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The Dark Side of Art

The Dark Side of Art

Author(s): Ag Apolloni / Language(s): English Issue: 23/2021

In this analysis, Donika Dabishevci’s poetry is discussed, which communicates with the reader through primordial signs of love. This kind of communication is not only defiant but scandalous for two reasons: first, because of the extreme erotism; second, the gynocentric articulation. So, not only for what and how the poet says it, but even because it is said by a female, by a woman. While the motives and style are artistic and cultural choices, the positioning of the speaker’s voice is constructed on biological and natural grounds. Through the structure of oneiric signage, the poet disturbs, experiments, and rejects schemes and standards in language, literature, and society.

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Ledia’s poetic fiber

Ledia’s poetic fiber

Author(s): Primo Shllaku / Language(s): English Issue: 23/2021

Ledia Dushi is one of female poets who had started poetry early, when she was still quite young. For the sake of the truth, and the results by general reflections on this group and particularly on Ledia, we distinguish that the latter is guided by another literary and aesthetically object, driven by lesser socially and family matters, lesser demands of freedom, and does not demonstrate revolt that comes from an inferior condition. Ledia seems to have the freedom, too, that she has finished within herself in the most discreet and personal way that gender revolution, started historically from the Albanian women since 1940.

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The Novel as a Bricolage

The Novel as a Bricolage

Author(s): Eronita Kqiku / Language(s): English Issue: 25/2022

The subject of this study is Stefan Çapaliku’s novel “Everybody gets insane in their own way,” published in 2016, 2017, and 2018. Here we analyze the novel’s structure because bricolage means a particular way of structuring. In addition, we determine the status of the novel’s writer because he takes several roles which change depending on the analytical point of view. Since bricolage means a way of structuring, the structure of the fable is another matter of discussion. The text is structured through some postmodern techniques, such as découpe and collage, that define its type. Also, other postmodern elements of the novel are discussed here, such as irony, black humor, fragmentation, metafiction, minimalism, transtextuality, etc.

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The poetics of the novel The Loves of Virgin Magdalene

The poetics of the novel The Loves of Virgin Magdalene

Author(s): Agnesë Shkodra / Language(s): English Issue: 25/2022

In this article are analysed some postmodern features and techniques of the Ridvan Dibra’s novel The Loves of Virgin Magdalene(2018), which is new novel made by his two older plays (the play Twilight and monodrama with same name as a novel). Also, here are discussed narrative elements as narrator, narrataire, focalization, structure etc., and some psychological details. So, here is applied an integral method with psychoanalytical, intertextual and narratological approaches.

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The Greek Model of an Albanian Novel

The Greek Model of an Albanian Novel

Author(s): Ag Apolloni / Language(s): English Issue: 25/2022

This article discusses the relations between the most known Albanian novel, The General of the Dead Army, Greek myths, Homer’s Iliad, and especially Aeschylus’s tragedies, Agamemnon and The Persians. Here we analyze how Greek texts (myths, epic poems, tragedies) have served as models to the Albanian author Ismail Kadare to write his novel. Moreover, we discuss even a function of an alternative catharsis. Therefore, the Greek mythology and literature model as an architext in relation to Kadare’s hypertext is seen in several plans: theme, motive, idea, function, etc.

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Albanian literature in the english-speaking world

Albanian literature in the english-speaking world

Author(s): Robert Elsie / Language(s): English Issue: 26/2022

This article is about the translations of Albanian literature into English from 1596 to 2008, providing a register of translations along with the context of the works. Being one of the translators and researchers of this literature, Elsie, along with the list of translations, highlights the importance of the writers and their translated works, and at the same time, explains the cultural politics and shows the need for translation of Albanian literature as a necessity for the integrations in the transnational culture.

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Social Criticism of Albanian Literature (The Introductions of Fan S. Noli)

Social Criticism of Albanian Literature (The Introductions of Fan S. Noli)

Author(s): Besnik Jaha / Language(s): English Issue: 26/2022

This article is about Albanian social criticism comprehending Fan Noli as a representative example, namely his introductions about the works he had translated. Known as the greatest Albanian translator, Noli is also an important critic. With his interpretations of the world masterpieces he brought into Albanian, Noli became a representative of a type of criticism according to the sociological method, social criticism.

