"Klapać na pyszczysku", czyli o śląskiej leksyce i frazeologii dotyczącej mówienia

Author(s): Lidia Przymuszała / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 27/2019

The article discusses selected lexical units found in the dialects of Silesia, which refer to the act of speaking. It examines more than 190 tokens and collocations whose common denominator is the meaning of ‘speaking’. Analyzed are units referring to the content of the expression (with the main semantic component ‘to talk nonsense’), as well as those referring to physical aspects of the act of speaking, such as the clarity and accuracy of articulation (‘to speak indistinctly’, ‘to stutter’), the pace of speaking (‘to speak fast’, ‘to speak slowly’), also the tone, pitch, and intensity of the voice (‘to speak softly’, ‘to say shrilly’). An analysis of the collected material shows that these units form a semantically very heterogeneous group, and tokens and idioms which belong to it are characterized by a significant degree of semantic complexity. The article touches also the question of motivation and evaluation which is presented in the text of lexical units.

"The coral of your lips, the stars of your eyes" – the function of the genitive case in a particular kind of genitive metaphor compared to other semantic functions of this case (based on examples in the Polish language)

Author(s): Monika Szymańska / Language(s): English / Issue: 18/2018

This paper attempts to explicate the meanings of expressions representing a specific type of genitive metaphor — binding two notions by the rule of conventional, surface sameness. This article aims to prove that the genitive function that appears in this kind of expression is part of a general pattern modelling the semantic roles of this case. This pattern presents the genitive as a lingual indicator of the relation between a “smaller range” object and a “larger range” object and explains the essence of the semantic function appearing not only in this particular type of genitive metaphor, but also in structures such as genetivus definitivus.

"Ustawienie o piercach a prokuratorzech albo o rzecznikoch" : ze studiów nad staropolską terminologią prawniczą

Author(s): Aleksander Zajda / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 23/1990

Der vorliegende Aufsatz ist ein Versuch, 15 altpolnische Wörter mit der Bedeutung ‘vicarius, advocatus, patronus’ und derer Geschichte im Laufe bis 1600 im Lichte der Wortfeldtheorie darzustellen. Schon im 15. Jhd. befinden sich im Zentrum des Wortfeldes die Bezeichnungen pierca. prokurator, rzecznik - die wir im Titel (Zitat aus der in der Mitte des 15. Jhds. entstandenen Übersetzung der früheren polnischen Rechte) sehen - und zachodica. Andere 11 Bezeichnungen bilden zu dieser Zeit Peripherie des Feldes. Aber auch die Glieder des Zentrums sind differenziert - pierca ist ein masowisches Wort, prokurator - grosspolnisch; nur rzecznik und zachodica sind gesamtpolnisch. Infolge der weiteren Entwicklung befinden sich schon in der Mitte des 16. Jhds. nur prokurator und rzecznik im Zentrum; pierca und zachodica verschwinden überhaupt aus dem Wortfeld, geschweige andere Kompenenten. Ende des 16. Jhds. ist ein ausschliesslicher Glied des Zentrums prokurator - sein Sieg ist auf den damaligen Zustrom des lateinischen Wortgutes in die polnische Rechtsterminologie zurückzuführen.

"Żydy" i "psy" w stadionowym języku nienawiści

Author(s): Kazimierz Sikora / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 27/2019

The paper discusses selected problems of the language of football fanatics who constitute the so- -called szalikowcy subculture (‘hooligans; lit. scarfers’). The author pays most attention to two (pejorative) personal expressions: żyd ‘Jew’ and pies ‘dog’ which, in the hate-saturated conflict between the fans of two clubs from Cracow, Cracovia and Wisła, are used as heavy insults and invectives serving to humiliate and depreciate the opponent. The paper analyses the sphere of negative semantic connotations of both words, their origin and fluctuations.

