"Klapać na pyszczysku", czyli o śląskiej leksyce i frazeologii dotyczącej mówienia

Author(s): Lidia Przymuszała / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 27/2019

The article discusses selected lexical units found in the dialects of Silesia, which refer to the act of speaking. It examines more than 190 tokens and collocations whose common denominator is the meaning of ‘speaking’. Analyzed are units referring to the content of the expression (with the main semantic component ‘to talk nonsense’), as well as those referring to physical aspects of the act of speaking, such as the clarity and accuracy of articulation (‘to speak indistinctly’, ‘to stutter’), the pace of speaking (‘to speak fast’, ‘to speak slowly’), also the tone, pitch, and intensity of the voice (‘to speak softly’, ‘to say shrilly’). An analysis of the collected material shows that these units form a semantically very heterogeneous group, and tokens and idioms which belong to it are characterized by a significant degree of semantic complexity. The article touches also the question of motivation and evaluation which is presented in the text of lexical units.

"The coral of your lips, the stars of your eyes" – the function of the genitive case in a particular kind of genitive metaphor compared to other semantic functions of this case (based on examples in the Polish language)

Author(s): Monika Szymańska / Language(s): English / Issue: 18/2018

This paper attempts to explicate the meanings of expressions representing a specific type of genitive metaphor — binding two notions by the rule of conventional, surface sameness. This article aims to prove that the genitive function that appears in this kind of expression is part of a general pattern modelling the semantic roles of this case. This pattern presents the genitive as a lingual indicator of the relation between a “smaller range” object and a “larger range” object and explains the essence of the semantic function appearing not only in this particular type of genitive metaphor, but also in structures such as genetivus definitivus.

"Ustawienie o piercach a prokuratorzech albo o rzecznikoch" : ze studiów nad staropolską terminologią prawniczą

Author(s): Aleksander Zajda / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 23/1990

Der vorliegende Aufsatz ist ein Versuch, 15 altpolnische Wörter mit der Bedeutung ‘vicarius, advocatus, patronus’ und derer Geschichte im Laufe bis 1600 im Lichte der Wortfeldtheorie darzustellen. Schon im 15. Jhd. befinden sich im Zentrum des Wortfeldes die Bezeichnungen pierca. prokurator, rzecznik - die wir im Titel (Zitat aus der in der Mitte des 15. Jhds. entstandenen Übersetzung der früheren polnischen Rechte) sehen - und zachodica. Andere 11 Bezeichnungen bilden zu dieser Zeit Peripherie des Feldes. Aber auch die Glieder des Zentrums sind differenziert - pierca ist ein masowisches Wort, prokurator - grosspolnisch; nur rzecznik und zachodica sind gesamtpolnisch. Infolge der weiteren Entwicklung befinden sich schon in der Mitte des 16. Jhds. nur prokurator und rzecznik im Zentrum; pierca und zachodica verschwinden überhaupt aus dem Wortfeld, geschweige andere Kompenenten. Ende des 16. Jhds. ist ein ausschliesslicher Glied des Zentrums prokurator - sein Sieg ist auf den damaligen Zustrom des lateinischen Wortgutes in die polnische Rechtsterminologie zurückzuführen.

"Żydy" i "psy" w stadionowym języku nienawiści

Author(s): Kazimierz Sikora / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 27/2019

The paper discusses selected problems of the language of football fanatics who constitute the so- -called szalikowcy subculture (‘hooligans; lit. scarfers’). The author pays most attention to two (pejorative) personal expressions: żyd ‘Jew’ and pies ‘dog’ which, in the hate-saturated conflict between the fans of two clubs from Cracow, Cracovia and Wisła, are used as heavy insults and invectives serving to humiliate and depreciate the opponent. The paper analyses the sphere of negative semantic connotations of both words, their origin and fluctuations.

