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WOMEN&MINORITY ARCHIVES
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The paper presents an overlook on the history of education of women in Japan, from the Nara period to the Second World War, focusing on the two key moments, both under the strong American influence: the first reform of education in 1872, largely performed by American missionaries, and the second one, after 1945. The paper also considers the influence of Christianity on the women,s education in Japan and the overall influence of Western culture on the Japanese educational system and society in general.
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Nancy Fraser gave this interview for the forthcoming special issue of Critique and Humanism journal focused on gender studies developments and edited by Marina Liakova and Viara Angelova. The issue is presenting the debates on the social construction of gender currently ongoing in the fi elds of humanities. It is publishing special contributions by authors from Bulgaria, Germany, Norway, USA, etc. The papers deal with the inequality issues of the sexual minorities in differing social and historical contexts. The problems of scrutiny regard the political and economic inclusion of the sexually different, their marginalization at the labour market their juridical differentiation and so on. The issue is detecting the novel developments in the gender theories and remains open for contributions until October 30th, 2008.
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"The women’s movement in Serbia during the 1990s had the objective to “create and articulate the energy of resistance”, the resistance of women to the totalitarian regime of Slobodan Milosevic and the wars between countries which were formerly part of Yugoslavia. Marina Blagojević, a sociologist who studied the women’s movement in this period from different perspectives, has pointed out that “it [the resistance movement] could have happened in some other way as well. But it did not. It happened actually through a feminist movement; feminism also represented a common denominator in the resistance to the ‘patriarchal madness’ of the war. The simplicity of this formula was efficient.” (1998:11). Viewed as a whole, feminist and pacifist movements were most often inseparable. These arguments lead us to conclude that female activism in Serbia at the end of the 20th century developed within the frame of political activism" [...]
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Prikaz
Review of: "Izgubljena revolucija: AFŽ između mita i zaborava", Chiara Bonfiglioli... [et al.], Sarajevo: Udruženje za kulturu i umjetnost: CRVENA, 2016, 199 str.
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Tematem podejmowanym w tekście jest kobiecość kobiet żyjących w pojedynkę. Biorąc pod uwagę, że kobiety tworzące tę kategorię postrzegane są nadal jako „nietypowe”, w rozważaniach nad podjętymi kwestiami przyjęto perspektywę płci jako kategorii społeczno-kulturowej. Celem artykułu jest odpowiedź na pytanie: Jakimi kobietami są kobiety żyjące w pojedynkęi jak kształtowała się ich kobiecość w procesie socjalizacji roli płci? Odpowiedźta zostanie skonstruowana w oparciu o przeprowadzone badania kobiet żyjących w pojedynkę, które odpowiadają stereotypowi tzw. miejskiego singla. Badania miały charakter jakościowy. Główną koncepcja teoretyczną wyznaczającą postępowanie badawcze była koncepcja gender Westa i Zimmermana, według której płeć społeczno-kulturowa (gender) jest raczej cechą sytuacji niż właściwością jednostki, aktywnym procesem konstruowanym w sytuacji interakcji między jednostkami. W ramach wyróżnionych na podstawie badań typów kobiecości zaprezentowane zostaną indywidualne definicje własnej kobiecości (osobowościowa definicja roli płci) oraz kulturowe definicje kobiecości (gender jako obowiązująca definicja kobiecości i męskości). W związku z tym, że definicje te ulegały modyfikacji lub utrwaleniu w procesie socjalizacji roli płci przedstawiona zostanie także typologia rozpoznanych odmian procesu socjalizacji roli płci.
