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IMAGINEA VLAHILOR LA CRONICARII CRUCIADEI A IV-A. PÂNĂ UNDE RĂZBATE ECOUL DISCUȚIILOR INTELECTUALE DE LA CONSTANTINOPOL?

Author(s): Florin Curta / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 1/2015

The chroniclers of the Fourth Crusade (Geoffroi de Villehardouin, Henri de Valenciennes, and Robert deClari) have much to say about the Vlachs. Much of that information results from direct contact with the Vlachs, particularly in the case of Villehardouin and Henri de Valenciennes. However, several issues characterizing theVlachs, especially in Robert de Clari's chronicle, are remarkably similar to stories that may be found in NiketasChoniates. The paper analyzes the role attributed to the Vlachs in the French chronicles, and attempts to explain the similarity to the coverage of things Vlach in Niketas Choniates. As such, the paper offers an examination of allByzantine sources mentioning the Vlachs before Choniates and of non-Byzantine sources such as Benjamin ofTudela, the chronicle attributed to Ansbertus, and the correspondence between Pope Innocent III and JohannitsaKaloyan. The conclusion is that the image of the Vlachs in the French chronicles derives from stories about themcirculating in 12th-century Constantinople.

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ХУДОЖЕСТВЕННАЯ АНТРОПОЛОГИЯ ДОСТОЕВСКОГО

Author(s): Vladimir Nikolaevich Zakharov / Language(s): English,Russian Issue: 1/2013

Dostoyevsky proposed a new conception of Man in the world literature. Critics have described such psychological discoveries of the writer as irrationalism, dualism, and underground. Many aspects of his Christian anthropology remained beyond the attention of the researchers. In his conception of Man there are such essential concepts as the common pseudo-human (obshchechelovek) and the panhuman (vsechelovek). The common pseudo-human is a special type of a Russian man that appeared after the reforms of Peter the Great. Unlike the British, the Germans, the French, who maintain their nationality, the Russian “common pseudo-human” strives to be anyone but Russian. Being a common pseudo-human is to be an abstract European without roots and soil. Vsechelovek is a rare word in the Russian language. Nikolai Danilevsky used this word with a capital letter to call Christ (1869). Dostoyevsky used the word pan-human without capitalization to denote a perfect Christian. It expressed the inner sense of his Pushkin Memorial speech. It was Dostoyevsky who introduced the word panhuman in Russian literature and philosophy. Konstantin Leontiev did not understand the meaning of this word. He represented “the terrible, in his opinion, pan-human” as a common pseudo-human, European, liberal, and cosmopolitan. This mistaken substitution (obshchechelovek instead of vsechelovek) is typical for Russian literary and philosophical criticism of the 20th century. For Dostoevsky, each person carries the image of God. The verbs obrazit' (to restore the image) and obozhit' (to divinize) imply the restoration of the image of God and thereby the humanization of a person. To be Russian is to become pan-human (vsechelovek), Christian. Dostoyevsky’s hero carries all possible completeness of the Creator and the Creation.

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СЦЕНЫ СЧАСТЬЯ В РОМАНАХ ДОСТОЕВСКОГО

