dictionaries, which testifies to the uniqueness of the dialects. Some tokens are not marked in any historical source language.

Archiwalia: The Identifying Function of Language

Author(s): Wladyslaw Lubas / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2016

The linguistic literature (Buhler, Jakobson) mostly mentions six functions of language, paying little attention to the identifying function. Following the assumption that language is not an ‘ordinaty’ element of culture, but is its main basis, we believe that it has more and less stable elements, whose functions are arranged hierarchically.The identifying function has medium stability, is historically variable and becomes particularly important during intensive political changes or (nationalistic) conflicts. An example might be the recent split of Serbo-Croatian into tree languages. The identifying function is always connected with evaluation, which often exaggerates the positive character of a group and its language. Other groups and other languages can be perceived as worse. The identifying function is realized both individually (it can be identified with the expressive function of an individual then) and in a group. In this role it is often used or even abused in modern culture and especially politics. Instead of synonyms and periphrastic expressions we suggest that Polish linguists should make use of the term identifying function of language defined as a nationally or internationally protected function (based on cultural, ideological, or – less frequantly – religious elements) which enables a group of people of common aims, beliefs, ideas and interests to create a community.

Archiwalia: The Twilight of Structuralism in Linguistics?

Author(s): Ewa Jedrzejko / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2016

This article attempts to offer a brief description of the overall situation in contemporary linguistics in the context of the changes taking place. Specifically, it refers to the ongoing discussions in the areias of various contemporary humanist disciplines on the subject of the achievements of structuralism and is future prospects in studies on language. The main theses considered here are: 1. One should not speak of the decline structuralism without indicating how this term should be understood and defining the scope of the teoretical-methodological principles developed by de various structuralist schools. 2. Taking into account the general principles and methods of the description, as given in the majority of contemporary literature on the subject it may reasonably be supposed that as yet no theoretical-methodological counter-proposal has emerged which, opposing structuralism, would discard al its basic premises while at the same time protecting the autonomy of linguistics as a science. The author endeavours to show that it would be more rational to speak of a successive – and broadly enriched – stage of evolution of the idea of structuralism.

Are Dispositional Adjectives a Case of Transposition? – Semantic Effects of -liw(y) Attachment to Verbal Bases in Polish

Author(s): Maria Bloch-Trojnar / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2018

The paper presents the constraints on the formation of dispositional adjectives in Polish marked with the suffix -liw(y) and situates the process in a larger-scale picture of the entire class of deverbal adjectivizations. Derivatives with dispositional semantics are argued to be a subclass of Subject adjectivizations/potential adjectives since both are one-participant eventualities, the sole participant being mapped onto the subject position of the main verb. The difference between dispositional and potential semantics is not categorical but a matter of degree. The domain of this process includes intransitive verbs of communication and emission, reflexively marked intransitive verbs referring to emotional states (deponents), (reflexively marked) decausatives, verbs denoting psychological/emotional/mental experiences which syntactically may be transitive but can be viewed as one-participant internal eventualities, non-prototypical transitive verbs which take genitive- and dative-marked objects and verbal roots which alternate between transitive and middle semantics. The dispositional semantics of the adjective depends on the personal/animate or inanimate nature of the participant involved in the eventuality. Thus, it rests with the base (or partly with the nominal argument) and is not supplied by the suffix.