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The tendency of conversationalization in the public discourse is known as shifting boundaries between written and spoken discourse practices, shifting the public discourse towards a more conversational, informal and spontaneous style to create the impression of a casual conversation with the public. Analyzing a wide range of political speeches held in three discourse contexts - when politicians are in power, in opposition and in the personal context - this paper investigates the phenomenon of conversationalization in the discourse of Albanian female politicians. Using a qualitative and comparative analysis, we aim to examine the form, the context and the purpose of conversationalization in the political discourse of the female politicians. The results are that the tendency towards a conversational and sometimes rather casual discourse is documented on the morphological, syntactic, lexical and phonetic levels; secondly, it is not expressed constantly and consistently in the political discourse analyzed, but prevails in the speeches held by female politicians in the context of the opposition; and thirdly, its purpose is as much public understanding as possible, to gain more popularity in order to secure public understanding, sympathy and support.
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Access to and management of mobility are gendered and dependent on institutional context. Mobility as a strategy can be empowering, a resource, a tool for social innovation and agency and important dimension of social capital - if under migrants' own control. But mobility may reflect increased dependencies, proliferation of precarious jobs and, as in the case of trafficking in women, lack of mobility and freedom.
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The anthology "Women in Croatia: Women's and Cultural History" came out of editor Andrea Feldman's detection in the preface titled "The Last Two Thousand Years: The History of Women - Women's History - Cultural History" that "today, in the beginning of the third millenium, Clio, the muse of history, has a problem. She is an emancipated, conscious of her capabilities and pretty well educated, but still quite often confronted with prejudice and stereotypes about her 'right place in history'."
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By analysing two Verhoeven's films (Robocop and Total Recall) the author states that in the postmodern cyber-world the boundaries set by dualisms constantly present in western culture fade and mix. The aim of all dualisms is to allow the process of domination over all constituted as other. The most prominent dualism are self/other, spirit/body, culture/nature, male/female, civilised/primitive, reality/illusion. The eradication of boundaries brings new identities, new ways of constituting and constructing our identities. The field of the other is suddenly deep within us, confronting us with the necessity of reinterpretation of our unconscious images. We could say that the 20th century is marked by disintegration of bodily structure and ubiquitous awerness of its availability and fragility.
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Article about gender and identity.
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The study analyses surrogacy arrangements in Romania and the UK, in the light of media echoes and legislative change. There is a lack of statistical data on this divisive, highly controversial issue. Its most debatable aspect lies in the ambivalence between altruistic and commercial aims, the latter based on the commodification of the feminine body. The investigative method consists of critical discourse analysis of secondary data: 14 articles and 130 blog posts on surrogacy, with emphasis on analytical categories of conservative, liberal and radical viewpoints. Surrogates are a heterogenic, heteronormative category that is difficult to research ethically, hence most studies are clandestine. Held dialogues, exposed doubt, moral dilemmas and exchanged views included in the discourse analysis all boil down to the need for the state to introduce and enforce further social assistance regulations to prevent abuse, illegal transactions and reproductive tourism to more permissive jurisdictions. Discursive reactions pinpoint the paradigm of disrupted motherhood that echoes critical sociological perspectives on alienated labor and neo-proletariat, by viewing surrogate ‘repropreneurs’ asprecarious laborers vulnerable to health risks. Conversely, neoliberal feministcounter-arguments are investigated, as they condone surrogacy on grounds of free choice and agency, thus supporting transformative families and openness to alternative, non-typical family arrangements. Medical online databases for clinics that use surrogates for infertility treatments need to be regulated so as to allow transparency and auditory control in operations such as licensing, documenting, recording and reporting cases. Social work needs to be proactively involved in the design and monitoring of such accountability-oriented practices.
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This article analyzes shōjo culture and shōjo girls as a participants and creators of this culture. The first part of the article presents the history of girls' schools from the beginning of the 20th century and the ideal of a good wife and wise mother (ryōsai kenbo). The second part focuses on the issue of the "privileged body" of shōjo (girl), which is on the edge between the body of a child and a woman, a boy and a girl. Shōjo manga, as comics addressed to girls, have evolved since the 70s, when women began to create them. At the end I examine aesthetic traits and „the aesthetics of sameness” as tools to create emotional involvement of readers. Shōjo culture is the Japanese version of girl power.
