ВИСЛАВА ШИМБОРСКА – 20-ГОДИШНИНА ОТ ПРИСЪЖДАНЕТО НА НОБЕЛОВАТА НАГРАДА

Author(s): Weronika Szwedek / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Twenty years before, The Swedish Academy honnors Wisława Szymborska with the Nobel Prize in Literature. Many events – scientific, cultural, art and public are planned and realized to remind the significance of the role of Polish poetry as another Nobelist Czeslaw Milosz claims in his congratulations. The Wislawa Szymborska Foundation established in 2012 by virtue of the Nobel Prize winner’s last testament in partnership of other cultural organizations release a new film Written life (Napisane życie) on Milosz Festival with live interviews of the secretary of the poet Michal Rusinek and the film's director Marta Wegiel. The native town of the great poet realizes also an interesting program of events including concerts, videоreadings of Szymborska’s poetry followers in a creative atmosphere. Many posters with popular poems and interesting collages complete regional diversity. The present article relates all moments in 2016 considered as important to tell the journey of award-winning author and her poetry in time.

MOTYW MARYJNY W TWÓRCZOŚCI GORAZDA ZVONICKIEGO I JANA TWARDOWSKIEGO

Author(s): Zuzana Obertová / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This paper deals with the Slovak and Polish religious poetry. Two poets-priests of each country are presented – Gorazd Zvonický as the Slovak author and Jan Twardowski as the Polish one. Even though their lives as well as most of their works are different, both of them used the motif of the Mother of God in their poems in a similar way. The paper presents concrete examples and quotes of the poets, so the similarities can be seen.

Dyskusja: Irzykowskiego projekt kulturowej historii literatury – młodopolskie urlopy od literatury dwudziestolecia – szczerość i autentyzm – niemieccy mistrzowie (i inni) – krytyczne wchodzenie w swe młodopolskie korzenie – teoria gestu

Author(s): Marcin Jauksz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Irzykowski – prekursor Witkacego, broń Boże – poprzednik

Author(s): Tomasz Bocheński / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This essay offers an analysis of the rhetoric of the dispute between Irzykowski and Witkacy that takes into account both artists’ strong statements of opinions as an indication of their hidden recurring resentments. In the essay, the dispute is interpreted as a duel between two unrecognised intellectuals accusing each other of anachronisms and honouring themselves with a label of a precursor. What is more, the author of the essay points out how the nature of this psychomachy-like dispute manifests itself with a constant violation of by and large accepted ethical norms of an artistic dispute of which the two were eager proponents.

Dyskusja: Irzykowski a filozofia niemiecka – Akademia i szkoła – Irzykowski o przekładzie – PAL: teoria versus praktyka – plagiat akademika – neuroza i biblioteka

Author(s): Agata Zawiszewska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Klerk odrzucony. Irzykowski w międzywojennym Lwowie

Author(s): Katarzyna Sadkowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article presents three threads of the reception of Irzykowski’s works in Lviv in the 1930s concerning: the dispute on the role of intellectuals, the accusations of anti-Semitism, and Irzykowski’s theory of cinema. The cultural and literary environment of interwar Lviv did not accept Irzykowski’s intellectual indefiniteness and political independence. Irzykowski himself treated politics as an aesthetic rather than social space, which met with resistance of various circles.

Dyskusja: Irzykowski jako „Polak z rezerwą”; rola fascynacji kulturą niemiecką w przyjęciu takiej roli – europejskie tło prowokacyjnych wystąpień antysemickich Irzykowskiego – polityczny portret krytyka

Author(s): Katarzyna Sadkowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Spór niedokończony. O Karolu Irzykowskim i Janie Emilu Skiwskim

Author(s): Maciej Urbanowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article analyzes complex relations between Karol Irzykowski (1874–1944) and Jan Emil Skiwski (1894–1956). Skiwski was one of the most outstanding literary critics in prewar Poland and also one of the most active and demanding polemists of Irzykowski. Skiwski described himself as clerc i.e. independent intellectual, but as his polemics proved he understood intellectual independency quite differently than Irzykowski did. By his witty and often malicious concepts Skiwski also forced Irzykowski to explain his intellectual positions. Their quarrel had quite unexpected outcome: in the name of independency Skiwski collaborated with Germans during the Second World War and he also saluted Irzykowski after his death in 1944 in a collaborationist newspaper “Przełom”.

Dyskusja: Modele klerkizmu – widma Brzozowskiego – Rodzina Słonimskiego jako tło – „pałubiczne punkty wstydliwe” – „merytoryzm” kolaboracji? – „pantragizm czynu”

Author(s): Maciej Urbanowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Klerk w meandrach antysemityzmu

Author(s): Jakub Beczek / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In this article, the author aims to analyse Irzykowski’s selected statements concerning Jewish subject, especially the participation of Jews in culture and the Irzykowski’s personal relations with Jews. The author tries to answer why some of Karol Irzykowski’s articles from the 1930s were considered anti-Semitic and how these texts related to Irzykowski’s philosophy of intellectual independence.

