(Nie)poprawność językowa w oświeceniowych gramatykach języka polskiego

Author(s): Wanda Decyk-Zieba,Monika Kresa / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 02/2017

The object of the analysis is forms considered incorrect, non-standard, yet included and discussed in Enlightenment grammar books of Polish by: Walenty zylarski (1770), Michał Dudziński (1776), and Onufry Kopczyński (1778––1781, 1817), and in a book on the Polish language by Stanisław Kleczewski (1767). The issues of proper language use touched upon by the authors in the above mentioned works refer to various problems: spelling, pronunciation, inflection, word structures and appropriateness, syntactic connectivity, and utterance/statement clarity. The object of the evaluation is (general Polish and regional – borderland) forms which, in the authors’ opinion, violated the norms of general familiarity, semantic expressiveness, and stylistic dignity. The grammarians approve of the borrowings which entered the Polish language long ago. Each of the discussed works is another link in the debate on the Polish language, linguistic habit, and norms of language use.

, Semantyczny model pamiątkowy w etymologiach potocznych nazw miejscowych z pogranicza śląsko-małopolskiego: Bytom, Będzin, Piekary (na podstawie podań)

Author(s): Elzbieta Michow / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 79/2016

The author of the article - basing on Silesian-Lesser Polish place names of Bytom, Będzin, Piekary - presents a tendency of giving the toponyms a commemorative semantic in the common etymologies that are placed in numerous contemporary electronic and paper publications. The most important causes of the phenomenon include the extralinguistic reasons (i.a. development of regionalism and regional education, rank increase of the concept of homeland, implementation of regional European projects, as well as local marketing and promotional strategies, regional megalomania in conjunction with the creation of the literary Myth of the Beginning of the original settlement and its inhabitants), linguistic causes (i.a. non-transparency of the toponyms, low level of knowledge of the language and the methods of creating the place names, the facility to confuse the commemorative with the possessive type, phonetic associations, spelling myths), and literary reasons (genre characteristics of the etymological tale, literary Myth of the Beginning). Furthermore, the author presents the methodology of description of common etymology of toponyms and proposes to use a more appropriate and widespread term, i.e. common etymology (of a toponym) instead of the currently used: folk etymology, since the unscientific etymologies are a natural consequence and manifestation of common thought.

100 години Лекторат по български език и литература в Карловия университет в Прага

Author(s): Milena Prikrylová / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 33/2016

A preliminary study in zero anaphora coreference resolution for Polish

Author(s): Adam Jan Kaczmarek,Michal Marcinczuk / Language(s): English / Issue: 17/2017

Zero anaphora is an element of the coreference resolution task that has not yet been directly addressed in Polish and, in most studies, it has been left as the most challenging aspect for further investigation. This article presents an initial study of this problem. The preparation of a machine learning approach, alongside engineering features based on linguistic study of the KPWr corpus, is discussed. This study utilizes existing tools for Polish coreference resolution as sources of partial coreferential clusters containing pronoun, noun and named entity mentions. They are also used as baseline zero coreference resolution systems for comparison with our system. The evaluation process is focused not only on clustering correctness, without taking into account types of mentions, using standard CoNLL-2012 measures, but also on the informativeness of the resulting relations. According to the annotation approach used for coreference to the KPWr corpus, only named entities are treated as mentions that are informative enough to constitute a link to real world objects. Consequently, we provide an evaluation of informativeness based on found links between zero anaphoras and named entities. For the same reason, we restrict coreference resolution in this study to mention clusters built around named entities.

