Ewolucja instytucji koncesji w prawie polskim po 1988 roku

Author(s): Łukasz Ciołek,Justyna Przychodzień / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2015

The aim of the paper is to present the changes that have taken place in the scope of the freedom of economic activity from the passing of the Freedom of Economic Activity Act of 1988 till today. Economic freedom is the principle of legal order expressed in the Constitution and specified in legislation which determines the economic system of the state based on the principles of market economy. Thereby, the freedom of economic activity has received a formal recognition and constitutional protection. Any derogation from the legal regulation in this scope should be treated as an exception justified by important public interest. The freedom of economic activity should be perceived in relation to processes and categories of economic character. Its ensuring in 1988 in the Freedom of Economic Activity Act was the beginning of the systemic transformation taking place in the political and economic field.

Wybrane aspekty bezpieczeństwa w cyberprzestrzeni

Author(s): Mariusz Pala / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2015

This article provides information about contemporary threats to information security in cyberspace. In the age of universal computerization, worldwide Internet access we are freely to communicate with all the world via instant messengers or e-mail, what gives the access to the most current information. The Internet has become an area of various kinds of abuse. The Internet is used not only by criminals or secret services of many countries, but also terrorists. Terrorism in the traditional sense is a form of protest or struggle, aimed at the achievement of some objective and to attract attention of public opinion or the government. Terrorists use the tools belonging to the collection of illegal methods that are banned by international law and condemned by international organizations. The latest form of terrorist activity is cyberspace activity. Cyberterrorists aim to control the most important sectors and the monopolization of the information access.

Od bezpieczeństwa do interwencjonizmu

Author(s): Maria Franczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

The point of this article is to show the influence of the need for safety on the state of socio-economic system. This need, is depicted as the main motivation for undertaking joint actions by people or eves as reason for existence of countries. In the succeeding part of the article, actions of the country, as the institution constituted by the cooperating citizens, are portrayed and then judged from the effectiveness point of view.

Anonimowe płatności internetowe wykorzystywane w cyberprzestępczości. Istota kryptowaluty Bitcoin

Author(s): Kamil Mazurczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

Cybercriminals use cryptocurrency Bitcoin since it come to existence. It is an ideal, anonymous platform for global money transfer. Bitcoin does not have authority or central issuer, so there is no way to steal it from its holder. It is therefore used by the criminal groups around the world. This article aims to increase the reader’s knowledge on new technologies of money transfer. This knowledge will help the reader to improve the quality of personal security on the Internet. In effect it will reduce the potential risk of various types of frauds and other cybercrimes.

Wojny cybernetyczne jako element niekonwencjonalnej konfrontacji międzypaństwowej. Pragmatyczna rzeczywistość, nieunikniona przyszłość

Author(s): Sławomir Wierzbicki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

The aim of this article is to examine the phenomenon of cyber warfare as part of an unconventional confrontation between states in contemporary international relations. The construction of this study, dictated by an attempt to achieve a response on the above research subject, brought the author to adopt the following structure. The first part of the work presents the development of computer hardware and networks together with visualizing the cyberspace importance. Next, the conditions of this theoretical issues, in particular, the basic determinants categories of network attacks and their classifications are presented. Further, the practical aspects of the application of those attacks are shown, taking a point of view specific casus i.e. Kosovo, China, Estonia, Georgia and Iran. At the end, the cyberwars were under consideration including the differences, similarities and lessons learned for the future.

HARMONY IN CONSTRUCTION: UNRAVELLING STAKEHOLDER DYNAMICS IN A COMMUNITY-CENTRIC PROJECT

Author(s): Monwabisi Siwakhile Xegwana / Language(s): English Issue: 29/2023

The successful delivery of construction projects is contingent upon a myriad of factors, with effective stakeholder management standing out as a linchpin in the intricate web of project dynamics. This study aimed at exploring the dynamics of stakeholder relationships in the construction project and provide insights that can inform both theory and practice in the realm of construction project management. Qualitative approach was used to explore the dynamics of stakeholder relationships during the delivery of a construction project. Semi structured interviews municipal mangers, project managers and focus group discussions were conducted community members. Political interference and lack of community involvement were found to have negative impact toward on the delivery of construction project. Politicisation of service delivery by ward councillors have been found to have to be the causal factor for lack of community involvement during the delivery of construction projects. Project managers and practitioners should adopt a nuanced approach that extends beyond conventional planning and execution, recognizing the socioeconomic and cultural intricacies of the community. The success of construction projects, as evidenced in Kayamandi, hinges on fostering collaboration and building partnerships with local entities. This study contributes to the evolving discourse on construction project management, theory, policy and practice in terms of stakeholder engagement strategies in the delivery of construction projects within the broader municipal landscape.

