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The Trans Woman Voice Questionnaire (TWVQ) is a diagnostic tool designed especially for feminising voice therapy. It complements the objective diagnosis with the patient’s subjective perspective. The therapist receives invaluable feedback about the client’s needs and expectations. The client receives the opportunity to better understand her own approach towards her voice. Originally created in English, the TWVQ required translation into Polish. Translation procedure, followed by adaptation and validation, was conducted in accordance with the rigorous WHO’s guidelines and with transgender patients’ participation. The Polish version of TWVQ was accepted by the co‑author and now is available online free of charge. Polish speech‑language pathologists have received an especially designed tool that may be helpful in voice feminising therapy.
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The mother goddess cult, which developed in parallel with the matriarchal family order of the prehistoric period, was formed with the idea of accepting the mysterious/divine biological characteristics of a woman that cannot be made sense of. As a result of this perception, the organs of a woman associated with childbirth, attributed to holiness are emphasized on works of art, and we come across bodies with large breasts and hips, sagging belly, called steatopic, such as in Cybele or Venus. This perception, which persists in historical periods as well as Göbekli tepe and prehistoric periods has also been reflected in Turkish Culture and Art, and these female figures have been used both before Islam and during a wide period of time covering the Islamic period, despite the understanding of privacy of this religion. Contrary to this idea, it is understood that, except for people and events of sacred origin, women belonging to the upper-class dress more conservatively than their servants or concubines, and even covering their entire bodies, including the face, is reserved only for ladies. Within the scope of our topic, rock and wall paintings, sculptures belonging to Turkish Art, these women's bodies reflected on coins will be evaluated.
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As intensive motherhood is considered as the most influential contemporaneous maternal model, especially in Western societies, but also in other parts of the world, a succinct exploration of the cultural genealogy of this concept is carried out, with the purpose to shed light on its past and present meanings and effects for women. Navigating through the sets of social values, norms and expectations formed in different stages of the history regarding the role of women, we become more able to assess the current implications of intensive motherhood not only for working women, but also in terms of social and gender relations, focusing our attention both on the strengths and to the possible negative implications of the concept.
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The purpose of the article is to determine the specific features of gender identity in Chinese vocal and stage art. In particular, to analyse the place and significance of femininity as a component of the image of “tribute”, the art of male travesty is considered in accordance with its place in Chinese opera culture. The research methodology is based on the fundamental principles of historical and cultural analysis, as well as an interdisciplinary and systematic approaches to the problem. The conceptual methodological core of the study is a systematic analysis of identity, as well as the concept of gender from the standpoint of its psychological state and social construction in art, rather than its physical and biological characteristics. The scientific novelty of the study is characterised by the fact that for the first time an attempt has been made to systematise the characteristic features of gender identity in the vocal and stage arts, from the standpoint of their characteristic of Beijing opera in accordance with femininity and muscularity in Chinese culture. Conclusions. As a result of the conducted research, it has been determined that the tradition of predominantly male cross-gender dressing in Chinese vocal and stage art performs a complex cultural function of constructing and broadcasting the type of femininity that was necessary for a patriarchal society with a rigid binary gender structure. In the process of its development, this art has become a reflection of the current state of cultural philosophy from its Confucian position. It is also noted that according to the Chinese culture, which has developed in opera, femininity or masculinity is not tied to the biological definition of gender, but is flexible in accordance with the general cultural aesthetic picture of the world.
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The article answers the question of how women’s participation in the structures of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia – the People’s Army (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia – Ejército Popular) has contributed to their social empowerment. The first part of the paper presents the concept of empowerment. Subsequently, the article shows the reasons why women decided to join the guerrilla and their role in the organization. The last part of the paper examinates the evolution of women during and after reintegration.
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The bodily autonomy argument is central in the debate on abortion and is used within the areas of law, medicine, and philosophy. The purpose of this paper is to highlight that even upon conceding that women have the right to bodily autonomy, this right is not absolute. Though this caveat is not unorthodox in and of itself, even if, for the sake of argument, unborn children are viewed as ‘property’ and are ‘owned’ by the mother (‘Premise’), both concepts being defined within the framework of Foetal Bundle Theory, it does not follow that pregnant women can treat the foetus however they desire. Therefore, the bodily autonomy argument cannot be used to justify a termination. This paper further argues that even if the truth of this Premise is granted, it does not nullify an unborn child’s moral status or rights. Therefore, their moral status and rights should be taken into consideration when evaluating the justification of a termination. This paper is both topical and timely given the recent overturning of Roe v Wade (1973).
