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The paper presents some preliminary remarks aimed at identifying common daily language metaphorical expressions of varying degrees of persistence, whose composition has a word directly referring to a taste for sweetness. Our goal is to analyze these expressions and to answer the question: “Are sweet the “sweet“words?“ as well as to determine if the words combining a meaning for something sweet are connected only with a positive assessment.
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The paper examines verbs, which are commonly used in the language of Internet or in our daily conversations. We differentiate 2 groups: “new” transitive verbs and “ex-reflexive” verbs. Each group is accompanied by formula to visualize the grammatical change and by typical word-forming or semantic model. We analyze different examples from internet sources.
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This article explores the role that language played in the development of national identity in Romanian cultural discourses from the writings of Dimitrie Cantemir in the 18th century to those of Mihai Eminescu in the second part of the 19th century. The article also makes use of the theories of Daco-Roman continuity and the theory of Latin descent. Seen in relation to the Latinization of Romanian that occurred in the 18th and the 19th centuries, these concepts are considered as contributing to the emergence of the so-called Romanian exceptionality. Cantemir’s and Eminescu’s writings are analysed in relation to the rise of fascism in interwar Romania as well as to the transformation of internationalist communism into nationalism after the purges of the 1950s and the re-orientation of the Romanian socialist regime towards the Right. The use of language for political purposes is ultimately considered as one of the elements that contributed to the hold that fascism and nationalism had on the Romanian psyche, so much so that nationalism survived (and was indeed boosted) throughout the socialist period and into post-socialism. The article concludes that this has contributed to the ongoing identity crisis of the national self-image and will continue to do so in the 21st century.
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The main topic explored in this paper represents the contemporary issues in the language of Macedonian publicistic style. The influence of electronic and printed media in Macedonia is of great importance, especially since 1991 when Macedonia became an independent state. Since then, the democratization of society is also connected to the appearance of numerous newspapers, magazines and TV and radio stations which contributed to the rise of opportunities for language expression. In this regard, special accent is to be made on the language of commentaries, columns and editorials in Macedonian newspapers. Several points are to be considered in the language analysis of the publicistic style: 1. The use of anglicisms from the aspect of language contact and influence and their styli stic usage. 2. The use of colloquial style in journalism and its function. 3. The forming of language clichés and language innovations as features of individual style. Of special interest are the syntactic expressive means used in journalistic texts, such as syntactic paronymy, rhetoric questions, etc. All these aspects of journalistic style are to be taken in view with regard to Macedonian Standard and the need for an equilibrium to be established between the language norm and the journalist’ tendency to establish an individual expression. The aim of the research is to give an overview of the stylistic features of Macedonian journalistic style in the past decade and to identify the main trends in the establishment of a specific individual style.
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Article departs from the pre-condition of Alpine and Pannonian space that have differed already in ancient literal patterns of Slovenian language and have independently developed all the time: in Alpine space, besides Latin-German tradition, central Slovenian literal language developed and witnessed a strong dialectic differentiation after Brižinski spomeniki; in Pannonian space, besides Greek-Old Church Slavic tradition, archaic East Slovenian literal system developed that preserved an original “old Slovenian” syntax image still at the change between 18th and 19th century. The project brings new cognitions from history of Slovenian language. Two important questions shall be opened: (1) divided development of Slovenian language in Alpine and Pannonian language space and (2) question of unification of Slovenian literal norms in the middle of 19th century. In the set frame, we shall try to successfully answer both questions and show a row of new cognitions, and at the same time direct the path for further research on history of Slovenian language.
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The paper deals with global aspects of lexical semantics of traditional culture (thematic vocabulary), ie. territorially and chronologically differential vocabulary of the speech of Mačva whose semantics affects all aspects of traditional life using as sources of lexical material the short story by a writer from Macva, Laza K. Lazarevic “For the first time with his father at the morning service” and vocabulary collected on the field in Macva, published and unpublished. The focus of the Orientalism as an current cultural trail in this area, the traditional culureme(lexeme) of the multicultural space on synchronic and diachronic level, lexical unit the semantics of which may be arrived at through a multi-disciplinary study. A linguocultural lexicographic procedure is proposed suitable for the presentation of cultural extralinguistic deposits in the semantics of lexicon, which requires encyclopedic definition arrived at by interdisciplinary studies and expertise that would be based on the results of an expert multi-cultural team.