(Bardzo) wczesne nauczanie języków obcych. Kilka uwag na temat celów, możliwości i metodyki

Author(s): Joanna Rokita-Jaśkow / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2018

The article presents the phenomenon of very early foreign language teaching (i.e. in the preschool years) from the linguistic and pedagogical perspective. It begins with dispelling the myth about the necessity of ‘an early start’ for ensuring future competence, pointing at the relevance of cognitive, affective and social factors influencing the outcomes. Then it presents the possible achievements and crosslinguistic influences in language acquisition of a very young child. Finally, it outlines the critical aspects of FL methodology that are necessary for progress in early FLL.

(Nie)poprawność językowa w oświeceniowych gramatykach języka polskiego

Author(s): Wanda Decyk-Zięba,Monika Kresa / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 02/2017

The object of the analysis is forms considered incorrect, non-standard, yet included and discussed in Enlightenment grammar books of Polish by: Walenty zylarski (1770), Michał Dudziński (1776), and Onufry Kopczyński (1778––1781, 1817), and in a book on the Polish language by Stanisław Kleczewski (1767). The issues of proper language use touched upon by the authors in the above mentioned works refer to various problems: spelling, pronunciation, inflection, word structures and appropriateness, syntactic connectivity, and utterance/statement clarity. The object of the evaluation is (general Polish and regional – borderland) forms which, in the authors’ opinion, violated the norms of general familiarity, semantic expressiveness, and stylistic dignity. The grammarians approve of the borrowings which entered the Polish language long ago. Each of the discussed works is another link in the debate on the Polish language, linguistic habit, and norms of language use.

, Semantyczny model pamiątkowy w etymologiach potocznych nazw miejscowych z pogranicza śląsko-małopolskiego: Bytom, Będzin, Piekary (na podstawie podań)

Author(s): Elżbieta Michow / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 79/2016

The author of the article - basing on Silesian-Lesser Polish place names of Bytom, Będzin, Piekary - presents a tendency of giving the toponyms a commemorative semantic in the common etymologies that are placed in numerous contemporary electronic and paper publications. The most important causes of the phenomenon include the extralinguistic reasons (i.a. development of regionalism and regional education, rank increase of the concept of homeland, implementation of regional European projects, as well as local marketing and promotional strategies, regional megalomania in conjunction with the creation of the literary Myth of the Beginning of the original settlement and its inhabitants), linguistic causes (i.a. non-transparency of the toponyms, low level of knowledge of the language and the methods of creating the place names, the facility to confuse the commemorative with the possessive type, phonetic associations, spelling myths), and literary reasons (genre characteristics of the etymological tale, literary Myth of the Beginning). Furthermore, the author presents the methodology of description of common etymology of toponyms and proposes to use a more appropriate and widespread term, i.e. common etymology (of a toponym) instead of the currently used: folk etymology, since the unscientific etymologies are a natural consequence and manifestation of common thought.

100 години Лекторат по български език и литература в Карловия университет в Прага

Author(s): Milena Přikrylová / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 33/2016

A SHORT HISTORY OF POLISH-UKRAINIAN TERMINOGRAPHY

Author(s): Marek Wojciech Łukasik / Language(s): English / Issue: 16/2016

Specialised dictionaries fulfil a plethora of linguistic and cognitive functions in specialised communication. In particular, such reference works help introduce, harmonise and standardise national terminologies, thus playing an indispensable role in disseminating high quality specialised knowledge. An even more important role may be attributed to bilingual and multilingual specialised dictionaries, whose primary goal is to facilitate the flow of scientific and technical information at an international level. This function has come to the fore in today’s multinational and interconnected professional world. In light of the developing and ever stronger cooperation between Poland and Ukraine, an attempt is being made to evaluate bilingual and multilingual terminographic works containing Polish and Ukrainian which have been published in Poland to date. The aim is to assess the positive developments and to identify the gaps in Polish-Ukrainian terminography. It is hoped that the findings presented in this paper will be applied by terminographers in order to compile terminological dictionaries of higher quality, which satisfy the needs of specific users and follow terminographic principles.

