ЕВАНГЕЛЬСКИЕ ОБРАЗЫ «НИВЫ» И «ПАЖИТИ» В ПИСЬМАХ МАКАРИЯ ОПТИНСКОГО МОНАХИНЯМ

Author(s): Svetlana Olegovna Zakharchenko / Language(s): English,Russian Issue: 1/2016

Letters of the Optina Elders bring us to the great spiritual heritage combining spiritual traditions of Russian monasticism beginning from the first centuries of Christianization of Russian lands with those of monasticism of Mount Athos brought to Russia by the disciples of St. Paisios Velichkovsky. The letters of monk Makary of Optina contain many gospel images, by means of which the Elder instructs his spiritual children. The Gospel images of “grainfields”, “pastures”, “ewe lamb of Christ”, “bride of Christ” and “milk” are not casual in the letters of Makary of Optina to nuns. The patristic literature distinguishes the sins committed by men and women. Therefore, the ways of reaching salvation for men and women, although the human nature is unique, have their particularities. The collection of letters of monk Makary of Optina provides us with the evidence of the Elder’s way to teach his spiritual daughters, to nurture in the nuns a sense of mother love able to save people from troubles and cure dangerous diseases, to work wonders and bring people back to life.

ЖИТИЕ СВЯТОГО АНТОНИЯ КАК ВЕРОЯТНЫЙ ИСТОЧНИК ИЗОБРАЖЕНИЯ СИЛ ЗЛА В «БЕСАХ» ДОСТОЕВСКОГО

Author(s): Antonella Cavazza / Language(s): English,Russian Issue: 1/2016

Among the sources that inspired F. M. Dostoevsky to create the novel “Demons” the New Testament was of high priority, as this article puts it. It also uncovers the importance of the author’s interpretation of the Gospels of the Church Fathers. The purpose of the article is to determine the text of patristic literature that in all probability encouraged Dostoevsky to picture the forces of Evil in his novel “Demons”. This refers to the Life of St. Anthony by Athanasius of Alexandria. There are no references to this work either in the novel itself or in the commentaries to the Complete works of Dostoevsky. However, the novel “Demons” contains some arguments justifying such a supposition. The present article investigates them. The article also highlights that both European and Russian Art, particularly painting and literature, developed the theme of temptation of Anthony the Great. One of the best-known examples of this representation is the picture “Temptation of St. Anthony” attributed to Brueghel the Younger. In the 19th century this panting was a part of the famous collection of Balbi and was kept in the Royal Palace of Genoa — Balbi Senarega, inspiring Flaubert in 1845 to write the play “Temptation of St. Anthony” (“La Tentation de Saint Antoine”).

МОТИВ СТРАННИЧЕСТВА В РАННЕМ ТВОРЧЕСТВЕ П. И. МЕЛЬНИКОВА-ПЕЧЕРСКОГО

Author(s): Liubov Alekseeva / Language(s): English,Russian Issue: 1/2016

The article is devoted to such a phenomenon of Russian spiritual life as pilgrimage, that became a popular theme of the 19th century literature and one of the basic motifs in P. I. Melnikov-Pechersky’s works. The possibility to use a variety of modifications of the concept in P. I. Melnikov-Pechersky’s works resulted from polysemy of the lexemes “pilgrim”, “pilgrimage” in the 19th century language, caused by the evolution of pilgrimage/wandering as a historical and cultural phenomenon. The analysis of different forms of manifestation of pilgrimage, conducted in the article basing on the material of the story “Poyarkov” (1857) and the short novel “Grisha” (1861), makes it possible to reconstruct the content-related meaning of “pilgrimage” / “wandering” in P. I. Melnikov-Pechersky’s early works. Various socio-cultural and historical meanings assigned by the writer to the concept of "pilgrimage" are identified through the analysis of images of pilgrims/wanderers in his works. The motif of pilgrimage is considered in interrelation with the emotional experience of the main characters (Poyarkov and Grisha). The article concludes that the motif of pilgrimage/wandering in P. I. Melnikov-Pechersky’s works, no matter which meaning it implicates, is a driving force for disclosing images of the main characters of the stories and goes hand in hand with their spiritual quests.