Author(s): Rita Mazel / Language(s): English,Russian Issue: 1/2013

This article presents Dostoyevsky to readers as an author praising happiness and felicity. Having lived through deep sorrows he acquired insight into another dimension of life. Like a longing pathfinder, he states the unfeigned grace of life. “Life is a gift, life is mercy, and any minute may be the age of happiness”, – this is the essence of his great novels. People are not lonesome on Earth; they are bound by invisible threads. A loner may not succeed. One heart or one consciousness attracts another one like a magnet, as if claiming: thou art... Christ, with his Love and his Sacrifice, the greatest miracle on the Earth. It is impossible to be aware of Christ’s existence and not to be joyful. Dostoyevsky reveals one of the main principles of life: when you love someone and sacrifice yourself to this person you satisfy your aspiration for a beau ideal and feel like in heavens. In this article the author analyzes selected scenes of happiness in Dostoevsky’s novels: Arkady’s and his sister Liza’s admiration for the sacrifice of their father Versilov; Alyosha and Grushen’ka, saving each other instead of committing sins and transgressing moral standards; Alyosha’s dream about the Christ’s first miracle in Cana of Galilee; Stavrogin’s dream of the Golden Age of the blessed mankind... In Dostoyevsky’s tragic novel The Possessed (The Devils, or Demons) a reader faces an image of love – mutual, sacrificial, fulfilling, and blithe. There is probably nothing similar in the history of the world literature. One can eminently feel the interconnectedness of Dostoevsky’s heroes with another, higher world that penetrates into every aspect of their lives. All of his creatures are illumed by the light of other worlds. It is clear that there cannot be darkness, despair, or hopelessness in Dostoevsky’s works, because even in the hell full of demons there is a place for righteous people, luminous (as Nikolai Berdyaev called them) and capable of love and personal sacrifice that means that the light is still shining in the darkness, and the evil darkness did not envelop it.

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ПОЛЕМИКА КАК ДИАЛОГ: ДОСТОЕВСКИЙ В СПОРЕ С ТОЛСТЫМ

Author(s): Vladimir Nikolaevich Zakharov / Language(s): English,Russian Issue: 1/2013

Dostoevsky was a writer who actively introduced literary criticism into his novels by adapting critical comments to the nature of the characters. The same principle of the novelization of criticism was used in his Diary of a Writer. Dostoevsky went beyond expressing his opinions about other people’s works, and used to develop “fictitious persons” of critics, to compose their dialogues, to carry on polemics with real and fantastic opponents. The novelization of literary criticism is natural in the poetics of the Diary of a Writer. In the Diary of a Writer of July-August 1877 Dostoevsky argues with Tolstoy about the eighth and the last part of the novel Anna Karenina, rejected by the publishers of The Russian Messenger and was soon published as a separate book. Dostoyevsky highly appreciated the literary value of the novel, the genius of its author, but did not accept his political assessments of the Russo-Turkish war. His polemics with Tolstoy is original: he levels criticism not at the author, but at the hero. Dostoevsky takes in the Christian pathos of Tolstoy, the didactic sense of the epigraph, but blames Levin for his isolation and turning away from Christ as well as for the fact that he refuses to empathize and help his neighbor in the name of abstract principles. Dostoevsky asks Tolstoy a rhetorical question which gives a new meaning to their polemics: what does the writer teach the readers? What does literature teach them about? The answer implies responsibility which the author of the Diary calls the author of Anna Karenina to. In the final dispute an unexpected effect arises: the polemics appear as a dialogue of two geniuses, in which the disagreement makes the opponents achieve consent in front of the truth of the people.

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СЛОВА АПОСТОЛЬСКИХ ДЕЯНИЙ И ПОСЛАНИЙ В ПИСЬМАХ А. П. ЧЕХОВА

Author(s): Olga Rodionova / Language(s): English,Russian Issue: 1/2013

Chekhov was born in a very religious family and since early childhood became familiar with church practice. In the letters he wrote as a middle-aged man, he called himself an unbeliever. However, a lack of faith did not prevent him from using the Biblical words in his letters and works. This paper examines using the words from Acts and Epistles of the Apostles in Chekhov’s letters. We consider all the forms of this use: quotes, reminiscences, allusions, idioms of the New Testament’s origin, etc. The research enables us to evaluate the degree of Chekhov’s familiarity with Acts and Epistles of the Apostles, as well as the frequency and the context of his references to them. We also try to answer the question why Chekhov, being an unbeliever, uses the scriptural words so often, and we make a conclusion that scriptural words formed an integral part of his thesaurus. This, therefore, leads us to a conclusion that the researchers and readers of Chekhov need to know the Bible to understand the writer’s language.

