"Klapać na pyszczysku", czyli o śląskiej leksyce i frazeologii dotyczącej mówienia

Author(s): Lidia Przymuszała / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 27/2019

The article discusses selected lexical units found in the dialects of Silesia, which refer to the act of speaking. It examines more than 190 tokens and collocations whose common denominator is the meaning of ‘speaking’. Analyzed are units referring to the content of the expression (with the main semantic component ‘to talk nonsense’), as well as those referring to physical aspects of the act of speaking, such as the clarity and accuracy of articulation (‘to speak indistinctly’, ‘to stutter’), the pace of speaking (‘to speak fast’, ‘to speak slowly’), also the tone, pitch, and intensity of the voice (‘to speak softly’, ‘to say shrilly’). An analysis of the collected material shows that these units form a semantically very heterogeneous group, and tokens and idioms which belong to it are characterized by a significant degree of semantic complexity. The article touches also the question of motivation and evaluation which is presented in the text of lexical units.

"The coral of your lips, the stars of your eyes" – the function of the genitive case in a particular kind of genitive metaphor compared to other semantic functions of this case (based on examples in the Polish language)

Author(s): Monika Szymańska / Language(s): English / Issue: 18/2018

This paper attempts to explicate the meanings of expressions representing a specific type of genitive metaphor — binding two notions by the rule of conventional, surface sameness. This article aims to prove that the genitive function that appears in this kind of expression is part of a general pattern modelling the semantic roles of this case. This pattern presents the genitive as a lingual indicator of the relation between a “smaller range” object and a “larger range” object and explains the essence of the semantic function appearing not only in this particular type of genitive metaphor, but also in structures such as genetivus definitivus.

"Ustawienie o piercach a prokuratorzech albo o rzecznikoch" : ze studiów nad staropolską terminologią prawniczą

Author(s): Aleksander Zajda / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 23/1990

Der vorliegende Aufsatz ist ein Versuch, 15 altpolnische Wörter mit der Bedeutung ‘vicarius, advocatus, patronus’ und derer Geschichte im Laufe bis 1600 im Lichte der Wortfeldtheorie darzustellen. Schon im 15. Jhd. befinden sich im Zentrum des Wortfeldes die Bezeichnungen pierca. prokurator, rzecznik - die wir im Titel (Zitat aus der in der Mitte des 15. Jhds. entstandenen Übersetzung der früheren polnischen Rechte) sehen - und zachodica. Andere 11 Bezeichnungen bilden zu dieser Zeit Peripherie des Feldes. Aber auch die Glieder des Zentrums sind differenziert - pierca ist ein masowisches Wort, prokurator - grosspolnisch; nur rzecznik und zachodica sind gesamtpolnisch. Infolge der weiteren Entwicklung befinden sich schon in der Mitte des 16. Jhds. nur prokurator und rzecznik im Zentrum; pierca und zachodica verschwinden überhaupt aus dem Wortfeld, geschweige andere Kompenenten. Ende des 16. Jhds. ist ein ausschliesslicher Glied des Zentrums prokurator - sein Sieg ist auf den damaligen Zustrom des lateinischen Wortgutes in die polnische Rechtsterminologie zurückzuführen.

"Żydy" i "psy" w stadionowym języku nienawiści

Author(s): Kazimierz Sikora / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 27/2019

The paper discusses selected problems of the language of football fanatics who constitute the so- -called szalikowcy subculture (‘hooligans; lit. scarfers’). The author pays most attention to two (pejorative) personal expressions: żyd ‘Jew’ and pies ‘dog’ which, in the hate-saturated conflict between the fans of two clubs from Cracow, Cracovia and Wisła, are used as heavy insults and invectives serving to humiliate and depreciate the opponent. The paper analyses the sphere of negative semantic connotations of both words, their origin and fluctuations.

Andrzej Zieliński (12 ottobre 1936~26 novembre 2008)

Author(s): Luca Bernardini / Language(s): Italian / Issue: 3/2009

Il 26 settembre 2008 se ne è andato Andrzej Zieliński, professore associato emerito di lingua e letteratura polacca presso l’Università degli Studi di Milano.

Ar žodžio galo balsių ilgumą lemia kalbų kontaktai? Praeities mįslė iš kelių kartų įvairiakalbių vilniečių perspektyvos (trukmės aspektas)

Author(s): Ramunė Čičirkaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 21/2019

This article attempts to verify the historically set axioms associated with the lengthening of vowels in word endings and its origin that are still popular in the normative tradition of Lithuanian linguistics; first of all, it posits that language contact affects the duration of vowels of Lithuanian mother tongue speakers in Vilnius and that lengthening of vowels thus originates from Russian and Polish. The article compares the pronunciation of three groups of Vilnius residents: 1) Lithuanian (those who grew up in Lithuanian-speaking families), 2) bilingual (those who grew up in a family where only one of the parents was Lithuanian and both Lithuanian and Russian / Polish or another Slavic language were used) and 3) native Russian and Polish speakers. The formulated hypothesis is that if longer endings occur in the speech of native Lithuanian speakers because of the influence of Slavic languages, those respondents who grew up in bilingual families and spoke Lithuanian and Russian or Polish at home would produce a longer /i/ and /u/ than native Lithuanian speakers from monolingual Lithuanian families. After comparative analysis of the stressed vowel duration in endings produced by respondents of different ethnic and linguistic backgrounds, it became evident that language contact was not the reason why native Lithuanian speakers produce not only short, but also long vowel variants in word endings.