КОНЦЕПТ И ИДЕОЛОГЕМА «ВИЗАНТИЗМ» В ПУБЛИЦИСТИКЕ К. Н. ЛЕОНТЬЕВА

Author(s): Darja Sergeevna Kunilskaya / Language(s): English,Russian Issue: 1/2016

The article’s theme is the conception of Byzantism by K. N. Leontiev. The purpose of the study is analysis of the key concept of Leontiev’s program article “Byzantism and Slavdom” (1871). The line of the research determines the choice of a cultural and historic approach to analysis of literary phenomena. The tradition of comprehension of the image of Byzantium in the world culture is important for understanding this conception. A biased image of Byzantium, appeared in the sources of Leontiev’s article (Schlosser, Thiery, Guizot), proves the common viewpoint of the role of the Eastern Roman Empire in the world cultural sphere which is hardly ever corresponds to historical facts. Negative evaluation of Byzantism appears in lifetime criticism of the writer, in reviews of the article and collection of articles “The East, Russia and Slavdom” (1886). Opposing the accepted opinion Leontiev used the notion “byzantism” intentionally as an authentic ideologeme. Such comprehension of Byzantine heritage may indicate at a new approach to the study of traditional writers and journalists.

ИСПЫТАНИЕ СМЕРТЬЮ КАК НРАВСТВЕННАЯ ГОЛГОФА ГЕРОЯ В ПРОЗЕ ВС. ГАРШИНА

Author(s): Vitaliy Darenskiy / Language(s): English,Russian Issue: 1/2016

The article is devoted to the analysis of V. Garshyn’s tales “Four days” and “Artists” in the context of an “Easter archetype” of Russian literature, formed in Christian tradition. The fundamental imperative of this archetype is comprehension of all life events as a sort of moral deeds, that is of “Moral Golgotha”. The latter takes a drastic form through death experience. According to V. S. Garshyn and European existentialism, consciousness of death is such a strong and deep commotion that it may provoke an existential crisis in a person’s soul, while in Christian tradition death is seen as pure beingness, that is not a tragedy but a sublime and indispensable purpose of Man’s earthly life on the way to the immortality of the soul. Indeed, death reveals the final meaning of earthly life, that is salvation of the soul. Garshyn brightly demonstrated it as no one else, thus manifesting a particular trait of a Russian artistic man of genius.

СВОЕОБРАЗИЕ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОГО ХАРАКТЕРА В ОХОТНИЧЬИХ РАССКАЗАХ Е.Н.ОПОЧИНИНА

Author(s): Elena A. Fedorova / Language(s): English,Russian Issue: 1/2016

Evgeny Nikolaevich Opochinin (1858—1928) is an archaeographer, historian, journalist, specialist in drama study, collector, author of memoirs about F. M. Dostoevsky, Ya. P. Polonsky, A. N. Maykov, etc. He is not well known as a writer. Most of his life the writer spent in Yaroslavl region, in the estate in the environs of Rybinsk. Hunter’s stories by E. N. Opochinin resemble documentary, philosophical and psychological prose. The author tries to achieve accuracy in description of nature and life, to juxtapose the image of a biographic author and that one of a story-teller. At the same time, according to the author, hunting symbolizes search for truth that goes back to the philosophy of Platon. In E. N. Opochinin’s stories, the situation during hunting becomes an ordeal for the hero wherethrough his individual and intrinsic principles manifest themselves. The author often uses the method of paradox, an unexpected twist in the plot. Sometimes his metaphors and comparisons look like symbols. As E. N. Opochinin puts it, hunting reveals such traits of Russian national character as compassion, sense of justice, humility, aspiration for strenuous activity, and for perception of God’s will. Simultaneously, by the example of hunting E. N. Opochinin demonstrates a spontaneous, destructive aspect of Russian character if he is motivated by greed for gain and envy. The writer creates different types of hunters: wildlife lovers, conventionalists, “imitators” and predators-consumers.

ОТ «СВЕТА ЗНАНИЯ» К «СВЕТУ РАЗУМА»: ОБРАЗ ДЕТСТВА В ПРОЗЕ И. С. ШМЕЛЕВА 1906—1910 ГГ.

Author(s): Oksana A. Sosnovskaya / Language(s): English,Russian Issue: 1/2016

I. Shmelev began his literary career as a children's writer. His first literary works were published in such еditions for young people as “Spring” and “Young Russia”. The poorly studied writer’s early works for children and the youth, published in 1906—1910 became analytical material for the article. The story line motifs in Shmelev’s early prose are often repeated, aligned with each other. Among these recurring motifs, the basic one is the motif of a “cherished meeting” between a child and an adult who becomes the mentor for the former. The images of the adults helping children decide on their path of life, reveal the features of the essential image of a mentor and nurse of souls in Shmelev’s works, embodied in the image of the carpenter Gorkin in the novel “Summer of the Lord”. The motif of being of service to people, along with the motif of self-sacrifice, is the keynote of his works of 1906—1910. One of the main images of the writer’s early prose is the image of the book. A reader is portrayed as a carrier of high intellectual culture transmitting it to others. The semantics of the image is varied. One of the characteristic metaphorical meanings is comparison of the book with life itself. That is why the writer often calls precious childhood memories of the heroes “bright pages”. Empathy, the ability of internal, spiritual sight, simple cordiality, purity are the important features of the artistic world of childhood. Highlighting a complex and multifaceted process of formation of the human soul, searching for meaning, comprehension of the laws of life, the ratio of good and evil from the standpoint of spirituality, can be traced even in the early works of Shmelev that makes the writer one of the founders of the tradition of spiritual understanding of childhood.

