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The purpose of this paper is to carry out a case study on the Apollonian Medea-in-love portrayed in the 3rd book of Argonautica and puts forward several aspects on love theme and epic characteristics inspired by tradition of the classical Athenian tragedy, particularly by Euripides. This analysis emphasises that Medea of Euripides was not the sole tragic model of the Apollonian heroine by demonstrating the Apollonian Medea depicted in the 3rd book echoes Phaedra’s characteristics from Hippolytus-tragedy (cf. among lines 373-524) with regard to the motifs of uprising and wicked love. Finally, it attempts to address few secondary literary elements also inspired by Euripides’ Hippolytus, which underline the theory that Apollonius alludes to Phaedra’s state of mind and the play in greater details.
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The aim of the paper is to examine the Apollonian narration about Boutes. Mentioned never before in the tradition, he seems to belong to the many minor characters of the Argonautica, who could emerge into the surface of the events only being heroi eponymoi of local aetiological myths giving a historical-geographical credibility to the narration. Nevertheless, the myth of Boutes is more profound than a marginal foundation story. While his name evokes pastoral ideas, his figure is strictly attached to Orpheus, which places him into an aesthetic context. He becomes protagonist at the crucial meeting with the Sirens, when Orpheus, to save his fellows, opposes the dangerous voice of bird-maidens by making curious sounds, without being able to prevent Boutes, captivated by the song of Sirens, from jumping into the see and swimming to them. The man lost in the waves is saved by Aphrodite, who raises him as paredros at her mountain sanctuary. The article, after analyzing the relationship of the new Apollonian myth with the Homeric episode of Sirens, searches other literary models of this particular story. The figure of the shepherd delighted by the music and semi-divinised by the love of a goddess evokes the Hesiodic scene of poetical initiation as well as the figure of Anchises, shepherd-musician of the Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite, while the iuxtaposition of a shepherd and the Sirens would make an allusion to the Platonic passage on enthusiasm in Phaedrus. The story of Boutes can be regarded as an indirect poetic commentary on these main texts of the Greek aesthetics thought about poetry and knowledge.
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According to Book 6 of the Nicomachean Ethics, the primary task of phronēsis (practical wisdom) is to deliberate about the things that are good in general for each person. However, phronēsis concerns not only individuals but also the community: practical wisdom is a political virtue as well. In my paper, I argue that the intellectual excellence called sunesis (comprehension) by Aristotle opens up the social dimension of practical wisdom, and thus provides an important means for the political application of phronēsis (EN 6. 1142b34−1143a32). To support my argument I interpret two further passages where sunesis appears in a clearly political context: in relation to legislation (EN 10. 1181a18) and to political deliberation (Pol. 4. 1291a28).
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This paper deals with some notorious passages of the Homeric Hymn to Hermes, which present problems of textual and interpretative nature. The first chapter investigates the sandal-making scene (82–86) in order to determine the real motivation of Hermes by this deed, and proposes a new conjecture for verse 86; the second chapter looks at the feigning-episode in the cave, analyses the skills of Hermes qua actor and tries to emend the corrupt line 242. Finally, the last chapter tracks Hermes’ ascent in the closing part of the Hymn from a cunning thief to an inspired bard without losing any of his former capacities.
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The ars dictaminis is the medieval theory of letter-writing. The birth of the ars dictaminis is linked to the work of Alberic of Monte Cassino, a teacher and a significant figure in the history of medieval rhetoric. Alberic’s major contribution to the ars dictaminis is his application of rhetorical principles to letter-writing. Two of his works, Dictamina radii and Breviarium de dictamine, represent the first treatises in the area of the ars dictaminis. One of the early writers who set the basic patterns for the ars dictaminis was Adalbertus Samaritanus, who wrote Praecepta dictaminum between 1111. and 1118. The excerpt De epistolis of Iulius Victor, Roman rhetorician (IV century), had an influence on the development of the medieval epistolary theory, ars dictaminis.