A szlovák nyelv és a szlovák–magyar kétnyelvűség, A beszélt szlovák nyelv szociolingvisztikai vizsgálata a Nagykürtösi (Veľký Krtíš) járásban

Author(s): Ladislav György / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2019

The contribution takes a comparative stance; it provides general characterization of the Slovak-Hungarian bilingualism in the ethnically mixed territory of Slovakia. Within the studied diglossia and bilingual processes, the problems of describing the language users (monolingual and bilingual speakers), their [speakers’] classification according to particular types of bilingualism, and the categorization into the specific groups of bilingual families etc. are specified. The work deals with the systemic and structural analysis of the monolingual and bilingual speakers’ spoken communication and explains the question of diglossia and bilingual communication in detail from the point of view of the description of various transference phenomena. It also offers opinions including general characteristic of the spoken Slovak in district Veľký Krtíš.

Abstract extensions of the relation UNDER represented by English particle under and Polish verbal prefix pod-

Author(s): Ewa Konieczna / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

In this paper, it is argued that multiple abstract senses of the particle under and the verbal prefix pod- are motivated by the prototypical spatial meaning of the corresponding prepositions. Principled Polysemy Model adopted here argues that meaning extension takes place through general cognitive principles, such as experiential correlation, or real world force dynamics. Owing to pragmatic strengthening, the new meaning becomes established in the semantic network as a separate sense, distinct from the spatial configuration which initially gave rise to it but at the same time was grounded in human everyday interactions with the world and the nature of human body. The aim pursued here is to analyze non-spatial extensions of the particle under and verbal prefix pod- with a view to identifying both universal tendencies and language specific divergences.

Abstrakta v českých a slovenských nářečích

Author(s): Zuzana Hlubinková / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 4/2014

In the contribution we compare available pieces of knowledge about the formation of nouns denoting actions and qualities in Czech and Slovak dialects. Our findings show that abstracts are by no means specific to the standard language only. We have shown – like F. Buffa in his book Odvodené abstraktá v slovenských nárečiach – that in a part of Czech dialects there exist basically the same word-formative types like in the standard language. The only difference is in their usage.

Adaptacija slovenskih naziva u srpskohrvatskom tekstu

Author(s): Bogdan L. Dabić / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian / Issue: 3-4/1976

Автор рассматривает ассимиляцию славянских слов в сербохорватском тексте. В основном он касается адаптации фонологической, а лишь изредка рассматривает ассимиляцию этих слов на морфологическом уровне. Как известно, славянские народы не достигли той взаимности культурноГг и литературной, о которой мечтали чешские „будители” и хорватские „иллирийцы. Тем не менее сотрудничество между отдельними славянскими народами никогда не переставало. В наше время существует уже 12 славянских литературных языков. На Балканском полуострове функционирует теперь 4 языка: в Югославии 3 (сербохорватский, словенский и македонский), в Болгарии 1 — болгарский. Словенцы используют латинский шрифт, Болгары и Македонцы употребляют кириллицу а носители сербохорватског языка употребляют два алфавита. Среди восточных Славян формировались 3 литературных языка: белорусский, украинский и русский. Среди западнославянских народов формировались 5 литературных языков: в Чехословакии 2 — чешский и словацкий, в Польше 1 — польский, а в Чехословакии 2 — чешский и словацкий, в Польше 1 — польский, а в Немецкой Демократической Республике — 2 славянских языка: верхнелужицкий и нижнелужицкий. Все восточнославянские народы употребляют кириллицу, а все западнославянские народы используют латинский шрифт. Автор даёт оценку, насколько удачны некоторые решения сербохорватского правописания. Как известно, орфография сербохорватског языка является. фонетически. Именно с этой точки зрения автор даёт свои критические замечания относительно последовательного применения прокламированных принципов (фонетических) сербохорватского правописания. В частности автор ратует за то, чтобы русские названия содержащие смягчённые Л и Н переда вать сербохорватским LJ и NJ. На пример, Koroljov, Bunjin за русское Королёв Бунин, С другой же стороны, автор предлагает в польских названиях писать сербохорватские согласные Š и Ž вместо польских Š, Ž. Его аргумент в том, что названные польские согласные представляют собой Ш-звук и Ж-звук (а не С-звук и 3-звук, как это казалось би в теперешнем написании.) На пример, Zošja, Kažjo за польское Zosia, Kazio. Вообще, автор считает, что в процессе перенимания славянских слов в сербохорватский текст мы должны стремится максимальной верности, но одновременно мы нс должны забывать, что в этом деле фонетика должна подчиняться фонологии.