Bērtin bēru valodiņu: par kādu latviešu valodas verbālu konstrukciju korpuslingvistikas skatījumā

Author(s): Michal Škrabal,Aiga Veckalne / Language(s): Latvian / Issue: 10/2019

In our paper we describe a specific, Latvian two-word construction consisting of a verb preceded by an adverb derived from the same verb by the suffix -in-/-tin- (e.g. bērtin bērt). We are interested in how a given language element, apparently archaic and typical of Latvian folk songs (dainas), is used in today’s language. Some research questions are articulated, including one that goes beyond the specific realm of the Latvian language (how can these constructions be translated into other languages?). We search for the construction in the available Latvian corpora (LVK2018, lvTenTen14, InterCorp lv v11, Rainis and SENIE) and compare the resulting occurrences with a description in the current Latvian linguistic sources: both grammars and dictionaries. Deviations from the norm are treated descriptively in this article, as the speakers’ aim is to achieve a communication goal rather than their mistakes, as well as the creative development of this construction up to the present. The article is supplemented with an appendix: alphabetic lists of analysed lemmas along with their frequency.

By-fráze v českém participiálním pasivu (cesta k analýze pasiva)

Author(s): Petr Karlík / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 1-2/2020

This study discusses the three probably most influential theories of the passive in generative grammar: Chomsky (1957), Jaeggli (1986) and Collins (2005), aiming to evaluate their proposed analyses of the passive structure in terms of their adequacy with regard to the syntactic and semantic properties of the by-phrase in the Czech long passive, i.e. the structure “be – passive participle –DP with instrumental case (= by-phrase)”. It is shown that from this perspective, the most adequate theory of the verbal passive is the one by Collins (2005; 2018b), called “smuggling analysis”. This is because it naturally explains the thematic interpretation of the by-phrase and determines its distribution in the passive structure. The smuggling analysis predicts that the Czech by-phrase(= DP with instrumental case) is the external argument and has the same semantic/thematic interpretation as the [Spec, vP]-argument of the active clause. This theory is entirely consistent with other principles of generative grammar, especially with the UTAH hypothesis (Baker, 1988).

Contrasti polacchi

Author(s): Czesław Miłosz / Language(s): Italian / Issue: 1/2007

Ricevetti un giorno una lettera da un sacerdote americano di origine polacca, che per la prima volta aveva visitato la Polonia. In nessun altro paese, mi scriveva, aveva mai incontrato così tanti diavoli e così tanti angeli.

Cortine di ferro semipermeabili. PRL e teorie della traduzione in Polonia

Author(s): Lorenzo Costantino / Language(s): Italian / Issue: 2/2008

A partire più o meno dalla metà del secolo scorso la traduzione (l'attività del tradurre e il suo prodotto) è divenuta oggetto di un'attenzione crescente da parte di specialisti di diverse discipline.

Die Klassifizierung altsorbischer Orts-, Personenund Stammesnamen

Mit einer Karte

Author(s): Walter Wenzel / Language(s): German / Issue: 1/2020

Like every branch of science, the study of names (onomastics) has to classify the objects it investigates. In the case of the classification of place names it has to be distinguished between those derived from proper names and from appellatives (common names), which are divided further according to morphemic structures and the associated derivational morphemes into five sub-classes. In addition, place names from other name classes, as well as unclarified place names have to be taken into account. In total there are 7  sub-classes with 21 types of place names. In the case of the classification of proper names, more exactly of surnames, distinctions are made on a genetic level between surnames from proper names, that is to say from Slavonic forenames, from German forenames and baptismal names, as well as from appellatives of Slavic and non-Slavic origin, whereby the de-appellatives are presented in an additional semantic sub-classification. The surnames are divided into types and subtypes according to the suffixes used on the morphemic level. Similar to place names, tribal names are divided into those derived from proper names and those derived from appellatives. Further differentiation ensues according to the structure of morphemes, as well as according to the suffixes used in this process. The regional names are distinguished from tribal names in the narrow sense.

Dvě relativizační strategie v češtině: konstrukčněgramatický přístup

Author(s): Mirjam Fried,Karolína Lipská / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 1-2/2020

The article presents a constructional analysis of a subgroup of Czech relative clauses (namely,those with the absolutive relativizer co), addressing specifically the question of the presence vs absence of the accusative resumptive pronoun in these clauses. Based on an earlier analysis of relevant corpus data concerning the differences in distribution (Fried, 2010), we now concentrate on the constructional status of these patterns, with partial reference to other subtypes of the absolutive relative clauses. Using the tools of Construction Grammar and exploring the notion of constructional maps, we propose organizing these patterns in a network of related constructions with shared as well as distinct characteristics; the network is further mapped onto a particular functional space. One of the advantages of such a representation consists in its ability to include minority configurations, transitions from one pattern to another, and, in general, any areas of categorial fluidity.