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Today, as women are forced to parade around in the shape of sentient billboards for various advertisements or shut up in the house due to financial reasons or other causes such as the COVID-19 pandemic, most products of a sexual nature or focusing on sexuality commodify sex itself, market it, and exploit it by making it a source of commercial production. It is not only women who are objectified, but men too; additionally, such products remanufacture every sort of inequality and imbalanced relationships already present in society. Pornography is amongst such products, and due to its pervasive presence in daily life, it is an important phenomenon and needs to be specially researched and debated. Often, the words erotic, obscene, and pornographic are used interchangeably. It is feminist thought and the feminist struggle which has allowed us to realise this. This study explores the concepts of eroticism, obscenity, and pornography from a communication and media studies perspective, followed by a discussion of feminist discourse on pornography.
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Education is a lifelong process and people need it in every period of life. The development of societies depends on the quality of their educated manpower. Women’s education has particular importance for a well-functioning society. Girls’ attendance at secondary education will create their demand for higher education. In this context, girls’ school dropout is important for the education system and for families as important elements of the system. Ağrı is a settlement where traditional lifestyle, customs and religion are very strong in social life. However, according to Turkish Statistical Institute data, Ağrı is among the most underdeveloped cities of Turkey in terms of many indicators. One of the important dynamics of social life is girls. It is considered that why these girls abandon the education process is not only a problem for Ağrı but also an important problem for Turkey. The purpose of the present paper was to determine the reasons for female students leaving schools and the solution suggestions according to the opinions of school principals. The study was conducted based on the Phenomenology Design, which is one of the qualitative research designs. The data collected with the interview forms were analyzed by using the Content Analysis Method. The study group consisted of 42 school principals in Ağrı. According to the findings, school administrators mentioned socio-cultural factors as the reason for girls dropping out of schools with a value of 45.6%, 89% stated the traditional family structure, 84% stated that the family’s perception of school had changed, 80% stated that the reason for the dropouts was socio-cultural factors, 95% indicated open education opportunities, and 95% indicated inexperienced teacher behaviors. As a solution, 100% of the administrators recommended to hold parent-teacher meetings to prevent female students from dropping out of school.
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Poland has been entering a period of accelerated secularisation in recent years. The results of the CBOS survey indicate that this process is visible especially in the youngest cohorts of Poles. The Women’s Strike, which took place between 2016 and 2020, is described in the academic literature as one of the factors accelerating secularisation processes, mainly in the population of young women with feminist views. In 2021, we surveyed members of the Facebook group “Gals 4 Gals” (Dziewuchy Dziewuchom) to describe the diverse relationship between feminism and atheism and to verify our hypothesis that the Women’s Strike was an expression, rather than a cause, of respondents’ atheist attitudes. It was also important for our quantitative research to determine the attitudes of the group members surveyed towards issues such as the political activities of the Catholic Church, the operation of the moral principles of Catholicism, and perceived spiritual needs.
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Sexual dysfunctions are included in the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria as a disorder that occurs in young adulthood after adolescence or after the start of a regular sexual life. These disorders, which may be of organic or psychological origin, are not expected to occur under the influence of another diagnosis. Sex therapy is a cognitive-behavioral-based psychotherapy method that is frequently used in clinics and hospitals today. In particular, it has an eclectic perspective rather than advancing in the light of a single theory or model. It is a treatment method that requires a holistic approach to the entire life of the individual and a broad perspective before the sexual problems experienced by the individual. The aim of this study is to examine sexual dysfunctions from the perspective of sexual therapies and to compile theoretical and quantitative studies systematically conducted in national and international literature. A systematic review method was used in this study. A literature review was conducted on the most recent studies conducted between 2011-2022. In order to compile the studies to be included in the research, Google Scholar, DergiPark, ScienceDirekt, Ulakbim, Yök Tez, PubMed and Near East Grand Library electronic databases were searched in Turkish and English. In the light of the determined criteria, a total of 6 studies were included. The results of this systematic review study suggest that sexual therapy is an effective intervention in minimizing SD and it becomes a factor that increases the functionality of the individual's sexual life.
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This study examines the childbearing patterns of women in the military, specifically, examining the differences between women in two different career tracks, commissioned officers and enlisted personnel. The study investigates not only the differences in childbearing between these two career tracks but also the effect of career salience on the decision to have or not have children. The author argues that, as career salience increases, women are less likely to have children. While this holds for both commissioned officers and enlisted personnel, the mechanism of career salience is more pronounced for officers than those enlisted personnel. After introducing the topic, the paper provides a comprehensive review of the literature on women and motherhood in the military, presents the research study, discusses findings and results, and offers recommendations for policy reform.
