(Nie)poprawność językowa w oświeceniowych gramatykach języka polskiego

Author(s): Wanda Decyk-Zieba,Monika Kresa / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 02/2017

The object of the analysis is forms considered incorrect, non-standard, yet included and discussed in Enlightenment grammar books of Polish by: Walenty zylarski (1770), Michał Dudziński (1776), and Onufry Kopczyński (1778––1781, 1817), and in a book on the Polish language by Stanisław Kleczewski (1767). The issues of proper language use touched upon by the authors in the above mentioned works refer to various problems: spelling, pronunciation, inflection, word structures and appropriateness, syntactic connectivity, and utterance/statement clarity. The object of the evaluation is (general Polish and regional – borderland) forms which, in the authors’ opinion, violated the norms of general familiarity, semantic expressiveness, and stylistic dignity. The grammarians approve of the borrowings which entered the Polish language long ago. Each of the discussed works is another link in the debate on the Polish language, linguistic habit, and norms of language use.

, Semantyczny model pamiątkowy w etymologiach potocznych nazw miejscowych z pogranicza śląsko-małopolskiego: Bytom, Będzin, Piekary (na podstawie podań)

Author(s): Elzbieta Michow / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 79/2016

The author of the article - basing on Silesian-Lesser Polish place names of Bytom, Będzin, Piekary - presents a tendency of giving the toponyms a commemorative semantic in the common etymologies that are placed in numerous contemporary electronic and paper publications. The most important causes of the phenomenon include the extralinguistic reasons (i.a. development of regionalism and regional education, rank increase of the concept of homeland, implementation of regional European projects, as well as local marketing and promotional strategies, regional megalomania in conjunction with the creation of the literary Myth of the Beginning of the original settlement and its inhabitants), linguistic causes (i.a. non-transparency of the toponyms, low level of knowledge of the language and the methods of creating the place names, the facility to confuse the commemorative with the possessive type, phonetic associations, spelling myths), and literary reasons (genre characteristics of the etymological tale, literary Myth of the Beginning). Furthermore, the author presents the methodology of description of common etymology of toponyms and proposes to use a more appropriate and widespread term, i.e. common etymology (of a toponym) instead of the currently used: folk etymology, since the unscientific etymologies are a natural consequence and manifestation of common thought.

100 години Лекторат по български език и литература в Карловия университет в Прага

Author(s): Milena Prikrylová / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 33/2016

A SHORT HISTORY OF POLISH-UKRAINIAN TERMINOGRAPHY

Author(s): Marek Wojciech Lukasik / Language(s): English / Issue: 16/2016

Specialised dictionaries fulfil a plethora of linguistic and cognitive functions in specialised communication. In particular, such reference works help introduce, harmonise and standardise national terminologies, thus playing an indispensable role in disseminating high quality specialised knowledge. An even more important role may be attributed to bilingual and multilingual specialised dictionaries, whose primary goal is to facilitate the flow of scientific and technical information at an international level. This function has come to the fore in today’s multinational and interconnected professional world. In light of the developing and ever stronger cooperation between Poland and Ukraine, an attempt is being made to evaluate bilingual and multilingual terminographic works containing Polish and Ukrainian which have been published in Poland to date. The aim is to assess the positive developments and to identify the gaps in Polish-Ukrainian terminography. It is hoped that the findings presented in this paper will be applied by terminographers in order to compile terminological dictionaries of higher quality, which satisfy the needs of specific users and follow terminographic principles.

Abstrakta v českých a slovenských nářečích

Author(s): Zuzana Hlubinková / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 4/2014

In the contribution we compare available pieces of knowledge about the formation of nouns denoting actions and qualities in Czech and Slovak dialects. Our findings show that abstracts are by no means specific to the standard language only. We have shown – like F. Buffa in his book Odvodené abstraktá v slovenských nárečiach – that in a part of Czech dialects there exist basically the same word-formative types like in the standard language. The only difference is in their usage.

Adverbia rovně, zrovna, jejich funkce a významové obměny v čase

Author(s): Markéta Klimešová / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 4/2017

This paper aims to describe and differentiate the diverse meanings of the adverbs rovně and zrovna during the different historical periods. It focuses on the usage of these expressions primarily in Middle Czech. Although a complete dictionary of Middle Czech is not yet available, we attempt to find the most significant functions of rovně and zrovna. Rovně is characterized by multiple meanings in Middle Czech, e.g. ‘stejně’, ‘právě (v tu chvíli)’ or ‘rovnoměrně’. Zrovna does not occur until the Baroque period. However, it is much more frequent than rovně in contemporary Czech.

Akademický slovník současné češtiny

Author(s): Pavla Kochová,Zdenka Opavská / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 2/2016

The aim of the article is to present the Academic Dictionary of Contemporary Czech (Akademický slovník současné češtiny). It is a new monolingual dictionary of contemporary Czech work on which has been in progress since 2012 at the Institute of the Czech Language of the Academy of Sciences of the CR. The Academic Dictionary of Contemporary Czech is a medium-sized dictionary with an anticipated total of 120,000–150,000 lexical units. Its objective is to document the widespread vocabulary of contemporary Czech. The article deals with dictionary-making principles concerning both its macrostructure and microstructure.