A SHORT HISTORY OF POLISH-UKRAINIAN TERMINOGRAPHY

Author(s): Marek Wojciech Lukasik / Language(s): English / Issue: 16/2016

Specialised dictionaries fulfil a plethora of linguistic and cognitive functions in specialised communication. In particular, such reference works help introduce, harmonise and standardise national terminologies, thus playing an indispensable role in disseminating high quality specialised knowledge. An even more important role may be attributed to bilingual and multilingual specialised dictionaries, whose primary goal is to facilitate the flow of scientific and technical information at an international level. This function has come to the fore in today’s multinational and interconnected professional world. In light of the developing and ever stronger cooperation between Poland and Ukraine, an attempt is being made to evaluate bilingual and multilingual terminographic works containing Polish and Ukrainian which have been published in Poland to date. The aim is to assess the positive developments and to identify the gaps in Polish-Ukrainian terminography. It is hoped that the findings presented in this paper will be applied by terminographers in order to compile terminological dictionaries of higher quality, which satisfy the needs of specific users and follow terminographic principles.

Abstrakta v českých a slovenských nářečích

Author(s): Zuzana Hlubinková / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 4/2014

In the contribution we compare available pieces of knowledge about the formation of nouns denoting actions and qualities in Czech and Slovak dialects. Our findings show that abstracts are by no means specific to the standard language only. We have shown – like F. Buffa in his book Odvodené abstraktá v slovenských nárečiach – that in a part of Czech dialects there exist basically the same word-formative types like in the standard language. The only difference is in their usage.

Adverbia rovně, zrovna, jejich funkce a významové obměny v čase

Author(s): Markéta Klimešová / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 4/2017

This paper aims to describe and differentiate the diverse meanings of the adverbs rovně and zrovna during the different historical periods. It focuses on the usage of these expressions primarily in Middle Czech. Although a complete dictionary of Middle Czech is not yet available, we attempt to find the most significant functions of rovně and zrovna. Rovně is characterized by multiple meanings in Middle Czech, e.g. ‘stejně’, ‘právě (v tu chvíli)’ or ‘rovnoměrně’. Zrovna does not occur until the Baroque period. However, it is much more frequent than rovně in contemporary Czech.

Akademický slovník současné češtiny

Author(s): Pavla Kochová,Zdenka Opavská / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 2/2016

The aim of the article is to present the Academic Dictionary of Contemporary Czech (Akademický slovník současné češtiny). It is a new monolingual dictionary of contemporary Czech work on which has been in progress since 2012 at the Institute of the Czech Language of the Academy of Sciences of the CR. The Academic Dictionary of Contemporary Czech is a medium-sized dictionary with an anticipated total of 120,000–150,000 lexical units. Its objective is to document the widespread vocabulary of contemporary Czech. The article deals with dictionary-making principles concerning both its macrostructure and microstructure.

Ako hovorí slovenská mládež v Maďarsku a na Slovensku v súčasnosti? (Bilingválna reflexia)

Author(s): Mária Homišinová / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 1/2015

The intention of this paper is to present the empirical research results of the Slovak youth lingual-communication behavior in Slovakia and Hungary, whereas this research work was performed in both countries in the year 2010. Expressions of a spoken form of the Slovak language in surroundings were investigated, which is typical for the application of the written language as a form of a social contact in school – with friends, peers, and in family. The referential framework of this article consists of three analytical levels: 1. the analysis of the knowledge level of the Slovak and Hungarian language (in the case of the Slovak language, its lingual appearances are analyzed); 2. intergeneration relations of lingual communication; 3. the analysis of mutual contexts (the dependence on identification signs)

Ako vníma materinský jazyk slovenská mládež v Maďarsku a na Slovensku? (Etnolingvistická reflexia)

Author(s): Mária Homišinová / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 2/2015

The intention of this paper is to present the empirical research results of the Slovak youth lingual-communication behavior in Slovakia and Hungary, whereas this research work was performed in both countries in the year 2010. Expressions of a spoken form of the Slovak language were investigated in surroundings which are typical for the application of the written language as a form of a social contact in school: with friends, peers, and in the family. The referential framework of this paper consists of three levels of analysis: 1. the analysis of communication skills in Slovak and Hungarian; 2. the analysis of the evaluation of life values; 3. the correlation of these parameters: language communication skills versus the perception of ethnic values (mother tongue).