Dyskusja: Polski model klerkizmu i jego odmiany – intymna judeolatria Irzykowskiego – wątki dotyczące Żydów i żydowskości w twórczości Irzykowskiego – modernistyczny i estetyczny (artystowski) charakter kompleksu Żyda

Author(s): Jakub Beczek / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Irzykowski w poszukiwaniu klerka

Author(s): Konrad Niciński / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The purpose of this sketch is to present the most important features of the model of “clercism” according to Irzykowski, especially those that prove its originality and distinctiveness. The starting point is an analysis of what qualities Irzykowski looked for in potential “clercs” and from what groups of intellectuals he chose potential adepts. The point of arrival is an attempt to distinguish Irzykowski’s individual vision among other models of clercism.

Dyskusja: Klerk w świetle rękopisu fragmentu książki pt. "Instrumenty i instytucje klerkowskie" – pacyfizm Irzykowskiego w latach trzydziestych – wątek quasi-religijności i stopniowania szczerości – Stefan Kołaczkowski jako klerk – cechy klerka

Author(s): Konrad Niciński / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Samotność klerka

Author(s): Sylwia Panek / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of the article is to characterize the situation of Karol Irzykowski in the interwar period and his paradoxical – because it took place in the circumstances of the critic’s extraordinary activity – loneliness. The frustration and bitterness of the critic, which finds diary documentation, is shown as the result of social and professional disappointments (the backstage of parting with literary magazines, the way Irzykowski functioned at PAL, failures on the literary awards market, the unsatisfactory work of a parliamentary stenographer). The dialectic of isolation and engagement is presented as a consequence of 1) Irzykowski’s personality traits, 2) the concept of literary criticism, based on the postulate of merciless unmasking of mental prejudices and developed by him already in the Young Poland period, 3) the necessary response to the epistemological and ethical foundations of the clerc’s worldview.

Dyskusja: Okrucieństwo i czułość – afirmacja i konfrontacja – jąkanie się i norma – anachronizm czy prekursorstwo? – źródła optymizmu i nadziei

Author(s): Sylwia Panek / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Pierwszy tom Poezji Adama Mickiewicza jako punkt wyjścia

Author(s): Kwiryna Ziemba / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The first volume of Mickiewicz’s Poetry (Vilnius 1822) is regarded as the manifesto of Romanticism in Polish literature, although ordinarily only part of this vo- lume, namely Ballads and Romances, is taken into consideration. This article analyses the structural and thematic relationships between the three parts of the volume: the extensi- ve prose preface, the cycle of Ballads and Romances and Miscellaneous Poems. The volume as a whole is interpreted as a project and the first realisation of a new kind of Polish poetry: national through the use of folk motifs and the assumption of the widest, popular, and not exclusively elitist addressee, universal through being rooted in literary tradition from antiquity to Mickiewicz’s times. Poetry is supposed to speak about matters of importance to the nation, reviving its historical memory and bringing hope for the future, and many elements of the poetic programme and the themes of Poetry are continued in Mickiewicz’s later work. The utopian nature of the 1822 poetry programme is signalled in the subsequ- ent sections of the article. The poet assumed that the people, not the elite, formed the nucleus of the nation, and that folk imagination and creativity were the basis of national literature. Such poetry could not be created consistently if national literature in the Polish language was to grow out of the work of the people from several nations and using several languages in the pre-Partition Republic, and if it was to address itself to this multi-ethnic people. Moreover, if citizens did not have political power and representation, they were first and foremost serfs. This is why Mickiewicz’s work tends towards a “history of the no- bility”: an example would be Pan Tadeusz, where ‘the people’ refers much more clearly to the petty gentry than in 1822’s Poetry, and the accepted tradition is that of Polish literature from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment, which is no longer in opposition to folk art.

Przyjaźń i przekład: Sonety krymskie jako „mała proza” w twórczości Piotra Wiaziemskiego

Author(s): Michael Düring / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

It is difficult to speak of friendship between Poles and Russians in these times. And yet friendly relations between intellectuals, writers, and historians run through the history of both countries. The friendship between Adam Mickiewicz and Alexander Pushkin, for example, is widely known. The fact that it ended in 1831 has to do with historical events, whose painful consequences we are feeling again right now. But Adam Mickiewicz cultivated numerous friendships with intellectuals of the time during his stay in Russia besides Pushkin, among them Peter Vyazemsky. And what better way to demonstrate mutual understanding than through translations from Polish into Russian? This question, which does not really require an answer, is the focus of the article

Jedinstvenost i različitost. Bilješke o književnom jeziku (1918–1941)

