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La femme aux souliers de satin/Satan. Les femmes « incommodes » dans l’ancienne France

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La femme aux souliers de satin/Satan. Les femmes « incommodes » dans l’ancienne France

Author(s): Diana Curcă / Language(s): French Issue: 3/2014

A brief immersion in the history of mentalities and concepts, this essay follows gradually the different resorts of a specific typology of interaction between men and women-fear, skepticism, cowardice, ignorance oriented the male perception of women in / towards a degrading/downgrading direction. Who are these women who over the time, from Eve, Helen of Troy to Jeanne d’Arc, George Sand or Rosa Luxemburg, broke a pattern-the pattern of the vulnerable, quiet, unable to make decisions- woman? Literature, painting are rich in representations of those we called the deadly beautiful, the frustratingly brave, the erudite, the single or the widow, the remonstrator: women who speak, show themselves, reason and fearlessly defend the product of their reasoning in a phallocentric society.

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Legitimated Inequality. Constitutional Implications of the United States Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978

Author(s): Michelle D. Deardorff / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2001

In a constitutional democracy like the United States, law provides the context and structure for the larger political world. It can act as a force to cement the control and authority of the majority (either in a just or an unjust manner), it can empower political minorities in challenges against majority control and most frequently, it can provide opportunities and tools for both majorities and minorities to politically participate. The law, and its alteration, allow those who challenge the dominate social structure the ability to use the very legitimizing agent of the majority (the Constitution, statutory laws, and public codes) to force the majority to change according to their own rules. This is true not only in changing statutory laws and regulations, but also in the transformation of jurisprudential reasoning.

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Le féminisme roumaine et la vote universel entre les deux guerres

Author(s): Alexandra Petrescu / Language(s): French Issue: 3/2003

La période entre les deux guerres en Roumanie se caractérise par une lutte continuelle des femmes pour la reconnaissance de leurs droits civils, politiques, économiques. Pour obtenir ces droits, les femmes ont formé des associations qui ont évolué, au long du temps, se transformant en associations de lutte pour les droits des femmes (au commencement, ces associations avaient des buts charitables). Nous nous proposons de suivre la lutte de ces associations et des femmes présidentes qui s'inscrit dans la sociologie de type actionnaliste. Nous prenons en compte l'action des associations, comprise comme une action collective et l'action des femmes représentantes de ces associations, une action individuelle. Ce qui nous intéresse ce sont les moyens utilisés par les femmes membres des associations d'obtenir leurs droits, notamment le droit de vote.

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La bourgeoise respectable.

Author(s): Ionela Băluţă / Language(s): French Issue: 3/2004

19th century Romanian society experienced a reconstruction of individual and collective identities due to the numerous social, cultural and political changes. This study focuses on the political effects of normative scientific standards, i.e. on the ideological stakes underlying the hygienist discourse. The reshaping of social hierarchies and the emergence of new actors - i.e., the "experts", who seek to legitimize the new political discourse - call for a re-evaluation of the status of hygiene and of the hygienist specialists during the 19th century. Taking the Western analyses treating similar topics as a starting point, this study suggests that respectability and national ideology are the vectors in the process of elaborating new social models and new gender identities. A careful examination of the hygiene treatises - whose specific object and audience were bourgeois women - allows the reconstruction of a comprehensive normative model prescribing a systematic control of feminine gestures, stances and sentiments. As those treatises repeat the stereotypes of the dominant ideology - e.g., the importance of demographic growth and the emphasis on work and savings - the author develops the intrinsic link between the political order and the corporal order.

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Problemy tożsamości płciowej i androgynii oraz ich rozumienie...w dyskursie ponowoczesności na podstawie wybranych przykładów polskiej prozy po roku 1989

Author(s): Daria Targosz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2022

The essay is an attempt to sketch a panorama of representations of the body, corporeality and their relation to gender identity in prose written after 1989, a caesura of particular significance for corporeality. The text discusses literary images of gender identity on the basis of available studies that show the state of research in this field. The essay refers to the concept of the androgynous myth and also refers to the theories of the ‘opaque body’ and the ‘unwanted body’. The problematics contained in the text refer to the works of Olga Tokarczuk, Natasza Goerke, Izabela Filipiak and Andrzej Czcibor-Piotrowski, among others, which deal with the body-related gender identity. The study does not consider works that contain literary representations of gender identity that function in isolation from the body, but focuses on those that are central to the issues of corporeality. This stems from the assumption of the importance of the bodily experience in a literary work that should not only refer to the body, but also touch on the essence of humanity.

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Przedmałżeńskie relacje kobieta – mężczyzna… w wybranych powieściach polskich pisarek minorum gentium przełomu XIX i XX w.

