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WOMEN&MINORITY ARCHIVES
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The paper presents an overlook on the history of education of women in Japan, from the Nara period to the Second World War, focusing on the two key moments, both under the strong American influence: the first reform of education in 1872, largely performed by American missionaries, and the second one, after 1945. The paper also considers the influence of Christianity on the women,s education in Japan and the overall influence of Western culture on the Japanese educational system and society in general.
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Nancy Fraser gave this interview for the forthcoming special issue of Critique and Humanism journal focused on gender studies developments and edited by Marina Liakova and Viara Angelova. The issue is presenting the debates on the social construction of gender currently ongoing in the fi elds of humanities. It is publishing special contributions by authors from Bulgaria, Germany, Norway, USA, etc. The papers deal with the inequality issues of the sexual minorities in differing social and historical contexts. The problems of scrutiny regard the political and economic inclusion of the sexually different, their marginalization at the labour market their juridical differentiation and so on. The issue is detecting the novel developments in the gender theories and remains open for contributions until October 30th, 2008.
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"The women’s movement in Serbia during the 1990s had the objective to “create and articulate the energy of resistance”, the resistance of women to the totalitarian regime of Slobodan Milosevic and the wars between countries which were formerly part of Yugoslavia. Marina Blagojević, a sociologist who studied the women’s movement in this period from different perspectives, has pointed out that “it [the resistance movement] could have happened in some other way as well. But it did not. It happened actually through a feminist movement; feminism also represented a common denominator in the resistance to the ‘patriarchal madness’ of the war. The simplicity of this formula was efficient.” (1998:11). Viewed as a whole, feminist and pacifist movements were most often inseparable. These arguments lead us to conclude that female activism in Serbia at the end of the 20th century developed within the frame of political activism" [...]
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Tematem podejmowanym w tekście jest kobiecość kobiet żyjących w pojedynkę. Biorąc pod uwagę, że kobiety tworzące tę kategorię postrzegane są nadal jako „nietypowe”, w rozważaniach nad podjętymi kwestiami przyjęto perspektywę płci jako kategorii społeczno-kulturowej. Celem artykułu jest odpowiedź na pytanie: Jakimi kobietami są kobiety żyjące w pojedynkęi jak kształtowała się ich kobiecość w procesie socjalizacji roli płci? Odpowiedźta zostanie skonstruowana w oparciu o przeprowadzone badania kobiet żyjących w pojedynkę, które odpowiadają stereotypowi tzw. miejskiego singla. Badania miały charakter jakościowy. Główną koncepcja teoretyczną wyznaczającą postępowanie badawcze była koncepcja gender Westa i Zimmermana, według której płeć społeczno-kulturowa (gender) jest raczej cechą sytuacji niż właściwością jednostki, aktywnym procesem konstruowanym w sytuacji interakcji między jednostkami. W ramach wyróżnionych na podstawie badań typów kobiecości zaprezentowane zostaną indywidualne definicje własnej kobiecości (osobowościowa definicja roli płci) oraz kulturowe definicje kobiecości (gender jako obowiązująca definicja kobiecości i męskości). W związku z tym, że definicje te ulegały modyfikacji lub utrwaleniu w procesie socjalizacji roli płci przedstawiona zostanie także typologia rozpoznanych odmian procesu socjalizacji roli płci.
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Access to and management of mobility are gendered and dependent on institutional context. Mobility as a strategy can be empowering, a resource, a tool for social innovation and agency and important dimension of social capital - if under migrants' own control. But mobility may reflect increased dependencies, proliferation of precarious jobs and, as in the case of trafficking in women, lack of mobility and freedom.
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The anthology "Women in Croatia: Women's and Cultural History" came out of editor Andrea Feldman's detection in the preface titled "The Last Two Thousand Years: The History of Women - Women's History - Cultural History" that "today, in the beginning of the third millenium, Clio, the muse of history, has a problem. She is an emancipated, conscious of her capabilities and pretty well educated, but still quite often confronted with prejudice and stereotypes about her 'right place in history'."
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By analysing two Verhoeven's films (Robocop and Total Recall) the author states that in the postmodern cyber-world the boundaries set by dualisms constantly present in western culture fade and mix. The aim of all dualisms is to allow the process of domination over all constituted as other. The most prominent dualism are self/other, spirit/body, culture/nature, male/female, civilised/primitive, reality/illusion. The eradication of boundaries brings new identities, new ways of constituting and constructing our identities. The field of the other is suddenly deep within us, confronting us with the necessity of reinterpretation of our unconscious images. We could say that the 20th century is marked by disintegration of bodily structure and ubiquitous awerness of its availability and fragility.
