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PROBLEM SOLVING APPROACH ON CONSUMER DECISION ANALYSIS

Author(s): Alexander Valkov,Lilyana Stancheva / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

This study proposes an approach to analyse the consumption of goods provided within the socio-cultural process (social sphere). Based on the study of individual social and economic characteristics of goods, the traditional approach is not sufficient for the management of production and consumption processes. An alternative model is argued, in which the process of consumer decision-making takes center stage. When consumption is recognised as a problem-solving process, the underlying structural-functional relationships of consumption can be modelled and analysed in their entirety. The theoretical verification of the model is based on a compatibility study with rational motivations in behavior, and uncertainty and risk in consumption.

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Поколението Z като студенти и служители: особености и предизвикателства

Author(s): Marin Paunov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

This article examines some essential characteristics of the cohort referred to as "Generation Z" (Gen Z) in their capacity as students and employees. This group demonstrates specifics of their preferences and behaviors, covered and analyzed in a growing number of publications in recent years, and an overview of the most important conclusions from these works is carried out in the text. The specifics of Gen Z in academic and training environments and in an organizational context are discussed. The results of an author's empirical research (survey) of students from different specialties at the UNWE (N=204) at the end of 2023 are presented. This survey focuses on two areas of Gen Z preferences: academic (which methods of education and learning do they prefer and consider most effective) and organizational (when choosing an employer organization, what they would like it to be, what they expect to receive career-wise from it and what they would like the working environment there to be).

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Изкуственият интелект – разнопосочно минало, бурно настояще, нееднозначно бъдеще

Author(s): Vanya Lazarova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

In this article we will try to answer the question “What is the future development of artificial intelligence (AI)?”. We will look at AI’s multi-directional past, turbulent present and attempt to indicate its ambiguous future. We will reveal how the idea of machines with intelligent behavior arose and who the pioneers of the field of informatics called Artificial Intelligence are; what the main methods of creating and training computer systems with artificial intelligence are; what applications AI has in the economy and social activities. We will try to classify different types of machine learning of artificial intelligence systems. We will look for the main problems and risks of using AI and finally see the prospects in its development. Artificial intelligence must be developed carefully, taking into account all influences – positive and negative, on mankind.

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The Relevance Of Illustration In Book Marketing In The 18th And 19th Centuries In Slovakia

Author(s): Eva Augustínová,Slavka Pitoňáková / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

In each era, there are distinctive features that have influenced the possibilities of promoting intangible art products in the broader context of marketing. The possibilities, methods and forms of promotion have changed and evolved over the centuries and have depended on the development of mass means of communication, as well as on new methods and forms of promotion that reflected the requirements of the target groups during a particular period of time. In the present article, we focus on brand building of the printer (i.e. the printer’s signet), on the relevance of illustration in book marketing that takes the form of an artistic reference to the content of the work (the content frontispiece) and we also focus on building the PR of the author (the frontispiece portrait). The present study deals with the period from the 18th to the 19th century and in terms of geography, it is concerned with the territory of Slovakia.

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Visual Communication Of Festive Shop Window Displays With Customers

Author(s): Daniela Kollárová,Eva Habiňáková,Andrea Tománková,Andrii Kushnarevych / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The object of the authors’ research was the festive Christmas window displays of brick-and-mortar retail stores. The main objective of the research was to identify the dominant colours, symbols and signage of Christmas festive displays of retail brick-and-mortar stores across different product categories and countries around the world. A total of 229 retail Christmas window displays, from 14 countries around the world, across 11 assortment categories, ready for the Christmas season in 2020, 2021 and 2022, were examined. The theme of Christmas resonates in retail store windows from the beginning of November until 24 December. After this date, the issue of sales dominates the window displays. The main method of the research was the content analysis used to analyse the documents in order to determine the frequency of occurrence of the pre-given categories. Given that our interpretation of Christmas is based on its Christian foundation, it is not surprising that the main universal colours and symbols of interpretation identified are rooted in Christianity, while other, complementary ones (e.g. Santa Claus with a reindeer sleigh, a snowy landscape, or a gingerbread house) and the signage are the result of changes in popular culture over time.