Концепты Москва и Периферия в русской языковой картине мира (на материале детективной литературы)

Author(s): Joanna Orzechowska / Language(s): Russian Issue: XVIII/2016

In the Russian linguistic image of the world the concepts of MOSCOW and THEPROVINCES constitute an opposition since they are placed on two distant valuerelatedpoles. It seems that in the linguistic awareness there is no rich modern Moscowin separation from the backwards, poor and civilizationally and mentally neglectedprovinces characterised by parochialism. The characteristic features of both conceptsare most clearly visible in their juxtaposition, and without it they lose their meaning.This is a specific relationship which has not been observed in other antonymous pairsof concepts such as good and evil, or wealth and poverty.

Mansardă la Paris cu vedere spre moarte

Author(s): Cristina Scarlat / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 36/2016

Podejrzewaj, podejrzewaj nieustannie

Author(s): Wojciech Hamerski,Krzysztof Hoffmann / Language(s): Polish Issue: 02/2016

«Клеветы Страхова», или Протест вдовы и племянника Достоевского

Author(s): Irina Svyatoslavovna Andrianova / Language(s): English,Russian Issue: 3/2015

N. N. Strakhov, who was close to the Dostoevsky family, proved to be a slanderer after the writer’s death having insulted the memory of the writer in his letter to L.N. Tolstoy of November 28, 1883. This document was published 30 years later – in 1913 in the magazine "The Modern world" (№ 10), when both Dostoevsky and the correspondents had already died. It was Dostoevsky’s widow who defended her husband’s memory against Strakhov’s accusations. During the second half of 1914 and 1915 A.G. Dostoevskaya was preparing a protest she was going to publish. She was collecting signatures of the famous contemporaries who had known the writer well and were able to refute the slander. Andrei Andreevich Dostoevsky, the writer’s nephew, helped her to prepare the protest. Seven letters of Anna G. Dostoevskaya to Andrei A. Dostoevsky concerning their joint activity are for the first time published in the appendix to this article. The writer’s widow did not publish her protest. She gave a response to the descendants and admirers of Dostoevsky’s works in her memoirs that were published according to her will only after her death.

The Effects of Using Viber on Iranian EFL University Students' Vocabulary Learning (An Interactionist View)

Author(s): Fahimeh Farahmand,Ali Kowsary Mohammad / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2016

One of the best ways of learning English is using technology. Actually mobile phone plays the key role in learning English. Today, there are many applications are used for learning and teaching English. Viber is an instant messaging and Voice over IP (VoIP) application for smart phones developed by Viber Media. In addition to instant messaging, users can exchange images, video and audio media messages. Viber is a new software which is used for many purposes. Viber users communicate with each other through textual and oral messages. The aim of this study is to elaborate the exact relationship between using Viber and improvement of vocabualry knowledge. The researchers have chosen 15 male and female EFL University Students which were weak in vocabulary domain at first. Participants were gathered in a Viber group and communicate with each other under the professor's control. After one month, the results declared that there is a meaningful relationship between using Viber and Students' Vocabulary Learning. The results also showed that learners were more interested in learning English through Viber.

Письмо Ф. М. Достоевского к Н. П. Вагнеру от 7 января 1876 года

Author(s): Fёdor Mihajlovich Dostoevsky,Nikolai Wagner / Language(s): English,Russian Issue: 2/2015

Remediating Pornography in Game of Thrones

Author(s): Nae Andrei / Language(s): English Issue: 18/2015

This paper analyses pornographic representations of sex and attitudes with respect to homosexuality in Game of Thrones. By relying on what Astrid Erll calls a media conscious approach to cultural memory, I hope to link the pornographic conventions used when filming sex with the memory of the civilizing mission, and the stigmatization of homosexuality with the memory of the early modern negative stereotype about the regions around the Mediterranean. In the former case I am interested in the way the film repurposes pornography in order to shed light upon the shifts in the power relations between Kahl Drogo, the Dothraki leader and Daenerys Targaryen, his wife from Westeros, while in the latter I am interested in the way homosexuality is used as a marker of difference and decadence for Doren, the extreme southern part of Westeros.