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МОЛИТВА В ЛИРИКЕ А. БЛОКА («ДЕВУШКА ПЕЛА В ЦЕРКОВНОМ ХОРЕ»)

Author(s): Irina Spiridonova / Language(s): English,Russian Issue: 1/2013

The article examines the genre clash of a prayer and stanzas in Alexander Blok’s poem A girl was singing in the church choir... (1905). Prayer is the main ecclesiastical source, shaping the poem’s lyric model. The genre canon of stanzas with the strophes detached substantially and compositionally, transforms the central musical theme into four scene-developments linked by dissonance. Each of the strophes in A girl was singing in the church choir... has its own semantic point (prayer – singings – illusion – enlightenment) and reveals a different content of the event, intensifies and develops the tragic theme of two worlds, intended and unintended substitutions, spiritual quest and time losses. Blok’s stanzas are poetic evidence of a modern man’s exit from a prayerful concentration. The model of “conflicting synthesis” of ecclesiastical and literary genres reflects the religious/mystical opposition in symbolism aesthetics and strengthens the tragic pathos of Blok’s lyric poetry.

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ЕВАНГЕЛЬСКИЕ ОБРАЗЫ И МОТИВЫ В СТИХОТВОРЕНИЯХ С. ОРЛОВА О КУЛИКОВСКОЙ БИТВЕ В СРАВНЕНИИ С ЦИКЛОМ А. БЛОКА «НА ПОЛЕ КУЛИКОВОМ»

Author(s): Svetlana Olegovna Zakharchenko / Language(s): English,Russian Issue: 1/2013

The Battle of Kulikovo is one of the most significant events in Russian history. This article studies five poems by Alexander Blok and Sergey Orlov devoted to this battle. Alexander Blok's cycle of poems On the Field of Kulikovo prophetically predicts future changes in Russia. Sergey Orlov's poems devoted to this historical event can be seen as a certain indicator of his creative evolution. The image of the homeland, as well as the image of his wife (widow), both in Blok's and Orlov's poems originates from the image of the Mother of God. Images of a celestial body used by both poets are associated with military paraphernalia and arise from the evangelical images, while the warrior image is based on the evangelical image of brotherhood. Poetic experience of Alexander Blok and Sergey Orlov reveals Orthodox roots that nourish the entire Russian culture.

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К ВОПРОСУ ИДИОСТИЛЯ И. С. ШМЕЛЕВА: НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ЛЕКСИЧЕСКОГО КОРПУСА С КОРНЕМ -РАД- ПОВЕСТИ «НЕУПИВАЕМАЯ ЧАША»

Author(s): Nikolay Sobolev / Language(s): English,Russian Issue: 1/2013

The article analyzes the lexemes with the root “rad” in the short novel The Inexhaustible Cup by I. S. Shmelev. Lexemes are systematized on the basis of functional thesaurus. In the process of analysis there is detected the concept of Joy. The study of the Joy's concept enables us to make important observations in the field of Church liturgical tradition, a literary form, poetic images in the investigated text. The concept generalizes the values contained in the lexicon of the eleven ideological and thematic groups (the good force, prayer, icon, space, freedom/ will, pleasure, fun, boredom, sadness, love, art), which are grouped into two main correlated topics: the sacred and the secular. The intention of the concept of joy defines the ideological perspective of the tale as the text of spiritual life of the heroes.

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ГИМНОГРАФИЧЕСКАЯ ТРАДИЦИЯ В ПОВЕСТИ И. С. ШМЕЛЕВА «НЕУПИВАЕМАЯ ЧАША»

Author(s): Nikolay Sobolev / Language(s): English,Russian Issue: 1/2013

The article examines the influence of the Orthodox hymnography on Ivan Shmelev's works, using his short novel The Inexhaustible Cup as an example. The author analyzes the hymnographic level of the novel; identifies specific features of adapting liturgical poetry to the literary (fiction) text; defines the functionality of liturgical texts in the ideological and thematic, as well as imaginative and motive structure of a literary work. Comparative analysis shows that novel's poetic attributes are similar to theological terminological metaphors typical for hymnography. Moreover, the content plane of The Inexhaustible Cup, due to the semantic parallelism with Akathist and, more broadly, with the hymnographic tradition, forms the Christian dogmatic metatext, which can be called Being in Christ. This enables the reader to identify intuitively Shmelev's novel as a piece of writing, related to poetic and didactic Christian texts in its spirit and language.