Eslavismos en el argot del español europeo

Author(s): Bohdan Ulašin / Language(s): Spanish / Publication Year: 0

The Slavic loanwords in the European Spanish slang can be divided into two groups: in the first one we can find the frequent Slavisms (esclavo, pistola, vampiro) that, apart from the primary meaning, created another one, that is used in slang or that served as the basis for generating new words by means of derivation or as part of Spanish slang idioms. The second group, in turn, contains words and expressions that were introduced into the Spanish slang via the caló language spoken by Spanish Romani.

Funkční generativní popis – rámec pro konzistentní popis gramatiky

Author(s): Jarmila Panevová,Eva Hajičová,Václava Kettnerová,Veronika Kolářová,Markéta Lopatková,Marie Mikulová,Magda Ševčíková / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 1-2/2020

In the present contribution, the main constitutive features of the Functional Generative Description as proposed by Petr Sgall and his collaborators are introduced together with a brief characterization of selected Czech grammatical phenomena within this framework. These phenomena include above all verbal and nominal valency and related issues and topic-focus articulation, esp.in relation to negation and presupposition. Criteria for the determination of valency members are proposed together with the changes in the valency structure connected with the application of different diatheses and alternations. The role of valency requirements in complex predicates is described and exemplified by means of derived structures. The other phenomenon investigated is connected with reflexive and reciprocal constructions. Furthermore, attention is devoted to the categorization of deletions and the related phenomenon of the general participant, and also to various comparative constructions that are described as constructions with surface deletions.The constructions introduced by the Czech preposition kromě ‘besides/instead of’ are used as an illustration of how their deep representation looks. The main tenets of FGD have been applied,verified and further refined in the Prague Dependency Treebank family and valency lexicons, which are briefly characterized here as well.

Gramatyka historyczna języka polskiego

Author(s): Krystyna Długosz-Kurczabowa,Stanisław Dubisz / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2006

An academic textbook dealing with the historical grammar of the Polish language. The authors describe the changes, processes and comprehensive tendencies in the historical development of Polish from its beginnings up to the present day.

Gramatyka historyczna języka polskiego w testach, ćwiczeniach i tematach egzaminacyjnych

Author(s): Krystyna Długosz-Kurczabowa,Stanisław Dubisz / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2006

A collection of exercises, which supplements Polish Historical Grammar. It includes multiple choice tests at different difficulty levels, open answer tests and examples of exam questions, which aim to teach the users historical language analysis as well as to enable them to synthesize and define core problems, i.e. to show the most important tendencies in language development and the processes resulting from them.

Il linguaggio di Wałęsa

Author(s): Jerzy Bralczyk / Language(s): Italian / Issue: 3/2009

L’essere umano esiste in notevole misura attraverso il linguaggio. Il personaggio pubblico esiste attraverso il proprio linguaggio pubblico. Lech Wałęsa è una persona pubblica. I suoi discorsi vengono sottoposti ad analisi e interpretazioni, vengono deformati ed estrapolati dal contesto, vengono citati e utilizzati come parole d’ordine. I discorsi di una persona pubblica diventano da questa indipendenti e formano la sua immagine. Non si può dire neppure se si tratta di un’immagine vera o falsa. È con l’immagine e non con la persona che noi abbiamo a che fare.

Il parlato giovanile alla radio in Polonia e in Italia. Un confronto lessicale

Author(s): Marta Kaliska / Language(s): Italian / Issue: 3/2009

Il presente articolo è una concisa presentazione dei risultati della ricerca esposta nella tesi di dottorato dal medesimo titolo.

Il polacco in Europa. Standard europei nell’insegnamento del polacco come lingua straniera

Author(s): Władysław Miodunka / Language(s): Italian / Issue: 1/2007

La Language Policy Division del Consiglio d’Europa ha conseguito un notevole risultato con la proposta di introdurre standard europei, contenuti nella pubblicazione Common European Framework of Reference for Languages , nell’insegnamento delle lingue straniere.

Instrumentál plurálu – „pádový kámen úrazu“?

Author(s): Pavel Sojka / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 1-2/2020

In 1981, four Czech language scholars published a significant paper entitled “The current state and future prospects of Standard Czech codification” in the journal Slovo a slovesnost. The paper contained, among others, a list of non-standard morphological variants that – according to the authors – could or should be included in the Standard Czech codification. In the meantime, some of these proposals have actually been realized. However, according to the authors’ statement, the non-standard -ma variant in the plural of the instrumental case still retained a certain degree of stylistic markedness, even though it was no longer distinctively non-standard. Today, forty years later, we aim to answer the question of to what extent we can still agree with this statement, particularly in spoken journalism.