Exploring the Potential and Challenges of Medical Tourism in Bulgaria

Author(s): Ilin Pavlinov Dimitrov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The present article aims to explore the potential and the challenges facing the development of this part of the tourism sector. Bulgaria's potential as a medical treatment destination has grown significantly in recent years, primarily due to the enhancement of medical care and the advancements made by numerous healthcare facilities in the country. Medical tourism is a rapidly expanding market segment. While some stakeholders, such as the government and hospitals, express interest in its growth, others remain cautious and lack clear action plans and communication channels. The sector's functioning is primarily hindered by the individual interests of its various stakeholders, including hospitals, clinics, health care and tourism associations, as well as representatives from Bulgarian businesses and trade authorities. According to the surveyed experts, the imposition of strict regulations and rules hinders the development of medical tourism in Bulgaria and negatively impacts the sector's ability to overcome its challenges. Medical tourism, the development of a national brand, and bilateral agreements in the field of health and tourism with target markets and countries are the elements of working for positive growth in the sector, taking its full and substantial advantage, and overcoming stagnation and negative tendencies.

A kínai „adósságcsapda-diplomácia” kritikus megközelítése: egy mém térnyerése

Author(s): Deborah Brautigam / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 33/2024

Alacsony szén-dioxid-kibocsátás – alacsony bérek? Kína, mint az elektromobilitás piaca és gyártási bázisa

Author(s): Boy Lüthje,Wei Zhao,Danielle Wu / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 33/2024

Taxpayer's privacy. Issue seen as one of tax challenges

Author(s): Anna Drywa / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

It has become difficult to deal with the increasingly complex and, in fact, disturbing taxreality. That is because solutions, often based on gathering and processing taxinformation, are being sought to remedy identified difficulties (e.g. combating tax evasionand tax avoidance), while failing to see that fixing one tax problem makes way foranother. The taxpayer has the right to privacy, guaranteed at different levels ofregulation. However, privacy is subject to limitations, and lawmakers are introducing avariety of regulations that have a detrimental impact on the scope of the taxpayer’sinviolable sphere of privacy. It is the aim of this paper to present the issue of the invasionof the taxpayer’s privacy that is currently occurring, identify its source and, against thisbackground, make some observations regarding the need to increase the protection ofthe taxpayer’s privacy. Based on a solid legal, as well as judicature analysis and aliterature review that provides good theoretical insights to define and understand one ofthe challenges of upcoming tax reality, a mixed-method, related to the functionalapproach, has been utilized for this paper.

Covid-19 Crisis Impact on Leadership: Innovation, Digitalization and CSR Dimensions

Author(s): Corina Georgiana ȘERBAN (PATRINTAS),Andreea-Nicoleta Bichel,Denisa ȚĂRANU,Dragos Bujor / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

While the World strives to adapt to the changes called forward by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, leaders everywhere had to re-arrange their objectives, priorities, and style in order to create a new working environment reality capable to answer to post-pandemic requirements. The current paper analyses the impact of the crisis on leadership through a tridimensionality of aspects that have most soundly shifted in the last years: innovation, digitalization, and CSR dimensions. The qualitative study was performed through the in-depth interview technique on a sample of 14 executives of big enterprises from Romania. It has been concluded that the crisis has promoted an opportunity for leadership transformation by creating a new digital collaboration system with their teams with a continuing focus on innovation and sustainability, by also keeping in mind the wellbeing of future generations.

National Security Intelligence and Business Intelligence: A Comparative Analysis

Author(s): Constantin Bratianu,Nicolae Alexandru BUDEANU / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

Being one of the most important assets in governmental organizations and private companies, intelligence became a subject of interest for both researchers and practitioners in the last decades. In the literature, the concept of “intelligence” has got many meanings and interpretations, like psychological intelligence, emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence, social intelligence, organizational intelligence, business intelligence, competitive intelligence, and national security intelligence. The core meaning of all these different specialized concepts remains the same: the capacity of processing data, information, and knowledge. Their differences come from the context in which these processes operates and the mission of the organizational structures which perform these specific processes. Business intelligence and competitive intelligence are characteristics of private companies, while national security intelligence is characteristic for the state-owned institutions. This paper aims to present a comparative analysis between business intelligence and national security intelligence based on a critical literature review and adopting a knowledge management perspective. The value of the present paper comes from the semantic tool used in our comparative analysis and the perspective of knowledge management adopted.