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Article about gender and identity.
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WOMEN AND FAMILY, WOMEN AND SOCIETY
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Along the centuries the failure of a couple to have children was the woman's. In reality now most of the causes of sterility and infertility are known, they are thought to belong equally to both partners of the couple. For a woman the life without children is often an empty one. Having children is her biological right, which sometimes can be only a dream... The separation of reproduction and sexuality is one of the most spectacular performances of medicine and biology.
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Through the lens of feminist critique and theory of literature, this paper will attempt to critically analyze the narrative strategies in the novel The Book about Milutin by Danko Popović which are directly related to the valorization of patriarchal values. By analyzing the way in which gender is presented from the perspective of the book’s two narrators, Milutin Ostojić and his wife Živana, this paper will try to show the relationship between the stereotypical depiction of the female identity in the novel and its importance in creating the desirable type of society. This analysis will then be linked with the remarkable success that the novel received after its publication and the fact that it is still perceived as one of the most important Serbian anti-war novels of the late 20th century. This work will have as its aim to highlight the importance of the revival and new examination of those strands in Serbian literary tradition that in practice actively and openly promoted the ideals of patriarchal society.
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In terms of gender studies and the history of women in art the author reproduces the biography of the entirely forgotten Russian artist Yulia Svechnikova-Belkovska (1874 - 1960) who came to Bulgaria with her husband Asen Belkovsky, her fellow-student from the Art School in Kazan, Russia, who was later to become a prominent artist. The article presents a thorough study of her life in Russia, Munich and Paris (1905 - 1906) until she finally settled down in Bulgaria (1907), as well as her life in the latter. Her life is closely related to her husband’s except for the academic schools attended by him only. Her artistic style is quite close to his, too: they share the same parallel development and eventually establish the style to be later named “Belkovsky". It contributes to the portrait and landscape painting, plenary sessions included, as well as the use of some impressionistic methods and a new modern approach to the sketch. The better use of the style, however, would be rather made by Asen Belkovsky as the more active and obliged one in a man’s world; Yulia Svechnikova would always remain in his shade. Still underdeveloped, the Bulgarian art marks the appearance of other women of artistic training; they were also married to Bulgarian artists, yet, in general, they didn’t aim at promotion and career in sacrifice to their husband's personal progress in a native environment. These women’s abandon of the ego and the neglect of talent could be characterized as the syndrome of the “echo-wife”, i.e., to deliberately mute one’s creativity and fully adopt the creative approach of the paragon as a man, husband and teacher, no matter of the equal good start of them both. This attitude isolates women and puts them in a marginal position at the beginning of XX century when women’s active creativity struggled for the recognition of not “essentially feminine art” only but rather to gain emancipation through the professional attributes of women’s art.
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On the basis of archive documents from Sofia orphanages called .Mother and Child Homes. I followed the development of the policy to the children deprived of parents care in socialist Bulgaria. The institutional problems were considered in wider social context and revealed tendencies to eugenic policy in treating the difference.
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"Constructed for posteriority by Charlotte Brontë as “the baby” of the family (Myth n.d.:11), described by their friend Ellen Nussey as “dear, gentle Anne” (Smith 1993:x), Anne Brontë has always been problematically positioned relative to her sisters. The reasons for this are multiple: first, biographical criticism has made her “meek and mild” (like Blake’s “Lamb”); second, her work has always been evalutated as of lower quality compared to Charlotte’s and Emily’s literary output; thirdly, The Tenant of Wildfell Hall created quite a bit of a stir on publication (see, for example, Smith 1993:ix, or Sullivan [2005:online], who states that “The Tenant of Wildfell Hall attracted negative criticism for its subject matter; it was described as" [...]
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The process of gender identity development in children and youth affects their daily life. With their very existence, transgender children confront the common notions of the majority about “right” boys and girls. There is a persistent pressure in different areas of social life and at schools they visit on preserving the cisnormative way of life. The study is based on a year-long research of transgender children and youth at elementary and secondary schools in Slovakia, with the support of the civic association TransFúzia. The research material consists of in-depth interviews with ten children and young people and interviews with the representatives and teachers from three selected secondary schools. The research results suggest that the self-realization of children in a school environment is influenced by various limits and barriers. These, however, arise not only from the official systemic framework for teaching and the education process in Slovakia, but also from individual notions and approaches by school authorities. The personal stories of seeking their own“self” of transgender children and youth therefore develop in different contexts and under different conditions. They present not only the specific situation of the members of this special minority, but create the image of the daily life of children and youth in a school environment.
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