Author(s): Barbara Wąsik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2018

When reconstructing the man-woman relationships described in the novels, I will focus on the pre-marital relationships. I am interested in the following issues: how female characters imagine love, who and why was their object of interest, in what circumstances was it possible for a true feeling to emerge, the impressions from first physical contacts (most often lack of satisfaction, frequently – a feeling of shame, even disgust, the awareness of being objectified). Everyday relations were limited and superficial, there was no time to create a bond, a feeling of intimacy – very often the first meeting was quickly followed by engagement and marriage. Young women had no knowledge about their bodies, were not informed about their rights and duties, did not know men (who were raised in a completely different way), their desires, behaviours, and general views about life. The vast majority of the described relations was therefore – especially from the female characters’ point of view – dysfunctional in nature. Even women independent in other areas, with much experience with the world, highly self-aware, experienced nothing but obstacles on their way to happiness.

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An Evaluation of the Second Constitutional Revolution Among Excessive Goals and Ideologies

Author(s): Bahar Arslan / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

Based on historiographical, political science and journalistic literature, this research shows the transformation of ideas among the bearers of change in the late period of the Ottoman Empire. Paper further evaluates the second constitutional revolution on the axis of hegemonic language mostly created by ideological theories and concepts such as positivism, narodnism, solidarism, corporatism, national economy but also concept and role of women and press in late Ottoman society. Author claims that paper is an attempt to deconstruct, albeit to a limited extent, the legacy that has been passed on from the Constitutional Monarchy to the present day in Turkey

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PRISUSTVO BOŠNJAKINJE U DŽAMIJI KROZ POVIJEST: STAVOVI ULEME I OBIČAJNE PRAKSE

Author(s): Sumejja Ljevaković-Subašić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 94/2023

The introduction of this work presents a short analysis of the general view of the Islamic sources regarding women’s attendance in the mosque. It offers a review of the hadith relating the Messenger’s prohibition of preventing women from going to the mosque and explains how this Prophet’s prohibition was neglected after his demise with the excuse of fasadu-z-zaman or corruption of society/times. This attitude was particularly popular within the Hanefi School which was also the school of law followed by the Bosniak ulama. Keeping this in mind, the article further reviews the opinions of Bosniak ulama in this regard and analyses the customary practice in Bosnia and Herzegovina of women attending the jamaat gatherings as well as of their participation in other activities in mosques from the post-Ottoman period to the present day.

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THE INFLUENCE OF GENDER ON COPING MECHANISMS OF THE ELDERLY

Author(s): Monica Andreea Popescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 34/2023

Old age is the last stage of life and with the transition from middle age comes the need for adjustments in behavior and thinking in order to maintain good physical and mental health. It is important for older people to have adequate coping strategies to minimize the emotional consequences of such stressful situations and to adapt adequately to them. It should be remembered that aging itself is a process of physical, social and psychological changes and thus it is impetuously necessary for the elderly to have adequate strategies to minimize emotional consequences such as stressful situations and to adapt to them.

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„Preludium rewolty”. Bunt kobiet w poezji Joanny Mueller

Author(s): Monika Glosowitz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1 (21)/2023

The aim of this article is to answer the question about the causes of oversights, silences and shifts in the critical-literary reception of Joanna Mueller’s poetry. The author analyses discussions of the poet’s successive books and demonstrates the workings of what she calls the ‘double standard’ of the language of criticism; this mechanism has enabled repeated gestures to discredit the importance of this poetry, and has its origins in critics’ specific elaboration of the experience and subject of motherhood, whose poetic thematisation is often met with negative critical commentary. This analysis is juxtaposed with an alternative proposal for reconstructing the main line of Mueller’s poetic story of motherhood, a story in which individual personal experience becomes the basis for building a community of women based on experiencing the oppression they share. Joanna Mueller’s work has certainly been recognised by critics and has been widely (albeit irregularly) commented on and described, so the writer functions in the broad field of literary production and popularisation in Poland.

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The Ethics and Aesthetics of Humour in Contemporary Transcultural Migration Narratives: Melatu Uche Okorie’s “This Hostel Life”, and Fadia Faqir’s “Under the Cypress Tree”

Author(s): José Manuel Estévez-Saá / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The voice of the immigrant in Western societies is being heard in the first person in contemporary literature. Therefore, the experience of emigration is no longer or, at least, not necessarily told from the privileged perspective of the white man or woman. And the short story is being a recurrent favourite genre for sharing with readers the diverse causes that force a man or a woman to abandon his/her native land, as well as the conflicts that emerge in the countries of reception. Collections such as The Things I Would Tell You (2017) by Sabrina Mahfouz, or This Hostel Life (2018) by Melatu Uche Okorie, among many others, are offering interesting examples of transcultural renderings of the experience of migration. The purpose of the present contribution is to focus on the use of irony and humour as ethically committed strategies for deploying the possibilities as well as the limits of conviviality in contemporary societies. I study the representative examples of two stories, Melatu Uche Okorie’s “This Hostel Life” (included in the homonymous collection by the author), and Fadia Faqir’s “Under the Cypress Tree”, published in Mahfouz’s collective volume. These two stories are aesthetically brilliant instances of the ethical potential of humour when offering a transcultural view of contemporary migrations that overcomes the limitations of traditional multicultural and intercultural treatments of the topic.