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Mirrors for princes are one of the oldest forms of European literary culture, with roots in the wisdom literature of the Ancient East, in which the personal instructions of a ruler to his son were known from very early times. This form, however, remained alien to Greek literature for a long time because the notion of eleutheria contradicted the principle of monarchic power to be passed from father to son. The situation was more or less similar in Rome, where the aristocratic society contented itself with the declaration of moral concepts considered to be non-appealable. Change came with the conquest of the Mediterranean region when the old social framework was beginning to be decomposed and the ideal of civis bonus was outlined, which appeared in the form of parental admonitions or instructions from relatives (Cato, Sempronia, Q. and M. Cicero). Augustus himself, the creator of the new monarchic order, laid the foundations of good government as a parens patriae for his “sons”, the citizens of Rome. Radical change, however, followed when the monarchic ideal was integrated into more general forms of culture and civilization, i.e. philosophy and historiography, as in Greece. In the Latin tradition guidance provided by wise people to rulers survived and continued into the period after the emergence of Christian monarchy. The laudation of the monarch was assigned to poets, grammatici and rhetors, fathers of the Church, who were supposed to glorify God as well as his vicar on earth. In the Franconian Empire this tradition was revived, which applies to Charles the Great’s time as well. Later, when the concept of dual power put forward by Pope Gelasius strengthened, it became obvious that it was the duty of the Church to instruct the monarch. After the solidification of theocratic power in the Holy Roman Empire a new type of monarchic mirrors emerged. Saint Stephen’s Admonitions marked a new start: he appeared as a real vicarius Dei, whose personal instructions provided in his capacity as monarch replaced the role of the Church in educating the successor.
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Dziesięciolecia dzielą nas od dnia, kiedy wybitny tłumacz i koneserliteratury klasycznej, Jan Parandowski, dał wyraz opinii, że najznakomitszanawet znajomość gramatyki nie daje człowiekowi kompetencjiniezbędnych do przekładu literatury pięknej, że lata spędzonena studiowaniu fl eksji nie dają uczonemu fi lologowi „kluczado sezamu poezji”. Ale to właśnie ta opinia wydaje się szczególnieadekwatna, kiedy próbujemy ocenić powstałe w ostatnich latach wydaniaw cenionej przecież serii Biblioteki Antycznej, wydania przygotowaneprzez uznanych specjalistów, nierzadko uczonych klasymiędzynarodowej. By lepiej zegzemplifi kować problem, jaki stanowiseria, w poniższym eseju więcej uwagi poświęcić zamierzam dwutylko z nich, a dokładnie dwóm tomom „greckim”, KsenofontowemuWychowaniu Cyrusa i Fragmentom Eurypidesa; merytoryczną ocenętomów łacińskich (Bajek Fedrusa i Księgi widowisk Marcjalisa) pozostawiamkolegom latynistom.
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The gods as characters in Greek literature are to be seen in it from the very the beginning, and in the shape known from mythology. The playwrights while following tradition introduced them on the stage, and made them interact with mortals. In the present article the gods as dramatic figures are showed in selected dramas of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. The attention is drowned to the places of their appearance in drama, to the way of coming them into contact with people, and to their influence on scenic action and its ending. In conclusion, the author mentions differences in using gods to the ideology of plays: Aeschylus made them a part of his program of strengthening democratic structures in Athens, Sophocles treated them more theologically, Euripides criticized the traditional anthropomorphism of gods. Some points are also made to questions going beyond treating the gods only as figures known from mythology.
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The article focuses on female deities and demons appearing in ancient Greek tragedy. At the beginning the classification of female deities and demons is made followed by description of its two categories. The first category consists of deus ex machina characters exemplified by Athena from Iphigenia in Tauris by Euripides. The second is depicted in the image of Erynies that appear both in the action (Aeschylus’ Eumenides) and in commentaries (Euripides’ Iphigenia in Tauris).