Author(s): Krešimir Mićanović / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

The paper analyses contributions to the debate on standard language published in the period between the end of the First World War and early 1941. Even though the Constitution of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes sanctioned “Serbo-Croato-Slovene” as the official language, the prevailing attitude, not only among the philologists, was that the Slovenes have a standard language of their own, whereas the Croats and the Serbs share a common one. In the name of national unity, the champions of Serbo-Croat “literary unity” incessantly propagated linguistic unification, i.e. instituting a single standard usage, thereby implicitly admitting that differences in standard language are of more significance than they allowed. In the papers under analysis, lexical differences between Croatian and Serbian usage were taken as confirming the completion of the process of differentiation, i.e. the existence of two recensions/two standard languages (Bošković), as well as being identified as variants of a standard language (Đorđić), while a younger generation of Croatian linguists (Krstić, Guberina) aimed not only to list but also to elaborate the differences between the two standard languages – Croatian and Serbian. The polemics and discussions from the late 1930s through the very beginning of 1940s established two diametrically opposed positions. On the first view, there is a single standard language shared by Croats and Serbs, and the differences that nevertheless exist are to be removed by unified usage; and on the other, there are two standard languages, Croatian and Serbian. The discussions of the unity of standard language were renewed in the Federative Republic of Yugoslavia, and in conclusion it is indicated that that the debate between Croatian and Serbian linguists on single standard language was resolved by both sides acquiescing to the view that there are variants in standard language, which was a viable compromise.

Promjena granica 1918. i hrvatska arhitektura – novi centri, novi uzori, novi stilovi

Author(s): Dragan Damjanović / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

The disintegration of Austria-Hungary marked the end of not only political but also cultural and economic ties that existed for centuries on the territory of the Danube Monarchy. The break was reflected in the field of architecture as well, which can be particularly clearly seen in the change in the place where Croatian architects were educated. Until 1918, the main place architects were educated was Vienna, primarily the Technische Hochschule and/or the Academy of Fine Arts. Less often, even though Croatia was part of the eastern, Hungarian part of the Monarchy, Croatian architects went to Budapest to study, primarily because of the language barrier. Alternately, a limited few sought instruction in other Central European universities situated in Prague, Karlsruhe, Munich, and beyond. After 1918 and the establishment of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, not a single important Croatian architect will be educated in Budapest, and Vienna also becomes less and less important as a place of education (it retains a certain reputation only in the 1920s). On the other hand, key new cultural centres of interwar Europe are gaining increasing importance: Berlin, Dresden, Prague and sometimes Paris. The change in the place of education also leads to a strengthening of the influence on Croatian architecture from Germany, Czechoslovakia, and France. Expert architectural magazines, monographic publications and architectural exhibitions from these areas are becoming a key dissemination channel, along with the place of education. The change in the state framework had a strong impact on the dissemination of ideas with other areas within Yugoslavia too. There is a strong influence of Ljubljana, where one of Europe’s most important architects of the first half of the 20th century, Jože Plečnik, works, and Belgrade, due to the role of this city as the political centre of the country. Since Zagreb was the most important economic, cultural, and educational centre in the country immediately after the foundation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, Zagreb’s architectural scene had a stronger influence on Belgrade’s than Belgrade’s on Zagreb’s. Thanks to the establishment of the Technical High School in Zagreb in 1919, many future architects, not only from Croatia but also from other parts of Yugoslavia, completed their studies there, making this city an important place for the dissemination of new trends in architecture in the rest of the new country. Finally, in contrast to the situation in Belgrade, Russian architects who immigrated to Yugoslavia had only a minor influence on events in Croatian architecture. The aim of this paper is to show how the change of borders in 1918 was reflected in the architecture of Zagreb. The general characteristics of Croatian architecture of that period, its stylistic diversity and main protagonists are presented, as well as how the influence of the state and local authorities was reflected in the architectural production. Events in the field of architecture are contextualized with the broader political and social situation.

Revolucijska imaginacija 1918. Hrvatsko hrvanje s europskim kontekstom

Author(s): Ewa Wróblewska-Trochimiuk / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

A few days after the proclamation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, a bloody confrontation took place in the main square of Zagreb. The first force was a rebel group of soldiers dissatisfied with the political changes and the second, that clashed with protesters, were the security forces of the new state. These events can be found in history books as “December victims”. Croatian historiography could undoubtedly emphasize the social background of the protest and portray the “December victims” within the broader European context: the general social unrest that began to spread across Europe in 1918 or as an echo of the October Revolution, the flames of which, at that time, had not yet burned out. Nevertheless, this historical event was, first of all, recorded with an emphasis on the national tone and to this day it strengthens the Croatian national discourse. Regardless of whether the mentioned events had the character of a revolution or not, the article emphasizes the importance of revolutionary imagination as a prerequisite for changes and revolutions.