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Sexual violence is defined as all sexual behaviors that are performed without the partner’s consent and/or by use of force. Previous research emphasizes the need for effective preventive practices that match young people’s perspectives and needs. Understanding how young people label sexual violence and what solutions they suggest is important to inform future practices in Turkey. The present study employs a qualitative design to explore a group of college students’ perspectives and experiences about sexual violence in dating relations. The sample consisted of 39 (21 women, 18 men) heterosexual students aged 18-25. The data was collected with individual interviews and analyzed with inductive thematic analysis. Three main themes and their sub-themes were identified: 1) The definition of sexual violence: Forcing, threatening, emotional pressure and insistence; 2) Gender-based polarization in socialization and roles: Prohibitions in sexuality, dominance and competition in sexuality, lack of communication in sexuality, devaluation and labeling; 3) Suggestions for solutions: Sexuality education, normalizing sexuality, communication and trust in sexuality, transforming myths about sexual violence. The young people put emphasis on sexual coercion and understood it in the context of gender inequality. The significance of the findings for preventive and clinical practices, particularly in universities, are discussed.
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The main method used was a survey which around 350 working women from multiple countries including Pakistan, Turkey, and Lebanon responded to, regarding different aspects of their professional ideologies and observations. Extensive secondary research was employed to explore the issues of role of women in society, sexual harassment faced by women in their homes and workplaces, and the magnitude of gender inequality in developing versus developed countries. The main findings concluded that gender inequality is a long-standing hurdle in the path of women. It exists at all levels in the society and is not limited to a single culture or country. The gender inequality is not the only barrier faced by women in their journeys; however, it may pave way for other obstacles like sexual harassment. The measures presently taken to combat the negative impacts of gender inequality on women are inadequate and require more thought and better implementation for them to prove fruitful in eradicating the issue.
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Globalization is considered as a process of development for a country procured from the exchange of human capital, technology, and culture, along with many other economic, financial, and cultural factors at the international level. A wide range of studies in labor economics indicate that globalization and female employment are positively associated as job opportunities are enhanced for both males and females. However, others suggest that as opposed to males, once job opportunities increase, job market becomes more competitive in an unfavorable manner for females. This study intends to examine how globalization process affects female employment in transition countries over the period of 23 years from 1995 to 2017. To do this, a panel data consisting of a selected group of 21 transition countries are utilized in the analysis for which the Cross-Sectionally Augmented Autoregressive Distributed Lag model (CS-ARDL) is employed. Our results suggest that globalization is inversely related to female employment in the long run, which in turn suggests that globalization might create obstacles among females if policymakers do not provide any optimal policies to keep the labor market dynamics stable during the globalization process.
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Sexual crimes are wide-spread types of crimes in the form of sexual harassment, sexual assault, sexual abuse, and their simple and qualified forms. The crime of sexual harassment is sexual behavior committed by someone else against a person without his or her consent. These behaviors include sexual motivation but, in accordance with the Supreme Court decisions, do not involve 'physical contact'. The relevant crime is regulated based on a dual distinction in the TCK systematics: 'child' and 'adult'. In the study, a general overview of sexual crimes, sexual crime regulations in the TPC No. 765 and TPC No. 5237, the structure of sexual crimes, the material and moral elements, the legal value protected by crime, the examination in terms of reasons that abolish or reduce the punishment, the special appearance, the trial of the type of crime, the section on the regulation of sexual offenses in TPC No. 5237 in terms of sexual harassment, including sexual harassment, but the section on the regulation of sexual offenses in terms of protected legal benefit, and re-arranging the reasons for sexual harassment in terms of positive legal benefits, The study was concluded by criticizing the issue of whether aggravating factors are subject to complaint in the regulation of the type of crime, the age of the child in terms of the element of consent in sexual harassment against the child, the criterion of whether physical contact is sought in the material element of the crime is not regulated.