Adaptační principy výslovnosti anglicismů v češtině z pohledu konceptu centra a periferie

Author(s): Veronika Štěpánová / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 2/2018

A substantial number of loanwords (not only in Czech) are formed by Anglicisms. The article is focused on the general phonetic adaptation principles of Anglicisms in Czech. These principles can bedivided into central principles (phonological approximation and orthographic pronunciation) andperipheral principles (original pronunciation, analogy with the donor language, analogy with therecipient language, the influence of a third language, the influence of universals, unclearly motivated pronunciation). The article also discusses the question of the (un)markedness of the adaptation principle results and (from the development point of view) the centre–periphery movementwithin the subsystem of Anglicisms in Czech. The general statements are mainly based on largeamounts of research on real pronunciation, conducted on 300 Czech native speakers in Prague andBrno in 2014, and the pronunciation data from contemporary Czech dictionaries.

Akademický slovník současné češtiny

Author(s): Pavla Kochová,Zdeňka Opavská / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 2/2016

The aim of the article is to present the Academic Dictionary of Contemporary Czech (Akademický slovník současné češtiny). It is a new monolingual dictionary of contemporary Czech work on which has been in progress since 2012 at the Institute of the Czech Language of the Academy of Sciences of the CR. The Academic Dictionary of Contemporary Czech is a medium-sized dictionary with an anticipated total of 120,000–150,000 lexical units. Its objective is to document the widespread vocabulary of contemporary Czech. The article deals with dictionary-making principles concerning both its macrostructure and microstructure.

Aleksander Zdanowicz i in., Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861

Author(s): Małgorzata B. Majewska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 05/2014

Słownik języka polskiego, obejmujący: oprócz zbioru właściwie polskich, znaczną liczbę wyrazów z obcych języków polskiemu przyswojonych; nomenklatury tak dawne, jak też nowo w użycie wprowadzone różnych nauk, umiejętności, sztuk i rzemiosł; nazwania monet, miar i wag główniejszych krajów i prowincij; mitologję plemion słowiańskich i innych ważniejszych, tudzież oddzielną tablicę słów polskich nieforemnych z ich odmianą; do podręcznego użytku wypracowany przez Aleksandra Zdanowicza, Michała Bohusza Szyszkę, Januarego Filipowicza, Walerjana Tomaszewicza, Florjana Czepielińskiego i Wincentego Korotyńskiego, z udziałem Bronisława Trentowskiego. Wydany staraniem i kosztem Maurycego Orgelbranda.

Alternacja lokatywna w wybranych leksykalnych bazach danych

Author(s): Patrycja Pałka / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 02/2020

The object of interest in this paper is verbs describing situations where substances or objects are being removed from a surface. Such verbs are characterized by being subject to locative alternation, which could be exemplified by constructions such as: Dozorca zamiata śmieci z ulicy. - Dozorca zamiata ulicę (ze śmieci) (The caretaker is sweeping litter from the street. - The caretaker is sweeping the street (to remove litter)). The phenomenon of alternation consists in regular variantivity in the syntactic manifestation of verb arguments, whereas locative alternation, according to Beth Levin, concerns at least two manners of expressing arguments assuming the following properties: 1. ‘an object changing its location’ (locatum argument), and 2. ‘a location’ (location argument) in a sentence (Levin 1993: 50). The principal objective of the paper is to discuss whether and how locative alternation is taken into account and described in selected Polish-, English-, and Russian-language specialist lexicographic publications, such as: the Valence Dictionary (Walenty), FrameNet, and Leksykograf (Lexicographer), a base of Russian verbs. The analysis is also aimed to answer the question if the alternating syntactic structures reveal any change in the communicated content and, more specifically, in the manner of illustrating a given situation.