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Изкуствен интелект в образованието – предимства, ограничения и етически аспекти

Author(s): Silvia Pencheva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

Artificial intelligence technologies are constantly advancing and becoming more and more usable in various aspects of our lives. Their use in education has received considerable attention in recent years, with a growing number of educational institutions and organizations exploring the potential benefits of AI-based technologies. One of the latest phenomena is ChatGPT, a chatbot with a conversational AI interface developed by OpenAI. As one of the most advanced applications of artificial intelligence, ChatGPT has attracted much public attention worldwide. This article presents several potential advantages, limitations, challenges and ethical aspects related to the use of ChatGPT in educational settings.

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COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION ON INTENTIONS OF STUDENTS IN SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Author(s): Maruf Mohammad Sirajum MONIR,Alula Nerea GEBEREMESKEL / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The capacity to affect change on a local and global scale about a range of political, social, environmental, and economic challenges is known as social entrepreneurship (SE). Young exposure to theory and practice of social entrepreneurship at postsecondary educational institutions is thought to influence this change. In this study, we examine the intentions of students in social entrepreneurship. This study's objective is to assess the degrees of social and entrepreneurial entrepreneurship. For the study, 150 college students served as the sample. This study examines empathy, moral duty, social support, self-efficacy, social impact, and educational level as principal motivators for social entrepreneurship intentions. The SPSS is a software program used to analyse the data and perform statistical analyses. The findings indicate that the only factors that were statistically correlated with the desire to engage in social entrepreneurship were empathy, self-efficacy, and psychological support. The association between social support and the ambitions for social entrepreneurship was shown to be unfavourable. In conclusion, the study provides insightful information for practitioners and educators who aim to foster a vibrant environment for student social entrepreneurship.

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ЕВРОЗОНАТА – СТРАТЕГИЯ ЗА ДЕТЕРИТОРИАЛИЗАЦИЯ И РЕТЕРИТОРИАЛИЗАЦИЯ

Author(s): Maria Kotseva-Tikova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2023

The Eurozone is considered as a strategy of deterritorialization and at the same time reterritorialization on a new basis. The positive impacts shared by the members are examined, as well as the negative implications of the participation in the union. The convergence indicators of the member countries of the Eurozone and the EU are analyzed and evaluated.

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СТРАТЕГИЧЕСКИТЕ ГРЕШКИ, ПРОПУСКИ, НЕУСПЕХИ И ПРОВАЛИ

Author(s): Todor Tanev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

Nothing in this world is faultless. Accordingly, when strategizing the following could be manifested: Errors; Gaps; Failures; Downfalls. These four negative notions differ from each other. None of these are the same as tactical management errors, gaps, failures, and downfalls. Strategic mistakes are not tactical. They have characteristics that differ from the errors made in tactical everyday life. It is one thing, for example, to make a mistake in an accounting report, and another – to underfund a strategic priority. An accounting error leads to a penalty, but the error ends its existence at some point. However, if you fail a priority, one consequence after another follows in a chain that seems unfairly long to you.

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CONFLICT AND COLLABORATION AS PERENNIAL STRATEGIES IN AMERICAN DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE: A POLARITY MANAGEMENT APPROACH

Author(s): Morris Bidjerano,William Benet / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The recent political debacle in the US Congress that led to the removal of House Speaker Kevin McCarthy was seen as emblematic of the rather dysfunctional current interplay of the conflictual and collaborative strategies at the center of the American system of democratic governance. Applying Johnson’s (1992/1996) polarity management approach and Benet’s (2006) polarities of democracy theory, the paper presents conflict and collaboration as a strategic polarity to be leveraged rather than a problem to be solved and offers a preliminary assessment of their current state of (mis)management.