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With growing popularity and availability of electronic media in last few years, internet is more often used for advertising, which led to the creation of specialized sites for shopping and auctions. Users of these sites are allowed to create their own advertisements with no limitations in terms of language, and to present information on object they are selling by photographs and video clips. All this made specific discourse with elements of newspaper advertising, but in language sense shows certain modifications. In this paper we will analyze grammar structure of statements, sentence constructions and types of sentence structures, use of personal verb forms and passive and choice of lexical material, all based on advertisements published on site Limundo. The goal is to determine how much information presented by picture affects language structure of advertisements on the internet.
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In order to form a certain image, media employ various linguistic means, such as metaphors, comparative structures, etc. Based on the material from “Gazeta Wyborcza” concerning the topic of the Katyn massacre, the present study attempts to reconstruct the image of Polish-Russian relations and decide what role the linguistic means used in the articles play in creating the discussed phenomenon. As a result the author concludes that there are two points of view about Russia presented in “Gazeta Wyborcza”. On the one hand, Russia is a criminal country and a debtor that cannot fulfil its obligations. On the other hand, Russia is a state that is open for cooperation and capable of helping. There are also two different points of view about the Polish-Russian relationships. As stated by some experts, Polish-Russian relations in the analyzed period are characterized as negative. According to the other opinions (prior to the 2022 war), these relations are getting better and perhaps will continue to improve.
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The paper offers an ethnographic analysis of the written inscriptions on the public signs located in the central parts of Veliko Tarnovo. Of special interest is the way Bulgarian names are rendered in English. The analysis combines the methods of ethnographic observation and linguistic landscaping (LLS). Writing as an object of ethnographic analysis is seen as only one aspect of the broader concept of literacy, which also comprises reading, design and processing. The repertoire of literacy resources includes not only the ability to write with pen and paper, but a number of other abilities as well. Among them are using a keyboard and, as we will claim here, using more than one alphabet and converting texts from one script into another. Writing is conceived as a complex literacy practice. Inscriptions on public signs are seen as both products and practices. As products they can disclose the nature of the writing practices that have yielded them. Knowing about these practices can shed light on wider literacy and social issues.
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This study is focused on changes in linguistic landscape (especially in urbanonyms) due to the Russian attack on Ukraine in February 2022. It follows official and unofficial renaming of streets around the world in effort to show solidarity with Ukraine and its people. Official commemorative names have often the meaning ‘Free Ukraine’ (e.g. in Riga and Tirana), ‘Ukrainian Heroes’ (e.g. in Prague and Vilnius) etc. and are mostly located close to Russian embassies. Unofficial names given to streets by activists as a protest against the war are usually motivated by the name of the Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy. Street names derived from the adjective Russian, or from Russian toponyms are changed as well, however only unofficially (e.g. the sign with the name of Ruská ‘Russian Street’ in Prague was replaced with the sign containing the famous answer of the Ukrainian soldiers from Snake Island to the Russian warship).
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The article is a part of the discussion on language education in L1 in a modern school. The vision presented in it is based on poststructuralist linguistic concepts, in which language is perceived in a non-systemic way, giving it a humanistic, anthropological subjective, and cognitive dimension. The author discusses three good practice proposals as examples that fit into the presented didactic concept: in the first, writing character profiles was considered a story that interprets oneself and the world, in the second dictionary-phraseological exercises were assigned the function of changing the perception of reality, the third is an attempt to create a methodology based on the achievements of glottodidactics with regard to listening skills in L1. They are distinguished by their openness to the changing extracurricular reality, to the problems of the present day, to the related educational challenges and the subject of education.