ALTERNATIIVSEID ETÜMOLOOGIAID IV KORI : KORJA, MELEK(AS), RAHE(-) JA RIKKUMA

Author(s): Lembit Vaba / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 63/2017

The article presents new etymological interpretations of the words kori : korja ‘hearth’, melek(as) ‘stock pigeon’, rahe(-): rahejalg, kooljarahe ‘bier’ and rikkuma ‘to spoil, ruin, break, etc’. Kori : korja ‘hearth’ is a forgotten word in modern Estonian, which is known from northwestern Läänemaa as well as Hiiumaa. Nikolai Anderson suggested over a hundred years ago that kori belongs together with the Finnish word korju ‘bear’s (above-ground) winter lair’. Anderson’s comparison has been cited by Andrus Saareste as well as, with some hesitation, in Finnish etymological dictionaries. Julius Mägiste did not attempt to explain the word’s origin in his Estnisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Due to both phonetic and semantic considerations, an etymological link between Estonian kori : korja and Finnish korju is impossible. I suggest that kori : korja is a Baltic loan from the word family represented in modern Baltic languages by Lithuanian kùrti (kùria, kū́rė) ‘to heat up, start a fire etc’, ùžkura(s) ‘oven full of wood; widower’, užkurỹs ‘man who has married a widow and moved into her home; man living in his wife’s parents’ house’. This Baltic word family has equivalents with fire- and hearth-related meanings in other Indo-European languages, e.g. Old Russian курити ‘to start a fire, ignite’, Old English here ‘fireplace, hearth, small oven’ and the stem variant with a final dental consonant heorð ‘hearth, fireplace, home etc’. Kori : korja presumes a Baltic loan base with the stem i̯a-, *kuri̯a-, presumed original meaning ‘fire, fireplace’. Melek(as) ‘stock pigeon’ occurs sporadically in different parts of northern Estonia. This bird name has been seen as onomatopoetically motivated (Andrus Saareste, Mart Mäger, and with hesitation Alo Raun), a view which has been rejected by Julius Mägiste. Another suggestion is that melekas derives from a common Finnic-Mordvin stem, in which -l- may have developed from the affricate *č, cf. dialectal Finnish mettinen ‘turtle dove’, Erzya Mordvin m´eče, m´eča ‘dove’ (Y. H. Toivonen, Mikk Tooms), but Mägiste is skeptical of this explanation as well, and sees the word as more likely a contamination of mehikas ~ mehekas ‘wood dove’ + meltsas ‘green woodpecker, wood dove’. I argue that the explanation of the origin of the word melek(as) must take into account the observation of the Lithuanian linguist, who in the 1880s-1890s drew a parallel to the Lithuanian bird name meletà ‘Picus viridis, Dryocopus martius, Merops apiaster, Coracias garrulus; chatterbox, sweet-talking person’. Baltic *melatā ~ *meletā is etymologically related to the Balto-Slavic word family *mel- ‘to rub, grind; chatter’: Lithuanian málti ‘to grind; speak too much, blather, prattle’, dialectal Russian мелея́ ‘grinder; blabbermouth etc’, dialectal Belarusian мэ́ лю́х ‘lblabbermouth’. Phonetically, there is no reason not to accept the Baltic etymology. The final syllable *-tā of the Baltic loan base has been replaced by the very productive affix k(as), which appears in many bird names. (k)rae- in the compound words (k)raejalad, (k)raepuud ‘trestle table, stretcher, barrow’ derives from the Low German schrage ‘(transverse) stand (with two pairs of crossed legs) etc’ (Udo Uibo). According to older lexicography, Estonian has known the compound words kooljarahe and rahejalg ‘bier, coffin base’, which are not related to the aforementioned Low German loan base, because in Low German loans in Estonian, word-internal -g- is replaced by the partially voiced medial stop -g-, in some cases also -j-, but never -h-. Mägiste has presumed that rahe(-) is related