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КРИЗА В СТРАТЕГИЧЕСКОТО МИСЛЕНЕ И УПРАВЛЕНИЕ В ГЪРЦИЯ И ТЯХНАТА ВРЪЗКА С ГРУПИ ПО ИНТЕРЕСИ, ДЕЙСТВАЩИ В ГЪРЦИЯ

Author(s): Ioannis Iakovidis / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

Ιn the economic, social and political life of Greece, «interest groups» are activated, which are created to work and receive the majority of the revenues in the economy and the treasury. The emergencies created by this institutional mix are materialized in the examined historical bankruptcies, economic uncertainty and political instability. In Greece, it appears that only governments are acting against the society, which has been captured by interest groups and captive to their political options and campaign promises.

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RISK MANAGEMENT VS ISSUE MANAGEMENT IN THE ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING AND COUNTER TERRORIST-FINANCING (AML/CFT) CONTEXT

Author(s): Nedko Krumov / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

This article aims to examine the Risk-based Approach (RBA) widely advocated in the standards of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) in the implementation of policies and measures for the prevention and countering of money laundering money and the financing of terrorism (ML/TF). The article points out arguments why this approach could not be applied to all cases because, in specific situations, ML/TF should be considered as already occurring acts/issues and not only potential risks. The article's conclusions are based on the understanding that risks should be managed with different approaches than issues. Still, due to the FATF's requirements for unification in using RBA across all FATF standards, many countries have difficulty achieving high ratings on the relevant Immediate Outcomes 7 and 8, which should be treated as dealing with already emerging issues and not risks. The article offers an alternative reading in this direction and can serve many institutions engaged in preparing policies for the prevention and counteraction of ML/TF.

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The Tumult of Mladá Boleslav (Jungbunzlau, Bumsla) in the Messianic Year 5426/1666

Author(s): Alexandr Putík / Language(s): English Issue: 1/1998

The Mladá Boleslav tumult of 1666 was the composite result of several long-term causes and coinciding circumstances. Its primary cause was confessional antagonism fuelled by economic competition (strained relations caused by opposing economic interests were a current feature of contemporary towns). In Mladá Boleslav, this animosity was enhanced by spatial considerations: the growth of the Jewish settlement in the immediate surroundings of the deanery and the town’s main church. The conflicts stemming from the close neighbourhoods of both groups were to be resolved by a pri vilege bestowed upon Mladá Boleslav by the Emperor Leopold I in 1660; this privilege discriminated against the Jews. The imperial document prohibiting the Jews from leaving their houses during Christian church services played a key role in the future conflict. In the years 1660-1665, the Jews respected the curfew even for the price of can celling their synagogue services. In 1666, in an atmosphere of anticipation of the coming of the Messiah, some Jews did not submit to the discriminatory measure on Easter Saturday (April 24) and in spite of a warning went to their synagogue. (This was their only real “guilt”, the later accusation of deliberate disturbance of Christian services was false). The outburst of the tumult was the result of a fatal encounter of two people: Dean Jan Edmund Havlík and the Jewish first elder Ziskind Šťastný Bumsla. The immediate stimulus starting the further course of event was J. E. Havlík’s vulgar swearing at the Jews which the first elder Ziskind countered by his threat to complain to higher places. The dean answered by an impulsive action: a physical attack on the first elder. The Jews (mostly members of the body of elders) who witnessed the scene were unable to cope with the strain of the situation and charged at the dean. In a brief scuffle that followed, the dean’s clothing suffered some damage. Any bodily harm was negligible. J. Havlík was freed by Rabbi David ben Samuel Tachovský (Heller-Takha), who then made an unsuccessful attempt to calm the offended cleric. The ensuing tumult was provoked by Havlík’s ostentatious display of pain and his unblushing calls for revenge. (It is impossible to decide with absolute certainty how much of the dean’s indignation could be ascribed to a spontaneous reaction and how much was calculated.) The violence began with a stone hurled at the rabbi and quickly developed into a stone-throwing battle; on both the Jewish and Christian side participated mainly boys and young men. Other age groups gradually joined in. The result and character of the fight changed with the arrival of lower-class reinforcements. In the first phase, the Jews were able to hold the east end of Jewish Street; during the second phase, they withdrew to School Lane. Finally, under increasing pressure, the remaining defenders were forced to retreat to the synagogue. The third phase of the “combat” was characterized by a direct attack on the synagogue, breaking windows and the looting of Jewish homes. The tumult was stopped by an intervention of the town council and the imperial magistrate. They managed to prevent further destructive actions just by verbal persuasion and threats. The tumult resulted in several injuries and, above all, considerable material damage. The tumult was followed two parallel administrative actions: one was conducted by secular authorities, the other by the Church. The ecclesiastical action was carried out by the Archiépiscopal Consistory (basically an investigation following a complaint of the Jewish elders that the dean started the tumult); it reached its decision already on May 7 by an unambiguous decision in favour of the dean. The secular inquiry (investigation and arbitration of the conflict between the Christian and Jewish inhabitants of Mladá Boleslav) lasted much longer and came to a more balanced conclusion. The decisive role pertained to the Bohemian Vice-Regency which acted in concert with other offices. The field investigation was conducted by the two district chiefs for the region of Mladá Boleslav. In its decision of June 17,1666 (tantamount to a court verdict), the Vice-Regency found the Jewish elders guilty of breaking the imperial privilege and imposed a fine on them. At the same time, it ordered an investigation against the perpetrators of anti-Jewish violence, restitution of stolen property and compensation for damages. Again, the district chiefs were ordered to implement the decision of the Vice-Regency. Whereas the Jews were forced to pay all instalments of a fine of one hundred threescore Meissen groschen, the restitution and compensation brought only moderate results. All Jews who took part in the brawl had to apologize to the dean who forgave them. Ziskind Šťastný Bumsla was stripped of the office of first elder and received a full pardon only after several years. The tumult of Mladá Boleslav did not become as fatal as other incidents of the same name. The initial skirmish developed into acts of vandalism and looting. Luckily, no human lives were lost; the tumult only resulted in injuries. The incident did not reach the intensity of a “genuine” lethal pogrom due to several factors. The hostile crowd - though guilty of destruction, robbery, and bullying the Jews - stopped short of murder. The representatives of the local government - though guilty of lying like small schoolboys and shielding the offenders - fulfilled their duty in the decisive moment. The Jewish defenders - though unable to hold their streets against the growing numbers of attackers - managed to halt the offensive to minimize the period of “unchecked” destruction until the official intervention.