#naukanatwitterze. O multimodalnym designie informacji w dyskursie cyfrowym

Author(s): Magdalena Makowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 7/2020

The subject of the article are the ways of popularizing scientific and popular science knowledge by using Twitter as a social media platform. The research corpus comprises 100 tweets which come from institutional and individual senders, including both representatives of the world of science as well as of the media that aim to popularize scientific knowledge. As a result of the medialinguistic analysis, which focused on the structural and functional plane of the studied media texts, the high representativeness of multimodal tweets was noted. Namely, language and image contextualize each other: the image allows us to fill the semantic gap resulting from the ellipticalness of the verbal layer of a given tweet. Thus, the contribution of the multimodal information design to knowledge transfer in digital discourse has been demonstrated.

(Пра)славянските nt-основи намират своето място в индоевропейското езиково семейство

Author(s): Borislav Petrov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2 (12)/2020

A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF FEMINITIVES IN BULGARIAN, POLISH AND RUSSIAN

Author(s): Wojciech Paweł Sosnowski,Joanna Satoła-Staśkowiak / Language(s): English / Issue: 19/2019

The subject of this article is the contemporary usage of feminitives (specifically the names of occupations and functions), which traditionally are most often derived from masculine names. The article presents a contrastive analysis of feminitive usage in three Slavic languages: Bulgarian, Polish and Russian. The article examines the problem of linguistic asymmetry in the creation of feminine names in the three languages and presents the views of renowned linguists on the issue.

A LEXICOGRAPHICAL APPROACH TO THE CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF BULGARIAN AND POLISH PHRASEOLOGY

Author(s): Diana Blagoeva,Maciej Paweł Jaskot,Wojciech Paweł Sosnowski / Language(s): English / Issue: 19/2019

This article discusses the concept behind The Lexicon of Active Bulgarian and Polish Phraseology [Leksykon aktywnej frazeologii bułgarskiej i polskiej] and provides an overview of the key aspects of the methodology used for selecting and composing the dictionary’s entries. The authors outline the theoretical underpinnings of this project, touching on the issue of interlingual equivalence, and explain both the process of selecting and verifying phraseological material and the methodology of presenting lexicographical information in the Lexicon. The article includes various examples of active phraseological units from both languages.

A Simplified Grammar of the Polish Language Williama Morfilla – o pierwszej angielskojęzycznej gramatyce języka polskiego

Author(s): Irmina Kotlarska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 01/2021

William Richard Morfill, A Simplified Grammar of the Polish Language (Uproszczona gramatyka języka polskiego), Nicholas Trübner, London, 1884. Review by Irmina Kotlarska.

ADAPTACJA FONETYCZNA I GRAFEMICZNA NAZWISK I IMION POLSKICH WE WSPÓŁCZESNYM JĘZYKU JAPOŃSKIM

Author(s): Kenji Miura / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 02/2021

While summarising the observations about the phonetic and graphemic adaptations of Polish last and first names in the Japanese language, one can notice that the source form and the target form of such an adaptation differ from each other to a large extent. The main cause of this situation is the discrepancy between the phonological systems of both languages. In simple terms, many Polish consonants do not have equivalents in Japanese and must be rendered using substitute equivalents. Another issue here is the principal foreignness of Polish last names to an average Japanese language user. They are long, do not resemble any patterns of more universal last or first names, since words of this kind are always connected with their native language, culture, and tradition.

Adolf Fierla (1908-1967). Poeta, pedagog, emigrant

Author(s): Adrian Uljasz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 13/2019

Adolf Fierla was a Polish writer and teacher attached to the Land of Cieszyn. He was born in the town of Orlová in Cieszyn Silesia and died in exile in Great Britain. He was not only a poet, because he also practised prose. The article is a synthetic look at the biography of A. Fierla and at the most important part of his poetic legacy – poems of religious themes, mainly as a literary and historical phenomenon of a regional nature. The following volumes of Fierla's poetry were discussed: Dziwy na gróniach – Tales of Arêtes (Kraków-Cieszyn 1932), Kopalnia słoneczna – Sunny Coal Mine (Kraków 1933), Kolędy beskidzkie – Beskid Christmas Carols (Czech Cieszyn 1935), Religious Poetry (Warszawa 1971). Religious poems (Prague 1934) of a Czeck poet Jiři Wolker (1900-1924), published in a translation into the Polish language by A. Fierla have also been cited.