A Bibliometric Analysis of a Four-Construct Framework: Transformational Leadership, Employee Engagement, Well-Being and Burnout

Author(s): Florina Vintila / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

The year 2020 forever altered the nature of labor, affecting every individual and organization on the planet. Remote work has provided some individuals with new employment prospects, more time with their families, and the choice of whether or not to commute. However, this has created new issues, as teams have grown more compartmentalized, and digital tiredness has become a serious threat. The purpose of this research is to offer an overview of the relationships between four main constructs, namely transformational leadership, employee engagement, wellbeing versus burnout via the employment of a bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer. In addition, the future goal – as derived from an in-depth study of the relevant literature - is to determine whether and to what extent the leadership style effects employee engagement, as well as their wellbeing versus burnout. The examination is designed to take place in the context of firms operating in hybrid work environments, mixing online and on-site work as well as contacts with coworkers and leadership. The primary premise is that the leadership style has a substantial impact on employee engagement and well-being, or burnout if they are not aligned with the present work issues.

Vulnerabilities of Smart Cities Development in a Context of Uncertainty at European Level

Author(s): Laurentiu-Nicolae PRICOPE,Alina MECA,Monica Laura ZLATI / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2023

The current context for the development of smart cities is affected by the economic and social uncertainties generated by the multiple crises that are manifesting themselves in the European space both through the declining geopolitical conflict and the economic recession that the European Union is going through. We aim to conduct a study on smart city vulnerabilities in the current context of uncertainty in order to identify the contribution of smart governance components to increase social welfare. We will also develop a regression model of social welfare for smart cities using empirical and econometric methods (multiple linear regression). The results of the study will highlight the level of smart city development of 10 European regions (Bulgaria, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Sweden, and the EU27 average) over the period 2012-2021. The results will be useful for national decision-makers to improve public policies related to smart city development in Europe.

ИНТЕГРАТИВНИ МОДЕЛИ ЗА САМООЦЕНКА И РАЗВИТИЕ НА МЕКИ КОМПЕТЕНЦИИ: ВЛИЯНИЕ ВЪРХУ ПРОФЕСИОНАЛНАТА РЕАЛИЗАЦИЯ НА СТУДЕНТИ

Author(s): Nikola Tanakov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 01 BG/2024

The present study aims to analyze the integrative models for self-evaluation and their impact on the development of soft competences, as a key factor for the professional realization of students in the modern context of the dynamic labor market. In conditions of globalization and technological progress, the possibility of successful integration of graduates in the professional environment is directly related to the development of their soft skills, which include, but are not limited to, communication skills, emotional intelligence, critical thinking and teamwork. The research applied a mixed method involving quantitative and qualitative approaches to collect data from surveys and semi-structured interviews with students from different disciplines. The results of the analysis reveal that the integration of self-assessment tools in the learning process not only increases students' self- awareness about their own abilities and weaknesses, but also has a positive impact on their motivation and engagement in the learning process. The results so far indicate that students who actively participate in soft skills development programs demonstrate significant advantages in finding a job and adapting to the professional environment. Furthermore, the research highlights the importance of feedback and mentoring in the learning context, which further enhances the process of self-evaluation and self-development.

СТРАТЕГИИ ЗА ЗАДЪРЖАНЕ НА ТАЛАНТЛИВИТЕ СЛУЖИТЕЛИ В ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯТА

Author(s): Galina Kurteva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 02 BG/2024

As the economy evolves in the 21st century, organizations increasingly need skilled human resources that have the knowledge, capacity and motivation to contribute to the realization of organizational goals. Therefore, the question of attracting qualified and competent employees requires an effort on the part of organisations to offer a working environment that creates the conditions for good employees to develop their potential and, in this sense, satisfies their requirements. This is one of many factors in retaining talented employees. This paper discusses some possible managerial influences on individual talent work behaviour in the organisation.