Amerikanizace českých příjmení na území Chicaga

Author(s): Lenka Procházková / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 3/2016

The article discusses the changes in surnames of Czech origin in Chicago. The first part analyzes the historical aspects of the Czech immigration to Chicago during the second half of the 19th century. The second part focuses on the different types of changes of the Czech surnames. Haphazard and infrequent changes are also mentioned.

An open stylometric system based on multilevel text analysis

Author(s): Maciej Eder,Maciej Tomasz Piasecki,Tomasz Walkowiak / Language(s): English / Issue: 17/2017

Stylometric techniques are usually applied to a limited number of typical tasks, such as authorship attribution, genre analysis, or gender studies. However, they could be applied to several tasks beyond this canonical set, if only stylometric tools were more accessible to users from different areas of the humanities and social sciences. This paper presents a general idea, followed by a fully functional prototype of an open stylometric system that facilitates its wide use through to two aspects: technical and research flexibility. The system relies on a server installation combined with a web-based user interface. This frees the user from the necessity of installing any additional software. At the same time, the system offers a variety of ways in which the input texts can be analysed: they include not only the usual lexical level, but also deep-level linguistic features. This enables a range of possible applications, from typical stylometric tasks to the semantic analysis of text documents. The internal architecture of the system relies on several well-known software packages: a collection of language tools (for text pre-processing), Stylo (for stylometric analysis) and Cluto (for text clustering). The paper presents: (1) The idea behind the system from the user’s perspective. (2) The architecture of the system, with a focus on data processing. (3) Features for text description. (4) The use of analytical systems such as Stylo and Cluto. The presentation is illustrated with example applications.

Analiza dyskursywno-genologiczna nazw telewizyjnych programów publicystycznych w Polsce (2005–2015)

Author(s): Ewa Szkudlarek-Smiechowicz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2016

The aim of the article is a discursive and genealogical analysis of proper names of television current affairs programmes. The linguistic characteristics (structural, semantic and functional) of television broadcasts’ titles are related mostly to their self-presentation strategies and self-promotional functions. By naming, a television broadcaster creates, above all, the television’s image as an institution which safeguards freedom of speech, which is objective, pluralistic, truth-revealing and which brings a univocal resolution to socially important issues

Analiza językowa komentarzy redakcyjnych publikowanych w „Nowinach Sokólskich” pod kątem zróżnicowanego odbioru zawartych w nich implikatur

Author(s): Jerzy Bialomyzy / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 64/2017

This paper aims at proving the manipulative character of articles from the weekly newspaper,especially those regarding local politicians, by means of analysing the texts from “Nowiny Sokólskie”(a popular weekly newspaper in Sokółka District resembling a soft tabloid). This periodicalis concerned with the most interesting news from the Sokółka District (Podlaskie Province). The texts are tackled from the perspective of occurrence of implicatures. The intentions present in the articles is what constitutes their integral part , given the fact that comprehending these intentions is crucial for the mutual understanding of the author and the reader along with the persuasive effect of the communication. The linguistic analysis has been carried out from the perspective of varied interpretations of implicatures depending on the type of recipient, their general knowledge and whether they can properly decode the intended message.Given this, the statements of the author may be in conflict with the so-called conversational maxims – rules defined by Paul Grice (among other linguists), referring to communicative values of the language. Besides, just like in case of any other communicative situation we also have to do with implicatures – the meaning that is not stated directly.

ANALIZA WIZERUNKU JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO JAKO OBCEGO W ŚRODOWISKU INTERNETOWYM

Author(s): Milosz Babecki / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 20/2013

Taken as multifunctional tool, branding is nowadays ready to use not only for material products or various services. Firstly used during the process of territorial marketing, it was also claimed to be appropriate strategy to empower image of languages. This kind of concept leads the theorists to the point when they need to transform their thinking about products. According to this, this article should be also considered as a study in which the author explains in what way Polish language came to be a product in the opinions of young Poles. The essence of the study is dedicated to particular part of branding – parallel image, and particular kind of medium – the Internet. The author gives examples of shaping the image of Polish language in parallel style. In conclusion, he attempts to explain why internet users – so called “vulgarians” – make Polish brand weaker by exposing vulgar, brutal and non-official vocabulary – hate speech, why they search for names and phrases appropriate to express only negative emotions and finally, why they teach it to foreigners.

