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Discussion papers on non-financial reporting, controlling and role of internal auditing in non-financial reporting. The internal audit aproach to non-financial activities and processes in the organization.
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The phenomenon of ferroelectricity was discovered less than 100 years ago anda rapid increase in the group of ferroelectrics has been discernible since the 1950s.Among them, an important place is occupied by ferroelectrics with perovskite structureand their solid solutions. A group of materials that is very close to ferroelectrics arethe so-called relaxors and relaxor ferroelectrics, which are characterized by exceptionalapplication properties. Multiferroics and multilayer structures are another groupof materials with specific application qualities; in these materials, the phenomenonof ferroelectricity plays an important role. For application reasons (lower cost), thesematerials are often produced in the ceramic form.The subject matter of the present monograph is the aforementioned group of materials,i.e. relaxors, multiferroics, and multilayer structures in the ceramic form. The work attempts to systematize and complete the knowledge of these materials, including the phenomena (effects) occurring in them. Moreover, it provides a review of literaturepublished on this subject over many years.
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Targeting research and innovation to generate more and better products for improving the quality and living conditions of Bulgarian citizens and for economic growth are fundamental not only in the policies of the Government of the Republic of Bulgaria but also of the Union for Economic Growth in Europe . Over the past few years, the European Union has been the territory of an integrated strategic approach to stimulating research and innovation for the full utilization of the intellectual potential of the Member States. A number of steps have also been taken to provide appropriate communication and public awareness of the benefits of investing in research and innovation. Successful application of the results of science and new technologies to products, processes and services and the generation of competitive advantages depends to a large extent on their public acceptance. Very often, political decisions on the level of public investment in science and research that compete with other areas of public spending (eg health, social security, infrastructure, defense, etc.) depend on positive public opinion
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Hybrid logics are powerful extensions of modal logics, which, roughly speaking, allow for referring to the semantics of the logic by means of syntactic tools. Augmenting standard modal logics with expressions of an additional sort - nominals, and the so-called satisfaction operators caused a spectacular boost to their expressive power. The satisfaction relation, accessibility statements and equality assertions, hitherto only expressible in meta-language, became available within the object language of the logic. A natural question arose: how do these highly expressive logics behave in terms of decidability? How much must we sacrifice to the altar of this increased expressive power? However, whereas the sole origins of hybrid logics can be traced back to the 1960s and the works of Arthur Prior, some additional ”computational” properties of these logics have become a subject of systematic research relatively recently. There has been a lot done since then, though. From the mid-1990s to the present times, a systematic theory of the computational complexity of hybrid logics has been developed by many researchers: Patrick Blackburn, Jerry Seligman, Carlos Areces, Maarten Marx, Thomas Schneider - just to mention a few. Up to now almost all the facts from this area of investigation have been revealed. Theorems placing particular hybrid logics in concrete complexity classes have been established for most of them, defined over most of the well-known frame classes. It seems that not much is left to be done.
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W książce zostały zamieszczone rezultaty jakościowych badań zjawisk i zachowań ekonomicznych. Autorzy reprezentujący różne dziedziny nauki – socjologię, ekonomię, psychologię –zwracają szczególną uwagę na metodologiczne aspekty analiz. W poszczególnych rozdziałach podejmują zróżnicowaną problematykę, dotyczącą m.in. zakorzenienia działań ekonomicznych w obszarze sektora turystycznego, budżetowania gospodarstw domowych, stylów wydawania pieniędzy, wzajemnych zależności między tożsamością a inwestowaniem, ekonomicznego i etycznego wymiaru relacji prostytutka–klient oraz kreowania wizerunku biznesmena w komercyjnych serwisach fotograficznych. Publikacja jest adresowana zarówno do psychologów, socjologów i ekonomistów wykorzystujących w swej pracy metody jakościowe, jak i praktyków gospodarczych zainteresowanych poruszanymi w niej tematami.