Die Repolitisierung des Theaters. Das Dokumentarische als Erinnerungsstrategie im rumänischen Theater

Author(s): Carola Heinrich / Language(s): German Issue: 4/2015

The analysis focuses on contemporary Romanian political theatre exemplified by two plays: “Tipografic Majuscul” by Gianina Cărbunariu and “Capete infierbântate” by Mihaela Michailov. The two authors and directors make part of a young generation that revitalized the Romanian theatrical landscape in general and political theatre in particular. They work as a collective and critically treat political, social and historical topics. The analysed plays take a look back on events of the recent past that have long been a taboo and which they approach in the form of a political documentary theater. But they do not intend to only document the past, but they seek to play an active part in shaping the present and the future through their plays.

The Body Out of Place

Author(s): Zach Linge / Language(s): English Issue: 19/2016

Ahmed’s notion of comfort and discomfort between bodies and spaces helps to expand upon the purposes of movement and geography in Percival Everett’s Erasure. The constant rejection the protagonist Monk Ellison faces in public and private spaces, and manifests internally toward himself, requires that his body respond. When we track his geography, we see a man in constant motion who, because of his out-of-place-ness, is forced first to express himself through the creation of a pastiche that mocks prevailing notions of blackness. When this fiction is met with widespread commercial success and critical acclaim, Monk creates of himself and his character an avatar that exists between these two bodies. This avatar, Stagg R. Leigh, embodies the political dissent Ahmed describes as indicative of queer bodies that do not adhere to the behavioral governances of compulsory heterosexual spaces: by establishing himself as passably black according to hegemonic expectations, but then being revealed as a fiction, he upends and threatens social order by escaping its rubrics for functional black bodies. Through this Ahmedian-affective lens, one sees that black bodies in compulsorily racist environments, as queer bodies in compulsorily heteronormative environments, are forced to navigate expectations for their forms by glossing over, ignoring, suppressing, attempting to obscure, or having to acknowledge that which makes them different. A consequence of this interpellation is that society, for both black and queer bodies, rejects their forms and more readily accepts fictitious, derivative bodies in their stead, thus creating new forms to make invisible those stitches in the social skin that identify and alienate the individual from the space surrounding.

The Colonel’s Dream and Charles Chesnutt’s Afrofuturist Vision of a Utopian South

Author(s): Marlene Allen / Language(s): English Issue: 19/2016

This essay reads Charles Chesnutt’s final published novel The Colonel’s Dream as an early work of Afrofuturism because of its speculation of the South as the site of a possible utopia for African Americans. The novel’s protagonist, Colonel Henry French, dreams of creating a capitalist utopia in his hometown of Clarendon, North Carolina, where both white Americans and African Americans who are eugenically fit can rise both socially and economically. However, in the end, the Colonel’s dream fails because he finds that the South has not progressed from the psychological hold that racism has on the mindset of white southerners.

Un Shakespeare german în Franţa: opinii în presa germană şi franceză despre Othello şi Măsură pentru Măsură în viziunea scenică a lui Thomas Ostermeier

Author(s): Anne Kathrin Marquardt / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2012

The paper compares German and French press reviews of two productions by the German director Thomas Ostermeier. It deals with his stagings of William Shakespeare’s Othello (2010) and Measure for Measure (2011), which were shown both in Germany and France. Reactions in these countries differed widely and the paper endeavours to explain these differences.

Ein deutscher Shakespeare in Frankreich: deutsche und französische Pressestimmen zu Thomas Ostermeiers Othello und Maß für Maß-Inszenierungen

Author(s): Anne Kathrin Marquardt / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2012

The paper compares German and French press reviews of two productions by the German director Thomas Ostermeier. It deals with his stagings of William Shakespeare’s Othello (2010) and Measure for Measure (2011), which were shown both in Germany and France. Reactions in these countries differed widely and the paper endeavours to explain these differences.

Jean Anouilhs Theater im Lichte unserer Erfahrung

Author(s): Marion George / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2012

The paper deals with the plays Colombe and Le Nombril by the French playwright and director Jean Anouilh (1910-1987) and their stagings at the Comédie des Champs-Elysées by Michel Fagadau (2010 and 2011 respectively) on the occasion of the 100th birthday of the author. Anouilh’s place in French theatre history is briefly described and the question raised what plays can be of interest to a contemporary audience.