to the Finnic word family rahi: Courland Livonian ra’i ‘chair’, dialectal Finnish rahi : rahin ‘bench with no backboard; stool etc’, Ingrian rahi ~ rähi ‘bench, stove-bench etc’, North Karelian rahi ‘bench’. I propose a Baltic etymology for the word rahi: < Baltic *krasi̯a-, cf. Lithuanian krãsė ‘chair, reclining chair, stool; low footstool; seat’, krasià ‘sofa-like wooden bench with backboard; (reclining) chair; standing/walking chair for a small child; footrest etc’. This Baltic stem has plausible etymological correspondences only in Eastern and Western Slavic languages, e.g. Russian крéсло́ ‘armchair, reclining chair, backrest in a sleigh’. An analogous substitution, i.e. Finnic h < Baltic *s, is e.g. Estonian lahja ‘lean, thin’, dialectal lahi, laih, Finnic laiha etc < Late Proto-Finnic *laiha < Early ProtoFinnnic *lajša < Baltic *laisa-. Estonian rahe ‘hail’ has conformed to other nouns ending in e. Rikkuma, in dialects also rikkima, rikma ‘to break, ruin, damage, smash, destroy; negatively influence someone; decay, deteriorate; (dialectally) go bad, become spoiled’ is a wide-ranging word family found in all Finnic languages: Finnic *rikkoi- < Early Proto-Finnnic *rikka. A Germanic etymology has been proposed for it (Christfrid Ganander 1787), which is rejected by etymological dictionaries of Finnic languages. Another rejected explanation is that of Lauri Hakulinen, who suggested that it is related to the word family rikka : rikan ‘dust, scrap, litter’. I propose a Baltic etymology for this Finnic verb stem, deriving from either 1. Baltic *rika-, on the successors of which are Lithuanian rìkti (riñka ~ reñka ~ rinksta, rìko) ‘to disintegrate, break into pieces, be crushed; to be wrong, confuse, err, act wrongly or imprecisely (e.g. when speaking or enumerating), stumble’, aprìkti ‘to confuse, mix up, garble; to be wrong, do something wrong etc’ or 2. Baltic *trika-, the successors of which are Lithuanian trìkti (triñka, trìko) ‘to be wrong, make a mistake, stumble, get stuck (when speaking, enumerating, etc), stutter; disintegrate; break, be ruined; to be ruined, go out of order (e.g. health); to prematurely give birth; to go crazy, lose one’s mind, rave; to get rabies (of dogs); to get angry; to get confused, puzzled; to engage in mischief, act strangely, impolitely; bother, disturb, annoy etc’. Phonetically, the German and Baltic loan bases are equally plausible, but semantically the Baltic explanation is a better fit. The core meaning of both the Baltic and Finnic word families is ‘to do material damage (i.e. break, ruin)’, from which (likely independently of one another) the other semantic lines have branched off.

Amerikanizace českých příjmení na území Chicaga

Author(s): Lenka Procházková / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 3/2016

The article discusses the changes in surnames of Czech origin in Chicago. The first part analyzes the historical aspects of the Czech immigration to Chicago during the second half of the 19th century. The second part focuses on the different types of changes of the Czech surnames. Haphazard and infrequent changes are also mentioned.

An Experiment in Labelling Draw-a-Map Maps

Author(s): Kamil Stachowski / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2017

Apart from offering a contribution to perceptual dialectology of Poland, the paper discusses an experiment in which two groups were set a map drawing task. One group was given a map on which major cities were marked while the other a map with the main regions. The two maps combined from their answers have proven to be nothing alike, suggesting that this one detail in the design of the study can dramatically influence its results, and as such it needs to be paid particular attention and further investigated.