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ПУШКИНСКАЯ РЕЧЬ ИВАНА ШМЕЛЕВА: НОВЫЙ КОНТЕКСТ ПОНИМАНИЯ

Author(s): Ivan Esaulov / Language(s): English,Russian Issue: 1/2013

In the research on Shmelev, the second thesis in Pushkin speech is usually commented on — the one about Pushkin's mystery. The famous Dostoevsky’s speech is concluded with words about a mystery and revealing this mystery. Shmelev's reply is that "we seem to have revealed this mystery". However, the first thesis of this speech — containing a complete agreement between Shmelev and Dostoyevsky — is usually ignored. In this paper, the author polemizes with his predecessors who studied Shmelev's publicistic writings and interprets this agreement between Shmelev and Dostoevsky. The Truth of God is brought up, which is not only an individual peculiarity of Pushkin but the high road of Russian literature in general. Applicable as well to Russian culture in general. The Truth of Russian people, also known as the Truth of God, is the truth accepted by us from the font of Orthodoxy — and this is the central idea of Pushkin, which became clear to Russian exiles. In particular, it became clear because an almost thousand-year-long Russian history was forcedly interrupted in the homeland they left; this is something that, naturally, Dostoyevsky could not even think of.

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СЮЖЕТ «ИСПЫТАНИЯ ВЕРЫ» В ПОВЕСТИ А. ПЛАТОНОВА «ДЖАН»

Author(s): Marina Vladimirovna Zavarkina / Language(s): English,Russian Issue: 1/2013

The article analyzes Andrei Platonov' short novel Dzan and sees the concept of an "act of faith" as the central element of its plot. The article provides evidence that the idea of socialism, being refracted through the Zoroastrian myth, is tested in the story for strength and genuineness. As a result, this test reveals Christian subtext in the novel, with the main character not accepting utilitarian earthly Paradise, where there is no free will, and where love to one's neighbor is contrasted with love to the distant humanity. At the end of the novel two evangelical commandments are mentioned - not by bread alone and love thy neighbor. In the late 1920s — the middle of the 1930s Andrei Platonov comes up with his own idea of soul's socialism, trying to reconcile the irreconcilable - the Christian ideal and socialism.

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TRECEREA DE LA COPILĂRIE LA MATURITATE ŞI ROLUL CĂSĂTORIEI ÎN NORD-ESTUL PROVINCIEI ROMANE MOESIA INFERIOR (SCYTHIA MINOR)

Author(s): Dan Aparaschivei / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 1/2014

In the Roman classical time, as well as during the Christian period, the very young age of marriageable girls indicates that their passage from childhood to adulthood was somewhat enforced. Our study aims to observe and comment on several aspects regarding the de jure and de facto marriageable age and consequently the age of passage from childhood to adulthood between the 1stand the 6th centuries AD in the area corresponding to the late Roman province Scythia Minor. The importance of marriage and childbearing in the Roman world is revealed, also, by the sources that refer to the premature death of young people, before their marriage. Analyzing the symbolic meaning of funeral inventory in graves of marriageable girls is another objective of this study. The clothing, the jewels and the rest of the funeral inventory, together with the specific rituals might reveal unmarried status of the deceased young woman, but also her nulliparial status and consequently her symbolic “childhood”.

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Śladami Fajdrosa

Author(s): Ewa Osek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 11/2016

The paper concerns the dramatic setting and scenery of Plato’s Phaedrus, and especially the route of Phaedrus’ and Socrates’ philosophical walk along the river Ilisus and the southern suburbs of Athens. It discusses the topographic details mentioned or suggested in the dialogue, namely the Morychian house, the Ilisus valley, the Callirrhoe spring, the district of Agra, the plants growing there, and the cave of Pan.