Against the Psych Causative Alternation in Polish

Author(s): Bożena Rozwadowska,Anna Bondaruk / Language(s): English / Issue: Special/2019

The paper examines Object Experiencer (henceforth, OE)/Subject Experiencer (henceforth, SE) verb alternations in Polish in order to check whether Polish exhibits the causative/anticausative alternation in the psych domain (psych causative alternation of Alexiadou and Iordăchioaia 2014, henceforth A&I 2014). The focus is on two types of SE reflexive alternants of OE verbs, i.e., (i) SE forms with an obligatory instrumental case-marked DP derived from stative OE roots, and (ii) SE forms with an optional instrumental DP derived from eventive OE roots. It is argued that in both cases the reflexive SE alternants of either stative or eventive OE verbs have an obligatory or optional instrumental DP which acts as a complement and represents a Target/Subject Matter (henceforth, T/SM, cf. Pesetsky 1995), not a Cause. Therefore, the reflexive OE/SE verb alternation cannot be of the causative/anticausative type. Monovalent reflexive SE verbs, lacking an instrumental DP altogether, are unergative (Reinhart 2001), not unaccusative (contra A&I 2014). The overall conclusion reached in the paper is that the psych causative alternation is absent in Polish.

AKSJOLOGICZNA ANALIZA SŁOWA GŁUCHY W JĘZYKU POLSKIM (NA PODSTAWIE MATERIAŁU KORPUSOWEGO)

Author(s): Wiktor Eźlakowski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 02/2021

Słowo głuchy obecne jest w języku polskim od bardzo dawna, tak samo zresztą jak i sami Głusi. I słowo, i ludzie funkcjonują wśród polskiej społeczności od wieków [Czajkowska-Kisil 2014, 25]. Ale jakie nastawienie mają użytkownicy języka polskiego do tego słowa? Nie chodzi tutaj o nastawienie świadome, o odpowiedź na pytanie Co sądzi Pan/ /Pani o słowie głuchy? Czy jest ono pozytywne czy negatywne? Ciekawsze okazać się może nastawienie nieświadome, ukryte w danych leksykograficznych oraz korpusowych języka polskiego. Aby do niego dotrzeć, trzeba przeanalizować słowniki języka polskiego oraz słowniki etymologiczne. Niezbędna okaże się też analiza Narodowego Korpusu Języka Polskiego oraz przeprowadzenie testów mających na celu wydobycie wartościowania w nim zawartego.

Aktywizowanie rozwoju sprawności słuchania w języku polskim jako ojczystym

Author(s): Marta Urszula Chyb / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 29/2020

The aim of the present article is to present the typology of listening comprehension skills activated during Polish language lessons. What the author claims is that in Polish school two types of listening co-exist, namely: natural and activated. The former resembles conditions of natural communication, since a student assumes the role of text recipient, whereas the latter is a process of teaching the skills of listening comprehension. Based on questions and instructions elicited from selected school handbooks shows in what way the activated type of listening comprehension is taught as a part of Polish as a mother tongue lessons.

ANALIZA FLEKSYJNA TEKSTÓW HISTORYCZNYCH I ZMIENNOŚĆ FLEKSJI POLSKIEJ Z PERSPEKTYWY DANYCH KORPUSOWYCH

Author(s): Marcin Woliński,Witold Kieraś / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 08/2020

The subject matter of this paper is Chronofleks, a computer system (http:// chronofleks.nlp.ipipan.waw.pl/) modelling Polish inflection based on a corpus material. The system visualises changes of inflectional paradigms of individual lexemes over time and enables examination of the variability of the frequency of inflected form groups distinguished based on various criteria. Feeding Chronofleks with corpus data required development of IT tools to ensure an inflectional processing sequence of texts analogous to the ones used for modern language; they comprise a transcriber, a morphological analyser, and a tagger. The work was performed on data from three historical periods (1601–1772, 1830–1918, and modern ones) elaborated in independent projects. Therefore, finding a common manner of describing data from the individual periods was a significant element of the work.