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Review of: Słownik stereotypów i symboli ludowych, koncepcja i redakcja całosci Jerzy Bartminski, zastepca redaktora Stanisława Niebrzegowska-Bartminska, t. 2 Rosliny, z. 6 Drzewa lisciaste, Lublin: Wydawnictwo UMCS, 2021, 430 s. Halina Pelcowa, Słownik gwar Lubelszczyzny. Tom X. Obrzedowosc i obyczajowosc ludowa, Lublin: Wydawnictwo UMCS, 2022, 625 s. Marijana Vitanova, Vanja Miceva, Joanna Kirilova, Kalina Miceva-Pejceva, Nadežda Nikolova, Etnolingvisticen recnik na b"lgarskata narodna medicina, Sofija: Izdatelstvo na BAN „Prof. Marin Drinov”, 2021, 367 s. Władysława Bryła, Agnieszka Bryła-Cruz, Retoryka „okołokornawirusowa”. Szkice jezykowo-kulturowe, Lublin: Wydawnictwo UMCS, 2021, 168 s. Ewa Głazewska, Małgorzata Karwatowska, Maska „w czasach zarazy”. Covoidowe wizerunki masek. Typologie i funkcje, Lublin: Wydawnictwo UMCS, 2021, 206 s. Renata Grzegorczykowa, Jezyk w słuzbie mysli. Szkice z dziejów polskiego słownictwa, red. Marek Łazinski, Marta Chojnacka-Kuras, Warszawa: Wydawnictwa UW, 2021, 290 s. SebastianWasiuta, Przysłowie jako tekst minimalny, Lublin: Polihymnia, 2021, 200 s. Krystyna Waszakowa, Jezyk w działaniu i działania na jezyku. Szkice semantyczno-słowotwórcze, Warszawa: Wydawnictwa UW, 2021, 300 s. Dorota Zdunkiewicz-Jedynak, Dziecinstwo, młodosc, dorosłosc, starosc. Polskie koncepty kulturowe w swietle współczesnej polszczyzny, Warszawa: Dom Wydawniczy Elipsa, 2021, 298 s.
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The present study assesses the alleged informality of academic texts written by Estonian learners of English, which to date has yet to be empirically tested. It relies on the purpose-built Tartu Corpus of Estonian Learner English and applies Multidimensional Analysis (MDA) to situate the Estonian EFL learner texts relative to other spoken and written registers and L1 English university writing. In addition, the study describes the linguistic features characteristic of Estonian EFL learners’ writing in higher education. The MDA indicates that although there are some differences between learner and L1 English university writing, the two data samples are similar and align on several dimensions with the written register of academic prose. At the same time, the differences between learner production and L1 English professional writing imply that Estonian students of English would benefit from more explicit instructions to raise their language and register awareness in terms of academic writing in English.
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The paper develops the thesis on the movielike nature of Czesław Miłosz’s early poetry. It includes the premises of the thesis in contrast to innovative currents of the epoch. The paper discusses applying terms from the language of film as adequate when compared to the Nobel Prize winner’s synecdochic technique of imaging which is shown as the structural algorithm of the world of poetic multivoiceness. The paper displays the relation between ethics, philosophy and theology with the imaging of a poem. It proves that the advancement of the synecdochic-film technique, from figurativeness to the fluency of a take, is connected with balancing the Gnostic aversion of the poet towards the reality of body and matter. The balance between the feeling of terror of existence and its affirmation was favourable for creating fluent series: partes pro toto derived from the coming together of a name and a respected item, as well as accepting beings which are transcendent in their nature. The author of the paper states that through comparing the language of poetry and the language of film it was possible to show the poetic nature of Miłosz’s poems.
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This paper analyses highly creative and hybrid practices which tie the Indigenous Siberian, European Christian and Soviet worlds in unexpected ways. Reflecting on the Forest Nenets reindeer herder, poet and intellectual Yuri Vella’s understanding of the religious, the authors discuss an episode of turning an icon-like painting of Madonna with Child into a Nenets ‘god’. This took place in Paris half a year before Yuri’s death. First, we present his short biography, emphasising the key moments that shaped his cosmological and religious sensibilities. Then we depict a ritual of ‘god-making’ by using the ethnographic technique of thick description and then comment on it from various angles and discuss what they reveal about Yuri’s understanding of personhood and agency, relations with deities and other humans. Finally, we explain how animist notions and Christian elements become entangled in his religious thinking.