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The development of the future teacher subjectivity formation as an aspect of his professional position

Author(s): Oleksandr Meshko / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2016

The essence, the characteristics of subjectivity as part of future teacher professional positions are substantiated in the article. It is established that the subjectivity of the teacher as an integral professionally important quality of personality is found in the quest for self-determination, self, selfregulation and self-improvement in professional and educational activities. The concept of student - future teacher subjectivity is concretized. The content of the subjectivity of future teachers in the context of age-professionalization process of the future specialists is analyzed. The features of the development and implementation of subject activity of students in educational and professional activities in higher education are described

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Main Features of the English Gothic Novel

Author(s): Elena-Maria Emandi / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2016

The present work is intended to highlight some general lines common to the English Gothic literature mainly until the 1890s. After locating literary Gothicism and presenting some general features shared by the Gothic novels, attention will be paid to the atmosphere, the stock features, narrative techniques, themes and symbols present in such type of writings. A special place is played by the language of terror that generates fear, awe, suspense, emotion, excitement, ontological uncertainty. As far as the Gothic aesthetics is concerned, the illustrative examples are meant to certify once more the place of the Gothic novel among the texts embodying and evoking cultural anxieties.

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Don Quixote, a Building Novel

Author(s): Nushi Admira / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2016

Building novels are literary genres which describe the life of a character from childhood to maturity. Don Quixote, the one we know, is described as a product of chivalric readings. He has finished his education since the beginning of the novel. If he hadn’t read those books, surely, his life would have been completely different. The change that happened in his mind was converted into concrete actions followed by visible events. In the center of the book is a hero, a main character like Quixote, who changes psychologically, evolves under the circumstances that shape or educate him, as required by the genre, from a burlesque character transformed into a character with high expectations, willing to sacrifice for others, a free volition man, a fearless character who is not afraid of the sufferings, an example of human heroism. In our study, we see the evolution of the character in hic chivalric avenue and his alienation under Sancho’s accompany. Except of this, our numerous assumptions as a building novel, a romantic hero, unsettled or antihero makes it impossible to reach an explicit definition. According to Lucas, being a Romanesque character, from our point of view, he is more a problematic hero. Nonetheless, he is a bit of all and represents manifold features, as this is the first modern novel in Europe which compresses features of many genres and subgenres as the own nature of the novel is of encyclopedic genre which assembles many universal components developing a special totality.

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МОТИВ ВОСКРЕШЕНИЯ В ТВОРЧЕСТВЕ ЛЕОНИДА АНДРЕЕВА

Author(s): Ekaterina Mikheicheva / Language(s): English,Russian Issue: 1/2017

This article is devoted to the problem of resurrection which was widely spread in Silver age philosophy and literature. Basing on the New Testament, Russian philosophers N. Fyodorov and V. Solovyov associated the resurrection process with improvement of the nature and unification of the humankind. Leonid Andreev saw the consequences of returning from the nothingness to the real world in a different way. The attempts of resurrection (Vasily Fiveisky) and the resurrection itself (Eleasar) were seen by him as a tragedy of the personality. Fiveisky who believed to be the God’s elect did not manage to repeat the miracle of Jesus — to resurrect Semion Mosyagin, and that became the reason for the character’s madness and death. The resurrection of Lasarus, who saw death and overcame it, is represented by Andreev as a tragedy for both the resurrected and all the people he came in contact with after his returning from the beyond. The notion of a time limit and its understanding help people keep the freshness of their feelings and thoughts, to limit their lives by the moral categories, to enjoy every moment of their secular life.