ANALIZA WYBRANYCH CECH FONETYCZNYCH I MORFOLOGICZNYCH WYSTĘPUJĄCYCH W POLSKICH PIEŚNIACH LUDOWYCH Z WILEŃSZCZYZNY

Author(s): Anna Korycka / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 22(27)/2012

This article is devoted to an analysis of certain phonetic and morphological features that occur in the material of Polish folk music in the Vilnius region. Excerpts were chosen with respect to the dominant linguistic elements (both phonetic and morphological) of the region in question. Examples were taken from Songs of Vilnius Region (Pieśni Wileńszczyzny) by Jan Mincewicz, materials gained from the Archive of the Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore in Vilnius, and the author’s own recordings. Based on dialectological publications (Kurzowa, Grek-Pabisowa, Sawaniewska-Mochowa, Rieger and others), an investigation into the occurrence of specific features of Northern Borderlands Polish in the Polish folk songs of the Vilnius region was undertaken. The Polish community is a dynamic group, the vast majority nurturing their own culture, language and customs. The first section of the article analyzes the phonetic features connected with the system of vowels and consonants. The second section contains an analysis of morphological phenomena (inflectional and word formative) present in the Polish folk songs known and sung in the Vilnius region. It was found that certain nouns change their grammatical gender; such singularities occur in the presence of the verb and the suffix -uk. The structure of the dialect in the researched area has been preserved quite well, which can be confirmed by the frequency with which the features typical of this region occur. In conclusion, on the basis of phonetics and morphology, it can be stated that the language of the Polish folk songs known and sung in Vilnius has retained many features of the dialect specific to the Northern Polish Borderlands.

Andrzej Zieliński (12 ottobre 1936~26 novembre 2008)

Author(s): Luca Bernardini / Language(s): Italian / Issue: 3/2009

Il 26 settembre 2008 se ne è andato Andrzej Zieliński, professore associato emerito di lingua e letteratura polacca presso l’Università degli Studi di Milano.

Aneks

Author(s): Specified No Author / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 28/2019

Anglicisms in The National Corpus of Polish: Assets and Limitations of Corpus Tools

Author(s): Elżbieta Mańczak-Wohlfeld,Alicja Witalisz / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2019

While electronic corpora may not seem adequate sources for anglicisms retrieval, since despite promising attempts they still lack readily available and efficient tools for foreign loans identification, they are indispensable in a systematic verification of the use of preidentified loans. The article offers an assessment of an electronic corpus of Polish in reference to its usefulness for the study of English loans. Though we test a selected corpus and its tools, and use Polish anglicisms as exemplifications, the findings presented in the article pertain to other large corpora and anglicisms in other languages. Corpus tools allow for a multidimensional analysis of loans, yet they fail to meet the requirements of more in-depth analyses of anglicisms, related to their semantics and structure. The limitations of corpora tools will be illustrated with authentic attempted-but-failed corpus searches.

Apozycje metajęzykowe w zabytkach języka polskiego

Author(s): Piotr Zbróg / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 39(44)/2020

Monuments of the Polish language contain numerous examples of apposition groups of the type jezioro Błędno, imię Bartłomiej, miasto Betsaida, Maryja, match Boża, królewna Nebraska, Jesusa Krysta syna Dawidowego, Bogu Oćcu. Metalinguistic appositions refer to intra-textual elements, e.g. słowo Pokłada, słowo Betanija, imię Jan, imię Fryzon. The article focuses on an overview and description of expressions of this type from the formal point of view (internal structure, grammatical features of the members), semantic (issues of the connotation of the basis of apposition and apposition, denotation, function) and syntactic (deep structure, the arrangement of members, syntactic accommodation). As it turned out, these groups were, to a large extent, shaped in terms of their specific features in the oldest Polish language and have preserved them until the present times. In semantic and grammatical terms, contemporary constructions of the word Sometime or the name Piotr imitate the old Polish groups, such as the słowo Zawżdy or the imię Bartłomiej. They are connoted on both sides, characterized by inclusion and restrictiveness of appeals. Appeals are not accommodated; expressions have a strict chord and are derived from the use of elements SOUND or HAVE A CHARACTER. Even today, they appear extremely rarely in the texts.