Aneksja kolektywu czy dyktat wybiórcy? Z zagadnień antologii tłumaczeń (na przykładzie nowych wyborów poezji rosyjskiej)

Author(s): Ewa Goczal / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 157/2017

The article attempts to present the comparison of two translator’s achievements: Zbigniew Dmitroca’s Radio Swoboda and Jerzy Czech’s Wdrapałem się na piedestał. The anthologist’s work is considered here as both the act of translation and revelation — joining the translation of literary texts and their compilation in anthologies with scrutinizing the particular writers and literary phenomena as well as the process of translation itself, and introducing a new, transforming quality to the native poetry. A translator-anthologist can be perceived in that perspective as a link between two literary cultures, and also as an initiator of changes and an independent creator who develops, in his own language and on his own conditions, a certain new Polish canon of Russian poetry

Anita Lorenc, Wymowa normatywna polskich samogłosek nosowych i spółgłoski bocznej, Warszawa 2016

Author(s): Andrii Baran / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 02/2017

The review of: Anita Lorenc, Wymowa normatywna polskich samogłosek nosowych i spółgłoski bocznej, Dom Wydawniczy „Elipsa”, Warszawa 2016, ss. 370

Archiwalia: The Identifying Function of Language

Author(s): Wladyslaw Lubas / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2016

The linguistic literature (Buhler, Jakobson) mostly mentions six functions of language, paying little attention to the identifying function. Following the assumption that language is not an ‘ordinaty’ element of culture, but is its main basis, we believe that it has more and less stable elements, whose functions are arranged hierarchically.The identifying function has medium stability, is historically variable and becomes particularly important during intensive political changes or (nationalistic) conflicts. An example might be the recent split of Serbo-Croatian into tree languages. The identifying function is always connected with evaluation, which often exaggerates the positive character of a group and its language. Other groups and other languages can be perceived as worse. The identifying function is realized both individually (it can be identified with the expressive function of an individual then) and in a group. In this role it is often used or even abused in modern culture and especially politics. Instead of synonyms and periphrastic expressions we suggest that Polish linguists should make use of the term identifying function of language defined as a nationally or internationally protected function (based on cultural, ideological, or – less frequantly – religious elements) which enables a group of people of common aims, beliefs, ideas and interests to create a community.

Archiwalia: The Twilight of Structuralism in Linguistics?

Author(s): Ewa Jedrzejko / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2016

This article attempts to offer a brief description of the overall situation in contemporary linguistics in the context of the changes taking place. Specifically, it refers to the ongoing discussions in the areias of various contemporary humanist disciplines on the subject of the achievements of structuralism and is future prospects in studies on language. The main theses considered here are: 1. One should not speak of the decline structuralism without indicating how this term should be understood and defining the scope of the teoretical-methodological principles developed by de various structuralist schools. 2. Taking into account the general principles and methods of the description, as given in the majority of contemporary literature on the subject it may reasonably be supposed that as yet no theoretical-methodological counter-proposal has emerged which, opposing structuralism, would discard al its basic premises while at the same time protecting the autonomy of linguistics as a science. The author endeavours to show that it would be more rational to speak of a successive – and broadly enriched – stage of evolution of the idea of structuralism.

Around the Bloc: Bulgaria and Mongolia Erect Monument to Cyrillic Alphabet in Antarctica

Author(s): TOL TOL / Language(s): English / Issue: 03/13/2018

In addition to a shared alphabet, the two countries also have a decade-long history of collaboration on Arctic research.