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SEARCHING FOR AUTHENTICITY: CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF GENDER ROLES AND RADICAL MOVEMENTS IN PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PRACTICES IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY

Author(s): Elena Trifan / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Personal development has become an industry in neoliberal capitalism, used to help employees adapt to the constant pursuit of growth, such as increased productivity, creativity, time management and business development. As part of my doctoral research, I documented how this type of practice works and how it restructures individuals’ social lives and their perspectives on the world. Personal development, as shaped by neoliberalism, serves as a tool for personal empowerment and adaptation to the restructuring of the welfare state. It is also a means of promoting neoliberal values among people. However, during the containment measures during the pandemic, criticisms of this growth-based approach emerged, leading to a resurgence of ideas about personal care. Self-care developed particularly in marginalised communities, where it was defined as a form of resistance to capitalism through caring for oneself as a member of an oppressed community, with Audre Lorde (1988) defining the concept as having a power of resistance to capitalism. In this presentation, I will explore what happens to personal development, which is a key factor in the construction of capitalist ideology, if neoliberalism is coming to an end. I will also consider whether this is a good time to reclaim personal development and how it can be used to create tools for self-building beyond the intrinsic individualism of the process.

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Nomadic Sisters: Migrant Identity in Joanna Bator’s Cloudalia and Sandra Cisneros’ Caramelo

Author(s): Agnieszka Gondor-Wiercioch / Language(s): English Issue: 33/2023

The article provides a comparative analysis of Joanna Bator’s Cloudalia and Sandra Cisneros’ Caramelo with regard to similar identity construction of the main female characters. Both authors concentrate on young women (Dominika Chmura in Cloudalia and Celaya Reyes in Caramelo) who set out for a journey of feminist self-discovery, crossing the boundaries of geography, history and culture. The author of the article argues that, despite the obvious differences between Poland and Mexico, the protagonists rebel against the same legacy of the Catholic patriarchal culture, reinforced by national visions of history and literary canon in the respective countries, and they gradually manage to rework historical trauma by reconstructing the doppelganger figure and creating new transcultural feminist paradigms. The arguments are reinforced not only by references to autobiographical motives in Bator’s and Cisneros’ fiction and diaries, but also by transnational identity studies of Zygmunt Bauman and Amaryll Chanady

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Fizyczne i społeczno-kulturowe rany bohaterek współczesnej fantastyki młodzieżowej w świetle feminizmu korporalnego

Author(s): Weronika Kostecka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 46/2023

The subject of the article is the wounded body of heroines of young adult fantasy, understood as a socio-cultural construction and an element of female identity. By referring to the key assumptions of corporeal feminism (represented, for example, by Elizabeth Grosz, Ewa Hyży, and Monika Świerkosz), I analyze three novel series: The Mirror Visitor by Christelle Dabos, Shadow and Bone by Leigh Bardugo, and The Jewel by Amy Ewing. I examine how the heroines’ bodies determine their place in the social hierarchy, how the heroines experience the world through their bodies, and whether they own their bodies in a cultural, social, and political sense. I point to the importance of tormenting the protagonists’ bodies as an obligatory way to female emancipation.

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ЖЕНЩИНЫ-ТАТАРКИ КАСИМОВСКОГО КРАЯ В ПЕРВОЙ ПОЛОВИНЕ ХХ в.

Author(s): Alfiya G. Gallyamova,Ilnara Khanipova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2023

The purpose of the article is to analyze the transformation of the behavioral patterns of Kasimov Tatar women in the first half of the XX c. The specific task is to reveal the role, to show the achievements of the Kasimov Tatar women in the context of the history of the city of Kasimov and the country in the first half of the XX c. The main sources are published scientific and popular science publications; documents from the State Archives of the Russian Federation introduced into scientific circulation for the first time; materials of the Kasimov newspaper “Red Sunrise”. Based on the aggregation of these data, the activities of women from national minorities in the system of education, art and science, as well as in social and political life are covered. Particular attention is paid to outstanding personalities, whose names have become widely known outside the Kasimovsky district, namely the teacher S. Kh. Bulatova, mathematician S. Kh. Shakulova, opera singer Z. G. Bayrasheva, writer and statesman Z. Kh. Burnasheva and others. The authors conclude that among the Kasimov Tatar women there were professionals who broke the stereotypes about Tatar women, who were open to modernization processes and actively participated in their implementation.