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The autobiographical discourse in Kadare’s novel (on the novel Twilight of the Eastern Gods)

The autobiographical discourse in Kadare’s novel (on the novel Twilight of the Eastern Gods)

Author(s): Mirjetë Sadiku / Language(s): English Issue: 26/2022

A little has been written about the novel Twilight of the Eastern Gods. Many researchers who have written about Kadare’s work either mention this novel in passing or do not mention it at all. In this survey, we tried to give an answer to the novel’s problems with special emphasis on the autobiographical discourse. Many researchers of Kadare’s work agree that Twilight and Chronicle in Stone have strong autobiographical discourse. He includes facts from his own life, such as his student life in Moscow, his friends at Gorki Institute, the case of Fadeyev and Pasternak, etc. In addition, Kadare also gives a picture of life under the Soviet communist government with special emphasis on the many problems faced by writers at that time, giving us the profile of some writers who were entirely at the service of that regime. Twilight can rightly be taken as evidence of life under the communist regime. The whole atmosphere of that time is reflected in it. He decides to reflect on the difficult life of the writer under the dictatorship by taking examples from reality, such as the case of Fadeyev and Pasternak.

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The Art of Grotesque

The Art of Grotesque

Author(s): Arben Prendi / Language(s): English Issue: 27/2022

This article treats the constant features of Romanesque: parody, grotesque, irony, tragicomic, and “magic realism”; narrative games between the author, narrator, and reader; caricaturing the phenomena of Albanian transition; endangered humanism by evil in a society immersed in a value crisis. Zija Çela (1946) became known as a storyteller and novelist. Author of several collections of short stories and novellas, he consolidates his individuality in long prose with novels The Blood of the Swallow, Half of Gioconda, Coin of Love, Shadow’s Banquet, Moon’s Agony, Las Varrezas, SOS, a smile, World’s Mouth, Apocalypse Based On St. Tirana, etc. From the group of writers who come from the experience of literature before 1990, Çela, along with other novelists such as Kadare, Kongoli, and Koreshi, overcame not only the crisis of the novel but also marked the most qualitative achievements of the contemporary Albanian novel. Thanks to the creative experience and artistic talent, the period from 1990 onwards result for these authors as a fruitful period not only in terms of quantity but also esthetically. Moreover, as evidence of the creative experience in which these novelists walk through are features and characteristics of realistic, modern, to postmodern poetics that are present in their work of this period. As noted from the literary criticism of those years, Kadare, Kongoli, Çela, Koreshi, etc., walk without complexes to testify new techniques and procedures. The object of analysis and interpretation are Moon’s Agony (2002), and Las Varrezas (2005), seeing them as a particular period of creativity but also as works where the constant features of the novel are clearly outlined.

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Triumph, an endless mission

Triumph, an endless mission

Author(s): Fatbardhë Hasi / Language(s): English Issue: 27/2022

This article is about the triptych of Ridvan Dibra made of The Triumph of Gjergj Elez Alia (1999), The Second Triumph Gjergj Elez Alia (2002), and The Third Triumph of Gjergj Elez Alia (the part published in the Symbol journal, 2018). Here the poetics, the figures, the technique, and the intertextual connections of this unfinished postmodern project are analysed since critics have described it as the triumph of postmodernism in Albanian literature.

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Death in the Albanian Culture

Death in the Albanian Culture

Author(s): Stefan Çapaliku / Language(s): English Issue: 27/2022

This study analyzes and describes death, as well as features and rituals of mourning. The author begins with a general discussion about death, then focuses only on death in Albanian culture, to then move on to examples from literary works and from local civic life, to stop at the city cemeteries.

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Two nets of narration on Kadare’s prose

Two nets of narration on Kadare’s prose

Author(s): Besnik Jaha / Language(s): English Issue: 28/2023

This article deals with intertextual relations in Kadare’s fiction, especially the prose that constitutes the so-called Ottoman cycle of his novels. We understand and underline the intention of this cycle by analysing the reminiscences, influences, and textual congruencies.