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The separation of signs into sensible and intelligible, with the first ones used by visual arts and the second ones by verbal arts, made possible the dissociation between natural signs and arbitrary-conventional signs. It appeared that, with a view to represent an object, which could be identified with its existent correspondent (as in representational visual arts), no difficulties were to be encountered; therefore, a related, unambiguous process was expected to be dealt with in the representation of objects by words seen as the embodiment of enargeia. Renaissance witnessed the setting forth of an ekphrastic theory that focused on enargeia as the equivalent of imitation, with a twist: ekphrasis appeared to have shifted from the representation of sensible reality (as pictures do) towards the representation of intelligible reality. The understanding of the representation as ,,image” or ,,icon” did not require the imitation of external reality, anymore. Subsequently, modernism went even further and asserted that all the arts-visual arts included-operated as linguistic signs and demanded interpretation. The mimetic function of all the arts is thus considered to require its subordination to the conventions that determined the manner of creating and perceiving them. The signs of all the arts, visual arts included, acquire, with modernism, an arbitrary and conventional character. Further, twentieth century brought under debate the notion of digital ekphrasis, which attempts at shifting the focus from the verbal representation of a visual representation towards the corporeality of the work and the receiver’s multisensory experience with that work.
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The second part of the article deals with the names used in Estonian Ingria for villages located in Russian-Ingria, and farm names of Estonian Ingria, as well as the names of a pair of Estonian villages. Three of the 12 comonyms are undoubtedly based on personal names (Arseesaar ~ Arsija, Füötromaa, Kotko), but three toponyms (*Keik-, Ropsu and Vipija) may also have other origins, being connected to some natural object. *Keik-, Kotko and Vipija have arisen from Finnic first names of ancient times. Orthodox first names from Russian are associated with the village names Arseesaar and Fyötromaa, and a non-Christian name with Ropsu. The village names Kukkosi and Narvusi with the suffix -si come from family names, but *Ižor- originates from a Russian ethnic name. Thus, most (9) of the discussed village names are related to the first inhabitants. Only Haavikko, Takaväljä and Tiesuu have a different origin. All the mentioned comonyms, except Kotkon külä, are registered without a real generic term. Presumably it has been facultative. Arseesaar (cf. Arsija), Füötromaa and Takaväljä have a false generic term, thus making them secondary toponyms.Among the Estonian village names, only Kutrukülä with the generic term and the Finnish Pietaristi are mentioned.Two thirds (10–11) of the 14 known farm names derive from Finnish first names, nicknames or family names, which are difficult to distinguish from each other nowadays. Only Faabaršnon talo ~ Vaapožnon talo, Hokmannin talo, Ser'o, Õunapuu, and maybe also Tammikko come from other languages (Estonian, Ingrian, and others). Ramman talo without an anthroponym describes the health state of its owner.
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Ethnographic materials confirm the name given to epitaphs by the people – “tombstone inscriptions telling history”. Epitaphs are the primary source through which we study: the anthroponymic system; linguistic features of anthroponymy; traditional Georgian and Christian religious names, the names reflecting the gender identity; cases of renaming from the maden name to the husband’s surname. The study of epitaphs proves that the anthroponymic model confirmed in the materials of almost all desktop enumerations and church (confessors') books of the 19th century was not regulated by law in Georgia, but it was still strictly observed traditionally. This approach continues into the 20th century. In most cases, it continues to this day. Epitaphs are proof that in Georgian historical documents, the personality was not registered only by the three-part anthroponymic model. There were and still are plenty of cases of registering by name and surname, or only by name. Epitaphs confirm the spread of officially legalized two-part anthroponymic model in Georgia. In the epitaphs of the 19th century, there were cases when a woman was called not a spouse, but a wife. Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani laid the foundation for the mentioned tradition of differentiating between the gender. Epitaphs also confirm the use of gender-specific names distinguished by affixes (Ioane-Ioana, Alexander-Alexandra...). The influence of the Russian language also contributed to the spread of the mentioned in epitaphs and in general. Epitaphs on the tombstones preserved for us the anthroponymized easily recognizable Georgian words. There are also nicknames. Epitaph is represented by: the name; nickname; the name, nickname and surname. Often the names with epitaphs are presented as a base, and dialectal features are highlighted in nicknames. The two surnames inscribed on the tombstones of deceased women confirm that a woman kept her own surname after marriage, although she also assumed the surname of her husband. The mentioned “artificially introduced product of the era” would lead to the disruption of that form of social relationship, which was called the dismantling of the rule determining exogamy, the violation of rights; direct belonging of a woman to another society, to a person. The study of epitaphs confirms that the Russian form of address by the father's name was quite common in Georgia (Parmenich, Razdenich...). We consider the study of epitaphs useful as they reflect the country's ethno-culture and language.
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