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The veiled female figurines in the terracotta collections of the Izmir and Tire Museum, which were selected as the subject of the study, first appeared in the Ancient Greek world in the 4th century BC in the Tanagra settlement in the Boeiotia region. The production of these figurines, which provide important findings on the daily lives of ancient Greek women, was for religious purposes. They were left as offerings in the temples of goddesses associated with women such as Demeter or Artemis. They were also placed in large numbers in the tombs of Greek women. Since the Izmir and Tire Museum specimens were acquired to the Museum by purchase, their production areas or their relationship with the cults in the region cannot be determined exactly. In this context, the stylistic characteristics of the figurines were analysed and their similarities and differences with the types found in the important centres producing the terracotta veiled female figurine type were questioned and it was aimed to develop suggestions on this subject by examining which workshop they may be the products of. When the style characteristics of the figurines analysed in the study were examined, the following results were obtained. Among the figurines that are the subject of the study, the example with the inventory number 8607 in the Izmir Museum collection is dated to the 4th century BC with all the stylistic characteristics it shows and it is thought that it may be one of the figurines produced by Tanagra. Western Anatolia was one of the most important trade areas for the production of Tanagra workshops. Although example 3164 is dated to the 3rd century BC, it is suggested that it may have been produced in one of the workshops in Ionia due to its stylistic characteristics. Although the figure shows a very high quality workmanship, there is no clear indication as to which workshop in Ionia it could have been produced. In this context, it is suggested that it was produced by a workshop in Ionia with high quality workmanship. The terracotta veiled female figurines in the Tire Museum Collection were produced in the 3rd-2nd century BC and show all the characteristics of the Pergamon style. The Tire finds are figurines that may have been produced by a local workshop. It is thought that they may have been produced for lower income people for the grave or they may have been offered as offerings for the temples of Artemis and Demeter. The figurines of veiled women in the study area provide evidence for the continuation of a cult tradition in Western Anatolia during the Hellenistic period, which progressed in parallel with Continental Greece.
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Objective: This article provides an understanding of the knowledge structure based on the publications on women’s entrepreneurship in developing and emerging countries based on bibliometric analysis. Women en- trepreneurs play a pivotal role in economic and social development.Research Design & Methods: By analysing citations, co-citations, and co-words, this study unveiled the most significant publications in the study context, link their knowledge structure, and map future research direction based on the two analyses, respectively. From the Web of Science (WoS), 208 journal publications were obtained. Findings: Four themes were discovered in the co-citation analysis: 1) differences between men and women entrepreneurs, 2) the development of women’s entrepreneurship, 3) challenges among women entrepre- neurs in developing countries, and 4) progress in women’s entrepreneurship studies. Subsequently, four themes were discovered in the co-word analysis: 1) innovation in women’s entrepreneurship, 2) women’s entrepreneurship performance, 3) empowerment of women entrepreneurs, and 4) self-employment and assistance to women entrepreneurs.Implications & Recommendations: Theoretical and practical implications are presented by enhancing and de- veloping women’s entrepreneurship participation in developing countries.Contribution & Value Added: This review provides a comprehensive knowledge structure based on the past, present, and future trends in women’s entrepreneurship in developing countries.
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The position of women in the nascent early Church was shaped by the teaching of the Gospel and the cultural and social environment of the Middle East. When building the original community of faith, Jesus relied on the symbolic group of the twelve apostles, but the group of disciples was also accompanied by women who became the first her- alds of his resurrection. Early Christianity overcame the social and cultural divisions of the time. Baptism opened the way of salvation for everyone in the same way. For both slave and free man, Jew and pagan, woman and man, entry into the community of the Church was identical. In the early Church, women complemented the evange- lizing mission of men through the institution of widows, the ministry of deacons, and the administration of the domestic church. To some extent, the Church’s mission was facilitated by the changes taking place in Greco-Roman society. The emerging materi- al independence of women also allowed them to become more involved in the mission of the Church. A bridge to a new role for women in the early Church may have been the Essene community perhaps modeled on the Pythagorean movement. Most likely, the house of Martha, Mary and Lazarus was shaped around a great love of studying sacred texts, which enabled women to learn more about the theological reflection of the time. The Church gave a new meaning to the idea of virginity, which opened to relationships with God and service in the community. Unfortunately, both Pharisaic Judaism and the increasing influence of Gnostic movements led to the limitation of the position of women in some circles of the early Church. Nevertheless, the early Church introduced women to many evangelistic missions, particularly in the fields of teaching, ministry of charity and prayer.
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The presented text is an edition of sources entitled “My August ’80 . A memorable summer” and “My August »80«”, which were submitted for a competition organised in 1981 by the Gdansk Branch of the Polish Sociological Association . They covered the protest which broke out on the Coast in the summer of 1980 . The edition was carried out on the basis of the publishing instructions of Janusz Tandecki and Krzysztof Kopin- ski entitled “Editing Historical Sources” . The text is accompanied by an introduction, which contains the most important information about the August wave of opposition, presents the current state of research on the issue and characterises the set of competition materials . The aim of the presented editions is to show the research potential of women’s memories, contained in the discussed collection of accounts . The presented memoirs, seen from the perspective of women who came to the coast from the capital of the coun- try, show a different view of the events taking place in the Tri-City than those commonly presented in the literature on the subject .
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