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The 6th Warsaw School of Statistical Physics took place in Sandomierz from June 25 to July 2, 2016. The primary goal of each of our invited speakers was to give a series of lectures which – in a pedagogical way – introduced selected topics in modern statistical physics with the idea of arriving at open problems. The idea was to inspire the audience to make research related to presented topics.The lectures were given by distinguished physicists: Bernard Derrida: Collège de France & École Normale Supérieure, Siegfried Dietrich: Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems & University of Stuttgart, L. Mahadevan: Harvard University, Kim Sneppen: University of Copenhagen, Herbert Spohn: Technische University München, Daniel Ueltschi: University of Warwick. The present volume contains the lecture notes which the invited speakers kindly agreed to publish.
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A brief introduction to the theory of partial differential equations - from the classic parts of theory to the twentieth-century achievements of this branch of mathematics. The author shows how to deal with issues arising in various fields of physics and technology as described in the functions of many variables; he gives their current classification, presents the latest theorems, and introduces them to the circle of specific-to-them, modern techniques. The book is intended for students of mathematics, physics and technical universities.
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A collection of 44 articles from the Delta magazine intended for a broad spectrum of readers. The authors describe, among others, the law of large numbers, the Banach-Tarski paradox, the four-colour theorem, the Gödel’s theorem, and such fundamental concepts as the Euler characteristic, dimension, real and complex numbers, the Nash equilibrium.
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The book is devoted to the problem of foreseeing the insolvency of business entities operating in a system of market economy. It describes the life cycle and problems of enterprises, discusses the impact of evironment and models inteded to foresee bancrupcy, along with detailed descripion thereof.
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An extended interview with Professor Henryk Woźniakowski, a specialist in computational mathematics, co-author and author of many fundamental information-based complexity (IBC) theorems and researcher in tractability of multivariate problems. Professor Woźniakowski answers the questions concerning mathematics and life with particular emphasis on the period of “Solidarity” and the political changes of the 80s and early 90s of the last century, in which he took an active part.
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The book provides a concise and self-contained exposition of introductory topics in the theory of operators on Hilbert spaces. The topics covered include functional calculus and various versions of spectral theorems both for bounded and unbounded operators, compact operators, the trace and trace-class and Hilbert-Schmidt operators, selfadjoint extensions of symmetric operators and one-parameter groups of unitary operators.The treatment of unbounded operators is largely based on a tool from theory of operator algebras, the so called z-transform. The transform makes it possible to encode complicated information about unbounded operators by bounded ones and thus avoid many intricacies of standard approach.The book is intended for students of mathematics and physics as well as scientists working in those areas. Prerequisites include basic knowledge of analysis, algebra, measure theory as well as analytic functions and rudiments of functional analysis and Hilbert spaces.Each chapter ends with a brief note indicating sources for examples, exercise problems and further developments of the theory.
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Kernel density estimation is one of the basic procedures used in economic analyzes, because density function univocally defines a random variable. The book presents the methods of kernel estimation of the density function, with particular emphasis on the procedures for selecting the smoothing parameter. Using simulation methods, the properties of smoothing parameters determined by the discussed methods were analyzed, taking into account both the sample size and the form of the kernel function used in the kernel density function estimator. A new method of choosing a smoothing parameter based on the harmonic mean has also been proposed, which due to the generalized form of the mean is characterized by the universality in the use of this method. The examples of the application of the presented methods for selecting the smoothing parameter in the kernel estimation of the density function for random variables in economic researches are also presented.