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Trendovi u tranziciji na tržište rada mladih u Srbiji

Author(s): Jovana Zafirović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2024

In recent decades, the transformation from industrial to post-industrial societies has inevitably influenced the patterns of transition for young individuals entering the labor market. These transition patterns reflect continuity and changes in the social division of labor, thus representing a crucial process in shaping the social stratification of modern societies. The focus of this study is the analysis of changes in the average age of entry into the labor market in Serbia from the second half of the twentieth century to the present. The aim is to shed light on three questions: 1) how the average age of entry into the workforce has changed during this period, 2) what differences in the transition patterns have been observed between men and women, and 3) what differences in transition patterns have been observed between urban and rural populations. The emphasis is on recognizing basic trends in the transition to the labor market for the cohorts born from 1930 to 1995. Considering the rapid changes that Serbian society has undergone during this period, we will attempt to determine their impact on the basic patterns of integration into the labor market. Ideally, we would like to be able to map all the aspects of the professional transition of specific cohorts through the changing institutional structure. However, since this is not feasible, this paper specifically focuses on the following aspects of the transition process: (a) timing of events, i.e., the average age of entry into the labor market, and (b) variability in age, i.e., the level at which transitions occur at specific ages. The analysis is based on the data from the European Social Survey in 2018, with its sample of 1265 respondents in Serbia. Survival analysis is applied to illustrate changes over time in the studied life event, along with Kaplan-Meier survival function estimates for comparisons across gender/ locality. When considering the aspects of timing of events and variability in age, the results indicate a delay in professional transitions during the study period, but not necessarily their destandardization. Additionally, life trajectories of men and women had become increasingly similar by the collapse of socialism and the rise of social inequalities, when this trend was halted. On the other hand, transition patterns between individuals from rural and urban areas are becoming more similar. Taking into account the intense societal changes during the analyzed period, the transformations observed in professional transitions may be a consequence of these specific social changes.