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ИНТЕРПРЕТАЦИЯ ЕВАНГЕЛЬСКОГО СЮЖЕТА В РАССКАЗЕ А. А. КОНДРАТЬЕВА «ПОСЛЕДНЕЕ ИСКУШЕНИЕ»

Author(s): Tatiana Voronina / Language(s): English,Russian Issue: 1/2017

The author of the article analyses the interpretation of the gospel episode of the Crucifixion of Christ in the story “The Last Temptation” by A. Kondratiev. The research asserts that the writer follows the variants of the New Testament story presented in the Gospel of Luke and John, and considers the initial events as Christian myths that can be recreated in Art. A. Kondratiev changes the perspective of the event and shows it through the eyes of the spirit of the Devil’s army. The episode of the Passion of Christ is presented as a decisive battle between good and evil, that are embodied in the son of Man and the Chosen one (Satan). The outcome of the battle is related to the presence of the third force, a mysterious Arab criminal, whose attitude the result of the battle depends on. The writer interprets the legend of a sensible robber and a mad robber in his own way, turning these minor characters into protagonists. The story contains allusions to the apocryphal “Gospel of Nicodemus”, “The Arabic Gospel of the infancy of the Savior”, and direct quotations from Testament texts. A. Kondratiev adds the motive of a cosmic battle between Light and darkness to the New Testament story, he accentuates the image of the wise thief introducing a key intrigue of the narration, emphasizes the role of this character in the fight between good and evil. The mystery of the character (who is he? what purposes is he pursuing?) produces the innuendo effect, the sense of an unsolved mystery of the Gospel story.

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О НЕКОТОРЫХ ФОЛЬКЛОРНЫХ ОСОБЕННОСТЯХ ПОЭТИКИ РОМАНА А. А. КОНДРАТЬЕВА «НА БЕРЕГАХ ЯРЫНИ»

Author(s): Ekaterina Agapitova / Language(s): English,Russian Issue: 1/2017

The article is devoted to analysis of folklore features of A. A. Kondratyev’s novel “On the banks of the Yaryn river”, in particular the influence of poetics of the folk non-fiction prose (folk stories) and fairy-tales on the form and content of this “demonological” novel (as it was characterized by the author himself). It is possible to claim that on the one hand, A. Kondratyev applied here the ethnographic filling of non-fiction stories and on the one hand the laws of formation of a fantastic world of the magic fairy-tale on the other hand. The special attention is paid to a problem of “borders” that is the main law of the magic fairy-tale, a clear distinction between “one’s own” and “someone else’s”. In this novel the Yaryn river serves as a border and seems the contamination of the real Goryn and Yarun rivers and an archetypic image of the River. Besides, one more law of fantastic poetics is considered in the novel. It is the requirement to keep one’s word and not to break a ban, because it is such an infraction that is the engine of a plot of the novel and that leads characters to death, although death in the novel is not the end of life but transition to another state of soul, as far as the characters of the novel can exist in three forms: a man, evil spirits and the undead. In such a manner, the eternity, constancy and basic repeatability of the world “On the banks of the Yaryn river” are formed.

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БИБЛЕЙСКАЯ СИМВОЛИКА В ПОВЕСТИ В. Я. ШИШКОВА «СТРАННИКИ»

Author(s): Valentina Gabdullina,Evgeniya Izranova / Language(s): English,Russian Issue: 1/2017

The article presents the experience of reinterpretation of the novel of V. Y. Shishkov as the phenomenon of “spiritual realism”, from the point of view of identifying the role and functions of biblical symbolism and imagery in its artistic system. Biblical symbolism pervades the narration, manifesting itself both at the level of the semantics of names and imagery, and in a three-part compositional structure of the novel that conveys the author’s idea — the movement of the characters from the darkness of the underworld to the light. Life of the homeless children is depicted by the author as the “dark world”, “antiworld”, which disfigures all the concepts ontologically important for Man. The idea of spiritual commonality is replaced by the thieves brotherhood, the life of street children under the inverted barge turns into a hideous parody of monastic life, the place of the Virgin in this world is given to a prostitute girl Mashka nicknamed May Flower. In the plot of the story the motifs of the Apocalypse (destruction of the old world) and of the prodigal son in the heroes’ life stories who undergo transformations take place in parallel. The interpretation of biblical symbols, which saturated Shishkov’s novel “The Wanderers” brings new connotations, still unrevealed in literature studies, that reside in the content of this work.

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