ISLAMIC FINANCIAL LAW THROUGH THE EYES OF CONVENTIONAL AND ISLAMIC AUTHORS

Author(s): Sava Hristov Dimov / Language(s): English Issue: 02 EN/2024

The author analyses the different interpretations of Islamic financial law. The object of research interest are the views of the first Islamic authors, such as Al-Ghazali, on the ethical foundations, the critique of materialism and the concept of risk sharing. A valuable source for understanding the unique aspects of Islamic jurisprudence are the publications of Frank Vogel and Samuel Hayes. The authors emphasize the specifics of Islamic contract law, permissible profit-sharing contracts, and collaborative partnerships. Jonathan Ercanbrack highlights the standardization of financial legal norms to modernize Islamic financial law. He highlights the role of legal systems and market forces in shaping modern Islamic models. In the period 2020-2024, important publications on Islamic finance law are offered by Mohammad Hassan, Ashraf Khan and Andrea Paltrinieri. The aim of their study is the synergy between sustainable development and the principles of Shari'ah Maqasid Al-Shariah. University publications and specialized studies in the Bulgarian financial literature are critically reviewed. Against the background of the sustainability of Islamic banking in Western European countries Miroslav Kamdzalov tests the attitudes towards the adoption of Islamic banking principles in Bulgaria. On his part, Kairat Koyshibekov examines stress testing of financial systems, and Sava Dimov tests the plausibility of his hypotheses about Islamic projections in the near and far future to 2050. Serious attention is paid to the legal aspects of Islamic products such as risk and performance sharing partnerships, financing through joint business structures, raising capital through Sukuk instruments and Takaful mutual financial support financing. The author advocates that legal and ethical precautions play a significant role against prohibited activities in the Islamic finance industry.

Owned Stadiums in Italy: General Overview and Comparison with European Clubs

Author(s): Mirko MOZZILLO,Fabio Michele AMATUCCI / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

One of the most debated topics when it comes to football, especially in Italy, is the possibility for football clubs to have their own stadium. In Europe, especially in the top five leagues, most teams either have their own stadium, or have recently renovated their facilities and modernized them. In Italy, however, the situation is quite different. Most football stadiums are municipally owned and have one of the highest obsolescence rates in Europe, as the last renovations date back to 1990, coinciding with the World Cup in the country. It is therefore clear, that for a nation like Italy, where football is the most played and followed sport, the situation has become unsustainable. Many clubs, in fact, have significant financial difficulties and must also deal with the costs of rent and stadium management, expenses that would be reduced to zero with the construction of a stadium of their own. The objective of this paper is to analyze the impact of an owned stadium on club accounts and to analyze the way in which a stadium is built.

Approaches to Leadership from the Perspective of Generation Z

Author(s): Andreea Bianca ENE (CONSTANTIN),Claudiu Nicolae GHINEA,Andreea Simona Saseanu / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2024

Generation Z poses a significant challenge for organizations, as its members express a clear preference for adaptive leaders who are capable of navigating change effectively. This generation, however, is poised to become the leaders of tomorrow. Regardless of generational affiliation, all individuals must possess a high degree of selfawareness to successfully adapt to future demands. This paper examines the leadership perspectives of Romanian high school students. The motivation behind this research stems from the contemporary relevance of Generation Z's views on leadership. A quantitative approach was employed, utilizing a structured survey to gather responses from high school students regarding their views on leadership. The objectives of this study include identifying the leadership style favoured by these students and exploring the factors that influence their leadership preferences. The survey was conducted online in February 2024 using Google Forms, and the data were analysed with Microsoft Excel and SPSS statistical software. I hope that the findings of this research will be valuable to those interested in this topic, particularly PhD students and others seeking a deeper understanding of Generation Z's approach to leadership.

Анализ на текущото състояние на борбата с изменението на климата в България

Author(s): Nikolay Yordanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2024

The purpose of this report is a critical review of the development of the main global legislations aimed at limiting the negative effects of climate change, including the ways of financing the fight against climate change. A comparison is made between the existing legislation in the Republic of Bulgaria and the ratified international climate agreements. Those that should be proven or rejected are that 1) the legislation in the Republic of Bulgaria is harmonized with the world legislation and will help to achieve climate neutrality; 2) the stage of combating climate change, in which the Republic of Bulgaria is currently located, will allow the achievement of climate neutrality goals by 2030 and 2050, respectively. We provide a summary of the development of these topics.