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Quantitative Methods in Economics, Finance and Management is a series of publications containing program content of mathematics and statistics for students of economic faculties and also useful for people conducting out scientific and research works. This cycle begins with Mathematics, which presents the most important concepts in the field of mathematical analysis and algebra, which can be used in economic research. Besides theoretical considerations, the book contains examples of a mathematical character, aimed at familiarizing the problems described and indicating methods of solving them. Moreover, examples presenting the economic application of the considered concepts are given. In each chapter, apart from the first one, there are exercises for self-solution and test questions to which answers are provided. // „Metody Ilościowe w Ekonomii, Finansach i Zarządzaniu” to cykl publikacji zawierający treści programowe z matematyki oraz statystyki obowiązujące studentów kierunków ekonomicznych, przydatne również osobom prowadzącym prace naukowe i badawcze. Cykl ten rozpoczyna Matematyka, w której przedstawione są najważniejsze pojęcia z zakresu analizy matematycznej i algebry, które mogą być wykorzystywane w badaniach ekonomicznych. Oprócz rozważań teoretycznych książka zawiera przykłady o charakterze matematycznym, mające na celu przybliżenie opisywanych problemów i wskazanie metod ich rozwiązania, a także przykłady prezentujące zastosowanie ekonomiczne rozważanych pojęć. W rozdziałach znajdują się też zadania do samodzielnego rozwiązania i pytania testowe, do których podane są odpowiedzi.
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The publication presents various applications of models in economics. Several texts explore the evolution of model approach in selected areas of economics, e.g. trade integration, theory of a multinational corporation, and interactions between monetary and fiscal policy. Other texts present the results of research studies on decision making in central banks, fertility, the impact of taxes and social transfers on household income, exchange rate, and environmental inequality. The book is dedicated to Professor Wojciech Maciejewski on his 80th bithday.
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”L’impact de la politique de cohésion sur la convergence réelle en Roumanie” visait à produire une analyse de l'impact de l'intégration européenne sur la convergence réelle dans les États membres d'Europe orientale pendant la période de programmation 2007 -2013. À l'aide d'une combinaison de méthodes, techniques et logiciels dédiés, la recherche a inclus une série d'analyses des fonds structurels alloués aux régions de 3 pays d'Europe orientale (Pologne, Roumanie et Bulgarie), un inventaire des bonnes pratiques (le cas du Portugal considéré comme une réussite dans ce registre d’investigation), ainsi que des modèles statistiques pour les tests de convergence, qui visaient à mesurer l’effet des allocations sur la croissance économique régionale. Dans la dernière partie du document, nous avons analysé la perception sociale de l’intégration européenne et des politiques régionales dans le but de définir des mesures appropriées pour améliorer la gestion des programmes opérationnels régionaux. Les principaux éléments d’originalité du document sont les suivants: réaliser une analyse interdisciplinaire sur le thème de l’impact des fonds européens, période de référence 2007-2013, en utilisant une combinaison de méthodes statistiques et économétriques de test d’hypothèses, présentation des bonnes pratiques en matière de mise en oeuvre de projets régionaux qui peut être reproduit en Europe orientale, une analyse comparative (à la fois des séries chronologiques et qualitative à travers une analyse documentaire) entre les trois pays d’Europe de l’Est déjà mentionnés. À cela s’ajoute la possibilité d’enquêter sur l’impact des fonds en corrélant les indicateurs de programme avec les indicateurs d’Eurostat, ainsi que de tester la rapidité avec laquelle les États analysés peuvent atteindre la convergence. L’analyse de la perception des citoyens roumains sur la question de la politique de cohésion, grâce à l’application et à l’interprétation de plus de 400 questionnaires, dans les régions de Bucarest-Ilfov et du Nord-Est (qui présentent les plus grandes divergences), mais aussi la réalisation de 10 entretiens avec les bénéficiaires directs des projets régionaux et la création de mesures pertinentes en vue d'accroître la qualité de la performance institutionnelle des autorités de gestion afin de rendre la mise en oeuvre du Programme Opérationnel Régional plus efficace. Les principales conclusions de la recherche montrent qu'au niveau de l'Union européenne, les modèles appliqués aux données nationales montrent que le processus de2convergence entre les États membres de l'UE27 est en cours et que les divergences interrégionales se sont accentuées. Après les tests de convergence, cela se fera entre (le scénario pessimiste par rapport au scénario optimiste): 25 et 11 ans pour la Roumanie, entre 24 et 10 ans pour la Pologne et entre 37 et 19 ans pour la Bulgarie. Suite à l'interprétation des données de l'analyse de perception, la Roumanie a été un réel bénéficiaire de l'intégration européenne, avec un accès à des fonds non remboursables (y compris via le Programme Opérationnel Régional) offrant de nombreux avantages économiques, sociaux, culturels, touristiques, de développement des infrastructures etc. Bien que la question du manque de développement interrégional (mais également intrarégional) n'ait pas été résolue, elle ne l'a été que partiellement par le biais du programme opérationnel régional 2007-2013, ont été accomplis des progrès dans la réalisation de l'objectif de réduction des disparités de développement entre la Roumanie et les États membres de l'UE. Dans le même temps, il est important de noter que, même si les fonds structurels n’ont apporté aucune modification majeure, en l’absence de dotations européennes, les interventions auraient dû être effectuées exclusivement à partir de fonds publics nationaux. Une hypothèse potentielle pour les recherches futures pourrait être que les fonds structurels sont insuffisants pour générer un impact majeur sur la réduction des disparités régionales, la recherche permettant d'évaluer les progrès des régions bénéficiant d'une allocation plus importante pour soutenir les grands programmes de développement socio-économique.