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Feminine Origin in the Cosmogonic Ideas of the Slavic and Eastern Philosophy: a Comparative Analysis

Author(s): Oksana Petinova,Violeta Svitlytska / Language(s): English Issue: 31/2023

The article is devoted to a comparative analysis of the role of the feminine principle in the cosmogonic ideas of the Slavic peoples and the philosophy of the Ancient East, in particular, India and China, to the establishment of common and distinctive features of female personification. The authors conclude that the ancient tribal culture, which was based on the logic of nature, the maintenance of the world in unity and the balance of opposites, was much more favorable to women than monotheistic religions, which affirmed the sinful nature of women. Ideas about the origin and development of the universe occupy a central place in the mythological heritage, in the cosmic processes and powerful forces of nature, the unbreakable harmony of male and female principles can be traced, where male energy consists in the idea of fertilization, and female energy – in birth and creation. In every mythological system, there is a character of the Mother Goddess, who acts as a co-creator of the world and living beings, but with the establishment of the patriarchal system, the mythological paradigm undergoes changes, and the female principle is gradually recognized as secondary, or it was completely leveled in the processes of world creation. The archetype of the Great Mother reflects the functioning of human values and runs through the entire history of philosophy and culture.

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ANALIZA SLOBODA U MUSLIMANSKIM DRUŠTVIMA IZ PERSPEKTIVE BOSANSKIH AUTORA

Author(s): Senad Ćeman / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 24/2023

Review of: Admir Čavalić i Resul Mehmedović (ur.), Slobode u muslimanskom svijetu, Udruženje građana „Multi”, Tuzla, 2022

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Seksualni život oženjenih u društvu Starog poretka: od crkvenog nauka do stvarnosti ponašanja

Author(s): Jean-Louis Flandrin / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 23/2023

Malo je izvora koji govore o bračnoj seksualnosti s toliko podrobnosti kao rasprave o moralnoj teologiji, zbirke slučajeva savjesti, priručnici za ispovijed itd. Stoga ću krenuti od takvih crkvenih dokumenata, posebno inzistirajući na onim njihovim propisima koji su nam danas najčudniji. Zatim ću pokušati saznati u kojoj nas mjeri ta literatura informira o seksualnom životu parova u prošlosti. U središtu kršćanskog morala jest vrlo snažno nepovjerenje prema tjelesnim užicima, jer oni drže duh u zarobljeništvu tijela, sprječavajući ga da se uzdigne prema Bogu. Treba jesti kako bi se živjelo, ali i izbjegavati odavanje užicima ustiju. Isto tako, dužni smo sjediniti se sa suprotnim spolom kako bismo imali djecu, ali se ne smijemo vezati za spolne užitke. Seksualnost nam je dana samo da bismo se reproducirali. Zlouporaba je njezino korištenje u druge svrhe, primjerice za zadovoljstvo.

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Franz Kafka bei Lenka Reinerová, Alena Wagnerová und Libuše Moníková. Referenzen auf Kafka in den Texten deutsch schreibender Autorinnen mit tschechischem Hintergrund

Author(s): Markéta Balcarová / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2023

The literature of the so-called Eastern Turn which dominates the German migration literature of the 21st century shows common thematic features regardless of the authors’ country of origin, but also differences related to the migration background of the author in question. German authors with Czechoslovak roots often refer to Franz Kafka in their texts. This has a pragmatic function – writers from the East want to establish themselves in the (West) German market by referring to this world-famous compatriot. Allusions to Kafka reflect the peculiar reception of his texts in a country with a communist dictatorship. Moreover, the references to Kafka in Reinerová, Moníková and Wagnerová are gender-specific: they are simultaneously an emancipatory settlement with a literary tradition shaped by men.

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La stérilisation des femmes Romes

Author(s): Mirosław Tyl,Jan Ruml,Miroslav Lehký / Language(s): French Issue: 01/1991

La Charte 77 a attiré pour la première fois l’attention sur les problèmes des Roms et sur leur discrimination en Tchécoslovaquie dans le document n° 23 de 1978. Depuis lors, la situation des Roms en Tchécoslovaquie s’est tellement aggravée et leurs problèmes se sont tellement aiguisés que, ces derniers temps, certains fonctionnaires ont pris conscience du fiasco total de leur politique à l’égard de la prétendue « question tsigane ». Depuis deux ans, on n’impose plus aux Roms leur lieu de résidence et les comités nationaux ont cessé d’empêcher ou d’interdire leur activité culturelle propre. Le programme d’assimilation forcée d’un groupe privé de ses droits civils a cédé la place à l’idée que les Roms devaient participer à la résolution de leurs problèmes.

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