Amerikanizace českých příjmení na území Chicaga

Author(s): Lenka Procházková / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 3/2016

The article discusses the changes in surnames of Czech origin in Chicago. The first part analyzes the historical aspects of the Czech immigration to Chicago during the second half of the 19th century. The second part focuses on the different types of changes of the Czech surnames. Haphazard and infrequent changes are also mentioned.

Analiza dyskursywno-genologiczna nazw telewizyjnych programów publicystycznych w Polsce (2005–2015)

Author(s): Ewa Szkudlarek-Smiechowicz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2016

The aim of the article is a discursive and genealogical analysis of proper names of television current affairs programmes. The linguistic characteristics (structural, semantic and functional) of television broadcasts’ titles are related mostly to their self-presentation strategies and self-promotional functions. By naming, a television broadcaster creates, above all, the television’s image as an institution which safeguards freedom of speech, which is objective, pluralistic, truth-revealing and which brings a univocal resolution to socially important issues

Aneksja kolektywu czy dyktat wybiórcy? Z zagadnień antologii tłumaczeń (na przykładzie nowych wyborów poezji rosyjskiej)

Author(s): Ewa Goczal / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 157/2017

The article attempts to present the comparison of two translator’s achievements: Zbigniew Dmitroca’s Radio Swoboda and Jerzy Czech’s Wdrapałem się na piedestał. The anthologist’s work is considered here as both the act of translation and revelation — joining the translation of literary texts and their compilation in anthologies with scrutinizing the particular writers and literary phenomena as well as the process of translation itself, and introducing a new, transforming quality to the native poetry. A translator-anthologist can be perceived in that perspective as a link between two literary cultures, and also as an initiator of changes and an independent creator who develops, in his own language and on his own conditions, a certain new Polish canon of Russian poetry

Anita Lorenc, Wymowa normatywna polskich samogłosek nosowych i spółgłoski bocznej, Warszawa 2016

Author(s): Andrii Baran / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 02/2017

The review of: Anita Lorenc, Wymowa normatywna polskich samogłosek nosowych i spółgłoski bocznej, Dom Wydawniczy „Elipsa”, Warszawa 2016, ss. 370

Archiwalia: The Identifying Function of Language

Author(s): Wladyslaw Lubas / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2016

The linguistic literature (Buhler, Jakobson) mostly mentions six functions of language, paying little attention to the identifying function. Following the assumption that language is not an ‘ordinaty’ element of culture, but is its main basis, we believe that it has more and less stable elements, whose functions are arranged hierarchically.The identifying function has medium stability, is historically variable and becomes particularly important during intensive political changes or (nationalistic) conflicts. An example might be the recent split of Serbo-Croatian into tree languages. The identifying function is always connected with evaluation, which often exaggerates the positive character of a group and its language. Other groups and other languages can be perceived as worse. The identifying function is realized both individually (it can be identified with the expressive function of an individual then) and in a group. In this role it is often used or even abused in modern culture and especially politics. Instead of synonyms and periphrastic expressions we suggest that Polish linguists should make use of the term identifying function of language defined as a nationally or internationally protected function (based on cultural, ideological, or – less frequantly – religious elements) which enables a group of people of common aims, beliefs, ideas and interests to create a community.

Archiwalia: The Twilight of Structuralism in Linguistics?

Author(s): Ewa Jedrzejko / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2016

This article attempts to offer a brief description of the overall situation in contemporary linguistics in the context of the changes taking place. Specifically, it refers to the ongoing discussions in the areias of various contemporary humanist disciplines on the subject of the achievements of structuralism and is future prospects in studies on language. The main theses considered here are: 1. One should not speak of the decline structuralism without indicating how this term should be understood and defining the scope of the teoretical-methodological principles developed by de various structuralist schools. 2. Taking into account the general principles and methods of the description, as given in the majority of contemporary literature on the subject it may reasonably be supposed that as yet no theoretical-methodological counter-proposal has emerged which, opposing structuralism, would discard al its basic premises while at the same time protecting the autonomy of linguistics as a science. The author endeavours to show that it would be more rational to speak of a successive – and broadly enriched – stage of evolution of the idea of structuralism.

Australijskie „idealne miejsce” Jerzego Domaradzkiego

Author(s): Malgorzata Radkiewicz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2016

Jerzy Domaradzki started to work in Australia after his film “Wielki bieg” [“The Great Race”] had been presented at a film festival in Sydney. During those first years he had been mainly teaching at a film school, but after some time he began to make feature films and documentaries. The text examines the films he made in Australia, analyzing the way he selected characters and the problems he had in developing stories and images of people of different nations, cultures and times.