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The volume has 22 chapters organized in four thematic parts: the first part includes elements related to the world economy system in the context of international economic relations, international organizations and global governance. The second part looks at the international environment and how this influences the international activity of a company. The third part focuses on the organization that operates at international level and how specific activities are conducted (negotiations, contracting, management, marketing, foreign trade operations, risk management and others). The last part, the fourth looks at recent challenges in the internationalization, such as innovation, technology, intangible economy and lobby.
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The volume has 22 chapters organized in four thematic parts: the first part includes elements related to the world economy system in the context of international economic relations, international organizations and global governance. The second part looks at the international environment and how this influences the international activity of a company. The third part focuses on the organization that operates at international level and how specific activities are conducted (negotiations, contracting, management, marketing, foreign trade operations, risk management and others). The last part, the fourth looks at recent challenges in the internationalization, such as innovation, technology, intangible economy and lobby.
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In the past twenty-five years Romania's agricultural sector has faced many changes and challenges. Although this sector has received considerable support, the policies designed and implemented starting from the last agrarian reform did not generate the expected effects. The magnitude of the changes after the '90s led to the creation of raw conditions for the development of agriculture. The specific way of transition and the agricultural policies implemented have greatly contributed to the polarization of the agrarian structures and to agricultural land fragmentation. Even under the influence of the common agricultural policy, the agricultural restructuring process went very slow. Fragmentation creates inefficiencies especially by limiting the capacity to adapt to new technologies and to the changes in costs and also contributes to maintaining a relatively constant and high volume of labor force in agriculture. While Western European countries have a long tradition and significant experience in land consolidation, the countries of Central and Eastern Europe are still at the beginning of the road with this process. Romania is part of the countries without an ongoing consolidation program, although fragmentation is a major obstacle in the process of agricultural development. However, over time there have been several initiatives in this regard. Overall, the implementation of the land consolidation program is a way of modeling the existing potential and contributes to increasing the farms efficiency by improving production and land use choices. It also allows access to new technologies, creates the prerequisites for an operational land market and improves the overall viability of the holdings.
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The book presents the most commonly used tools, methods and techniques of multivariate analysis and it is mostly designed for bachelor and graduate students. It has 8 chapters, grouped into 3 parts, as follows: (i) the first part (containing 3 chapters) is a review of fundamentals of matrix algebra, probability theory and statistics with a greater focus on the concepts underlying the mathematical models of the various data analysis techniques described further in the book; (ii) the second part is dedicated to dimensionality reduction methods, covering 3 types of analysis each of them described in a separate chapter: principal component analysis, factor analysis and correspondence analysis; and (iii) the third part deals (within two chapters) with pattern recognition techniques: cluster analysis and discriminant analysis.Besides the technical and mathematical descriptions, the chapters focusing on methods of multivariate data analysis also include a case study on real data, and some examples to clarify the more complex parts.
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