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Empathy and the reader (Zef Pllumi’s memoir)

Empathy and the reader (Zef Pllumi’s memoir)

Author(s): Leonora Shatri / Language(s): English Issue: 28/2023

Although the first use of the term empathy refers to the kinaesthetic engagement with objects of art, today, the old Einfühlung encompasses a variety of definitions taken from various perspectives of human knowledge. The issue presented here concerns the particular correlation between empathetic responsiveness and memoir, which is explored primarily by attempting to reach apprehension of its particular nature and, secondly, by identifying potential empathy-based responses evoked by certain narrative situations of referential basis and narrative techniques. The importance of testimonial literature created after the fall of communism in Albania, which constitutes the poetics of personal, primarily lies in its reliability as a reconstruction of collective memory and identity through the individual memory, transcending individual events and experiences by evoking universal affective states. In this sense, Live to Tell, a narrative of repression and resistance, is the paradigm of Albanian literary testimony. The assertion of whether literature impacts prosocial behaviour as a result of empathetic evocations on its readers has not yet attained scientifically conclusive support. Despite this potential pragmatic quality, it is suggested here that the importance of empathy should be seen in its relation to the significance of a certain literary work, as long as it is considered a cognitive and affective path, at the end of which the reader will reach a higher moral ground. Transcending its particularity, Live to Tell attains universality through the ethics it provokes, regarding this a distinctive value of our shared humanity.

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Decoding the intertextuality in Bashkim Shehu’s novels

Decoding the intertextuality in Bashkim Shehu’s novels

Author(s): Veron Dobroshi / Language(s): English Issue: 29/2023

Bashkim Shehu is one of the well-known and important prose writers of contemporary Albanian literature, who, with his novels, experiments in many different forms. This study will focus on the manifestation of intertextuality in the novels of this author, creating a dense intertextual relationship with various works of world literature, Albanian folklore, myths, and others. The great intertextual diversity in the work of Bashkim Shehu testifies to the postmodern poetics of this author, with a multidimensional discourse and a very characteristic and special type of writing for the Albanian novel after the 90s.

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The Chronotope of the Novel

The Chronotope of the Novel

Author(s): Eronita Kqiku / Language(s): English Issue: 29/2023

As mentioned on the 25th number of Symbol, the subject of this study is Stefan Çapaliku’s novel Everybody Gets Insane in Their Own Way, published in 2016, 2017, and 2018. In this part of the article, we analyze the way time and space are represented in the novel. Relying on Bakhtin’s theory about the chronotope, Genette’s theory about the literary genres, and Todorov’s theory on narratology, we determine the novel’s chronotope.

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The Labyrinth of Literature

The Labyrinth of Literature

Author(s): David Damrosch,Ag Apolloni / Language(s): English Issue: 30/2023

Interview with David Damrosch by Ag Apolloni.

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Mid’hat Frashëri, nga ligjërimi litotik atdhetar te shpuza e ligjërimit artistik

Mid’hat Frashëri, nga ligjërimi litotik atdhetar te shpuza e ligjërimit artistik

Author(s): Virion Graçi / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 01-02/2017

The paper is a presentation of the stylistic transformation in Mid’hat Frashëri’s work, from his patriotic pathetique of the albanian Renaissance period, to his genuine literary and artistic creativity. Throughout the rich heritage of M. Frashëri, the author analyses his journalism at the period of his activity as a distinguished diplomat and activist of the Albanian cause, then the way he has cultivated literary subgenres: literary sketches, portraits, voyage impressions and short poetic prose.

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Letërsia artistike dhe leksiku dialektor

Letërsia artistike dhe leksiku dialektor

Author(s): Kolec Topalli / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 01-02/2017