Bardzo długi marsz: „Niepokonani” Petera Weira wobec prozy Sławomira Rawicza

Author(s): Magdalena Kempna-Pieniazek / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2016

The Polish reaction to Peter Weir’s film “The Way Back” (2010) was centred on a discussion about the credibility of its literary prototype, Sławomir Rawicz’s book “The long walk” (1955). The author of the article does not discuss this controversy; she prefers to concentrate on the adaptation that was chosen by the director, who combines different interpretations of the phenomenon of freedom in his movie. Weir’s approach can be regarded as transnational and such a perspective is suggested as a context for the interpretation of “The Way Back”.

Betlemářství a jeho odraz v jazyce

Author(s): Ondrej Mrázek,Jarmila Vojtová / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 4/2017

The aim of this contribution is to provide a picture of the present-day situation of the language of nativity scene model builders in the Czech lands. The analyzed vocabulary is based on research carried out in selected locations between 2013 and 2016. The contribution is focused on the comparison of the situation in the regions where the research was carried out and also on developmental tendencies. Multiple factors influencing the character of the recorded vocabulary are examined: its specific features, significant aspects relating to etymology as well as the proportions of the individual semantic fields and differences between respondents from various locations.

Between Homeland and Emigration. Tuwim’s Struggle for Identity

Author(s): Hans-Christian Trepte / Language(s): English / Issue: 6/2016

Julian Tuwim belongs to the pantheon of the greatest Polish writes of the 20th century. His Polish-Jewish descent, his attitude towards the Polish language, towards Jews in Poland, his political activities as an emigrant as well as his controversial involvement with the communist Poland still fuel many critical discussions. Polish language and culture were for him much more important than the categories of nation or state. However, whereas for Polish nationalists and antisemites Tuwim remained “only” a Jew, Jewish nationalists considered him a traitor. It was in exile that his attitude towards his Jewish countrymen began to change, especially after he learnt about the horror of the Holocaust in occupied Poland. Thus, he began writing his famous, dramatic manifesto, We, the Polish Jews. After World War II, Tuwim came back to Poland, hoping to continue his prewar career as a celebrated poet. His manifold contributions to the development of the Polish language and literature, within the country and abroad, cannot be questioned, and the dilemmas concerning his cultural and ethnic identity only make him a more interesting writer. Julian Tuwim belongs to the pantheon of the greatest Polish writes of the 20th century. His Polish-Jewish descent, his attitude towards the Polish language, towards Jews in Poland, his political activities as an emigrant as well as his controversial involvement with the communist Poland still fuel many critical discussions. Polish language and culture were for him much more important than the categories of nation or state. However, whereas for Polish nationalists and antisemites Tuwim remained “only” a Jew, Jewish nationalists considered him a traitor. It was in exile that his attitude towards his Jewish countrymen began to change, especially after he learnt about the horror of the Holocaust in occupied Poland. Thus, he began writing his famous, dramatic manifesto, We, the Polish Jews. After World War II, Tuwim came back to Poland, hoping to continue his prewar career as a celebrated poet. His manifold contributions to the development of the Polish language and literature, within the country and abroad, cannot be questioned, and the dilemmas concerning his cultural and ethnic identity only make him a more interesting writer.

Błędy fleksyjne w tekstach pisanych przez słoweńskich studentów polonistyki w Lublanie

Author(s): Maria Wtorkowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2015

The aim of the article is to analyse the inflectional errors in texts written by Slovenian students of Polish Studies in Ljubljana. The collision of two grammatical systems (in this case: Polish and Slovenian) leads to numerous mistakes. As a result the inflectional errors appear in both spoken and written texts. The incorrect forms have been analysed in the article and the reason for their occurance described. Special attention was paid to mistakes that can result from the influence of the Slovenian language. The analysed material was gathered by the author of the article herself and it comes from the written works of the Polish language students from Ljubljana. The analyses aim to explain the reasons for the errors. This should result in reflection on the effective methods of teaching that could prevent the occurance of such errors.

BUDYŠÍNSKÉ ZASEDÁNÍ KOMISE PRO SPISOVNÉ JAZYKY

Author(s): Ondrej Bláha / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 3-4/2014

Chodovo, Kouto, Choboto. K přechodu toponym od maskulina k neutru

Author(s): Pavel Štepán / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 3/2017

The article deals with Czech toponyms with the neuter ending -o, occurring almost exclusively in Southwest Bohemia. These neuter forms are regarded as (mostly unofficial) variants of masculine names. These forms are attested both in non-settlement names (mostly field names) and settlement names. Especially the settlement names data are rather rich; they include unofficial variants of toponyms and their historical records (some of the historical records are very old, beginning as early as in the 12th century). The area of occurrence of toponyms of this type has been compared to the dialectal area of the indeclinable form of possessive adjectives ending in -ovo found in Southwest Bohemia; the correspondence of these two areas is striking and can hardly be coincidental. According to the author’s hypothesis, the change of the toponyms ending in -ov and -ín to -ovo and -ino started in the historical period in which the original possessive function of the names and their connection with possessive adjectives was still transparent. Based on the toponymic evidence, it seems that the Southwest Bohemian dialectal phenomenon of possessive adjectives ending in -ovo must be extremely old, reaching as far back as the 12th century.