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The first part of the article explains the difference between two expressions: "I am dressed up in Šokac costume" (spremila sam se u šokačko) and "I wear Šokac costume" (nosim se šokački). The first expression means that a person is dressed in the national costume characteristic for Šokci (Croats native to the eastern part of Croatia, around the cities of Slavonski Brod, Vinkovci, Županja, Našice, Đakovo), while the second expression means that a person wears the national costume daily, although modified to include some degree of city clothing. The article is based on field interviews in 1993/94 in villages near Županja (Bošnjaci, Cerna, Drenovci, Račinovci, Vrbanja, Štitar), which sought to learn more about the Šokac national costume in that region. Many authors have written about the Šokci, in particular about the etymology of the word or about the origin of the group, using mostly historical and linguistic sources (Sršan, Stjepan 199). In this region, where Šokci live intermixed with other Croats as well as with some minority groups, the term Šokac at the beginning of the 20th century always referred to Croats who were both Catholic and peasants and whose families had long been settled in the region (starosjedioci). The results of the current research point to the two meanings of the above-mentioned expressions, and shows that the phrase nosim se šokački, that is, I wear Šokac costume, is an outer sign of the wearer's identity, even up to the present day, to differentiate the wearer from others who also wear the costume. In the 1950s alongside the first meaning, another, new meaning gradually came into use, expressed as spremila sam se u šokačko, that is, / dressed up in Šokac costume. This latter expression means that the person only sometimes wears the local costume. She may or may not be a part of the Šokac community. Those women who are Šokice may or may not still be employed in agriculture, and in fact can live in either rural or urban areas. The second part of the article gives the preliminary results of research of women's Šokac costumes of Županja region. The terminology of basic parts of the costume, of clothing and head arrangements are indicated in the tables. The terminology differs between the area west of Županja on the one hand and that east of Županja on the other. This field research will be continued, the tables will be completed with other data and will be expanded to include the remaining places so that we may acquire a regional picture of Šokac costume.
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This article presents research reflections on the fieldwork conducted in a medical organization in Russia. We emphasize how our professional positioning in the field was changing as a result of the ethnographic immersion into the empirical work. Addressing the insider/outsider dilemma and testing some of the feminist principles of interactions with research participants, we find that we neither become “insiders” nor remain “outsiders” in the organization we study but obtain a temporary position of svoi (literally,”ours”) for its “inhabitants.” We focus on the construction of our own positioning in the field, which is accomplished through the participants’ perception of and interactions with us: they identify, examine, (un)dress, and trust (or do not trust) us. We believe that the “making” of the feminist sociologist is accomplished through the process of research reflection and care happening in the field. We use the metaphor “a sociologist in white” (as an allusion to the classic 1960s book Boys in White: Student Culture in Medical School) to denote this particular kind of positioning of the researcher. The article is written in an experimental format: In the first (analytical) part we discuss the basic principles that help to analyze the experience of being a researcher in the medical field. In the second, “operational” part we reconstruct conditions in which the research and our professional positions have become the subject of our reflections as well as the reflections of other participants of the study. In the article we reconstruct conditions and situations of the actual fieldwork and, drawing on our individual experiences, show different interpretations of our professional positions.
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WOMEN AND FAMILY, WOMEN AND SOCIETY
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Applying close-reading the transdisciplinary article investigates the way in which trauma experi-enced by women during the Finnish civil war (1918) is presented in Kjell Westö’s novel Mirage 38. Focusing on the female body and working with the term “body memory” , it discusses symbolical literary representations of traumatic memories, which cannot be described verbally and are oft en hided from the other members of the community, as well as their destructive impact on the psy-che and social relations of the traumatised person – in this case the main character of the novel Milja Matilda Wiik. Th e human body is perceived here as a place of embodiment of suppressed memories. Consequently, the body can be also seen as a medium of memory.
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