Every writer in his creativity retains the features of his dialect. Therefore, besides the common vocabulary, they use dialectal words that enrich the language and increase the effectiveness ofits expressive power. We present some of them: amë “source” (Mjedja), from amë “mother” and “source of water”; cirlik (Mjedja), an onomatopoeia; cmag (N. Frashëri), related to cëmak and cimak; dëkoj (Fishta), with onomatopoeic origin; dënesë (Fishta) from dë- + ne- + -së being connected to nye ~ neu; e vdarë (Poradeci) from the verb bjerr “lose”; farmason (Poradeci) from mason (Fr. maçon “stone-mason”); gaç (Fishta) “donkey” from *gar-ç, being associated with agër and gare (Buzuku); gomën (Fishta) from SI. glçbina; I errmaktë (Mjedja) “left” from Lat. mancus “maimed, lame”; i riçëm (R. Siliqi), from the participle ritë ofthe verb rfj with the suffix -shëm; i shushulluar (Poradeci) from an onomatopoeia (shu-shu); jëtullëz (De Rada) and hjetull (Giordano) from jjetull (It. fetta + -ull); kanlsk (N. Frashëri) from Mod. Gr. KavioKi; klind (Asdreni) from Lat. clino; mbroth (S. Frashëri) from Lat., It. prode “benefit”; men (Mjedja) from It. meno; murgjinë (Mjedja) from the plural murgj + -inë; ndoset “entirely, wholly” (Fishta), from the ablative case of the name dosë with the prefix n-; pekul (N. Frashëri) “care” from Lat. peculium “special property”; rakitë (Poradeci), from SI. rakita “willow”; rmajt (Fishta) “grave”, the plural ofromanj (roman + -i); rrëj (Migjeni) from IE. *ren~; shporr (Asdreni) from sh- + IE. bher-; shqim (Mjedja) and shkim (Fishta) from shqyej and shkyej (shqye + -m); travajë (Mjedja) from it. travaglio; trirë (Kuteli), from Lat., It. trina; vdjerr (Asdren) by bjerr “lose”; vome (Çajupi) from vaj; zdrale (Migjeni) from z- + *dra- + -lë being connected to zdramë; zgaq (Mjedja) from z- + gaqe; zgërbonjë (Kuteli) from zgarbë + -onjë.

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Frazeologjia në tri drama të Dritëro Agollit

Frazeologjia në tri drama të Dritëro Agollit

Author(s): Valter Memisha / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 01-02/2017

Universi letrar i Dritëro Agollit ka mundësuar dhe mundëson analiza, kundrime e studime të shumta, të veçanta apo përfshirëse, paraqitëse apo të thelluara, të lidhura me çështje të përmbajtjes apo me ato të shprehjes gjuhësore. Në trajtesat e realizuara, si kudo, por edhe për këdo që i përket fushës së shkrimtarisë, rrafshi i përmbajtjes te vepra e këtij autori është më i rrahuri dhe më i analizuari, edhe pse studimet nuk janë kurrë të fundme dhe krejt natyrshëm, kurrë shteruese. Gjuha e veprave letrare - artistike në studimet tona, përgjithësisht, ka mbetur paksa si jetime, edhe pse kohët e fundit janë bërë përpjekje për të kapërcyer hendekun e krijuar (janë hartuar disa punime e janë mbrojtur teza doktoratash).

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Hyrje e Veprës “Vëzhgime, kërkime dhe studime në lëmin e gjuhës shqipe” në 10 vëllime  - Pjesa e parë

Hyrje e Veprës “Vëzhgime, kërkime dhe studime në lëmin e gjuhës shqipe” në 10 vëllime - Pjesa e parë

Author(s): David Luka / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 01-02/2017

Vepra “Vëzhgime, kërkime dhe studime në Temin e gjuhës shqipe” në dhjetë vëllime (me 4558 faqe), përmbledh veprimtarinë e plotë shkencore tonën (të botuar e të pabotuar) të kryer për më shumë se katër dekada (1972-2017). Gjatë kësaj periudhe kemi botuar ndër revista të ndryshme shkencore rreth 150 tituj, kemi marrë pjesë me referate e kumtesa në më shumë se 73 tubime shkencore kombëtare dhe ndërkombëtare, kemi botuar 20 vëllime të serisë me titull Studime gjuhësore, kemi hartuar gjithashtu dy tekste mësimore universitare. Të gjitha këto punime shkojnë rreth gjashtë mije faqe. Tash së fundi Qendra e Studimeve Albanologjike (QSA) ka botuar vëllimin “Studime për historinë e gjuhës shqipe” (Vepër e zgjedhur, Tiranë, 2010, f. 556).

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