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The gods as dramatis personae were introduced into the stage of the ancientGreek theatre by the tragedians who kept, however, a distance between the gods and themen in their plays. That distance disappeared almost entirely in Old Comedy, where thegods were reduced to the position of men. The gods fell into dependence of terrestrials,sometimes they even allowed to be treated like slaves. It was possible to show the godsthis way because of the freedom of speech in Athens of that time, and becauseof anthropomorphic attitude of the Greeks towards their gods. Such gods wereintroduced by Aristophanes into the stage particularly in the following plays: in Peace,Birds, Frogs, and Plutus. Those plays were the source of material for the article.The author wanted to show in it mostly the characters and the acting of gods very muchsimilar to human beings, and at the same time departing from their divinity.
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Itt most mindenekelőtt a hasonlat vehiculumának (νύκτα δι᾽ ἀμβροσίαν ἅτε Σήριον / ἄστρον) vonatkozása forog kockán. Eltekintve két régebbi felfogástól és egy harmadiktól, amely a φαρος (sic) szót javítaná, a csillaghasonlatot egyöntetűen az αὐηρομέναι participiumra s ezzel a ταὶ Πεληάδες főnévre vonatkoztatták. Priestley azonban újabban védelmébe vette Garzya régi, ám visszhang nélkül maradt ötletét, hogy a Sírius-hasonlatot a másik participiumhoz (φεροί σαις) kösse, következésképpen a φᾶρος/φάρος (V. 61) szóval kapcsolja össze. Ez az értelmezés mindenekelőtt azért tetszetős, mert így Alkman Homérosra utalna. Ha ez a szerkesztési mód helyes, úgy a lányok által kézben hordozott (φεροί σαις) tárgynak valamilyen kelmének (φᾶρος = ruha/fátyol) kell lennie, vagyis olyan szövetnek, mely összehajtogatva vagy kiterjesztve csillagként ragyog.
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The current study explores the contribution of cultural mediators to the dissemination of Russian literature in Greece between 1893 and 1917. More precisely, it examines the case of F. M.Dostoevsky’s reception during this time frame, which can be considered as the period of the writer’s introduction and beginning of his establishment among the Greek readership. The focus is on two types of mediators with a significant influence on the fortune of Dostoevsky and other Russian writers in Greece. The two main groups investigated more closely are Russian-speaking mediators and Western-oriented mediators. The study aims to discuss some of the following questions:What are the main characteristics of the groups in question? What are the differences between their roles? How did their critical and translational engagement affect Dostoevsky’s reception?It should be noted that the current study presents part of the results of the author’s ongoing doctoral research project on the Greek reception of F. M. Dostoevsky (1877-1939).
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The publication of a new edition of the poetry of Constantine Petros Cavafy in Hungarian translation in 2006 added a degree of nuance to the prevailing literary translationa techniques in Hungary because Balázs Déri’s translations of the poems not included in the 1968 edition made a departure towards domestication from the commonly used reconstructional method. This caused different understandings of Cavafy’s poetry as well as various images of the poet in Hungarian culture. Furthermore, in the same year, the publication of András Ferenc Kovács’s Cavafy transcriptions, that is, his pseudo-translations, further influenced our understanding of the Alexandrian poet. In this article, after offering a brief overview of various methods of translation prominent in 20th century Hungarian culture, I aim at pointing out that the first edition of Cavafy’s poems in Hungarian used the typical model of reconstruction, whereas Déri’s new, 2006 translation is a move away towards domestication. Having analyzed four poems in the original Greek and their Hungarian translation, I would like to point to the necessity of diversity in literary translation; having different types of Cavafy also means understanding contemporary Hungarian poetry from multiple angles.
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The female presence has a special place in the poetic firmament of the homeric Iliad and Odyssey where the poet in parallel with the men’s moral idols forms and notes heroines’ character.He celebrates the beauty,the charm and the virtues that should adorn every mortal creating timeless ideals, incomparable standards.Among his heroines emerges Penelope,the extremely loyal and exemplary sensible partner of shrewd and resourceful Odysseus.Reflecting modest grace,spontaneity she is the perfect hostess at the court,dignified,with an original magnificence.From different point of view the poetic inspirations of Greek Nikos Kazantzakis and dominant Herzegovinian poet Mak Dizdar approach to her.This paper focuses on the way in which Homeric Penelope is presented at the verses and words of these important creators.
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