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Karakteristike tržišta rada u Hrvatskoj i suvremene vanjske migracije

Author(s): Monika Komušanac / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2024

The paper analyzes the characteristics of the labor market in Croatia, the changes in the demographic potential of the working-age population, and the structural determinants of the labor system. The movement of the number of able-bodied, active and inactive population from 2013 until today, points to a trend of decreasing the able-bodied contingent, economic activity and unemployment of the population, and an increase in employment. The analysis showed that the structural problems on the labor market in Croatia are an insufficiency of educational staff, structural unemployment, youth unemployment, and the mismatch between the supply and demand of jobs. Such characteristics of the work system influenced the movement of the determinants of external migration in Croatia, especially after 2013. Simultaneously with the strengthening of emigration, the number of immigrated persons also increases, so that from 2013 to 2022, their number amounted to about 195 thousand of mostly foreign citizens. We can establish that we are talking about free economic migrations and an increased inflow of labor, mostly unskilled workers, which makes up for the lack of domicile workforce. Structural- selective unemployment in Croatia can be analyzed on a general level according to age groups and according to education, and on a specific level, through indicators of the skills mismatch on the labor market. The total unemployment rate in Croatia has experienced a significant decline since 2013, and current unemployment is the lowest in the youngest working age, and the highest in the age over 40. Compared to 2013, the share of unemployed persons with primary and lower secondary education in Croatia is continuously decreasing, the share of unemployed persons with upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education levels is slightly falling (with frequent oscillations), while the share of unemployed persons with tertiary education is increasing. Problems on the labor market in Croatia have been noticeable after the global economic crisis of 2008 and its high unemployment, and in the last ten years also in the areas with a low level of economic activity of the population and a lack of domestic labor for the functionality of certain sectors of activity. On the other hand, the structure of the emigrant contingent, in which the young and able-bodied population predominates, points to the outflow of labor force of medium and high qualification levels. The review of research on recent emigration confirms the complex conditionality of leaving Croatia, and among the main factors a group of economic ones arising from the macroeconomic situation and structural deficiencies in the labor market stands out. In addition to economic factors, other types of factors are strengthening, which is why the continuation of the emigration of the Croatian population and the immigration of the foreign population are likely to be expected. The isolated and presented indicators and trends point to the complexity of the relationship between economic and labor factors, contemporary migration patterns and demographic characteristics of the resident population, in accordance with previous theoretical and empirical knowledge.

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Study of the Impact of War Migration of the Population on the Ukrainian and European Labour Market

Author(s): Vitalii Rybchak,Nataliia Verniuk,Inna Novak,Yuliia Fernos / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Research background: The Russian-Ukrainian war has become a significant factor that has prompted millions of Ukrainian citizens to migrate in search of safety. The demographic situation in Ukraine is deteriorating in both quantitative and qualitative dimensions. The mentioned changes are impacting the domestic and European labour markets. Purpose: The article examines the consequences of war migration of the population for domestic and European labour markets. Research methodology: The study covers the period between 2013 and 2023. Empirical research methods were use in the article: observation, comparison, generalization, forecasting. Results: Ukrainian migrants presently comprise approximately 1% of the population in European Union countries and represent 15% of Ukraine’s overall demographic composition. The prevailing inclination among the majority of these migrants is not to return to Ukraine in the immediate future, with the principal determinant being identified as the prevailing sense of peril. Notably, within the age structure of Ukrainian migrants, a significant 81.2% fall within the economically productive age bracket of 18-49 years. This demographic composition sets the stage for a positive economic effect within the European Union, while concurrently engendering adverse repercussions for the domestic labour market in Ukraine. Novelty: A three-year projection regarding the migration volumes of Ukrainians to the European Union has been delineated. Drawing upon post-war reconstruction experiences worldwide and taking into account the critical demographic landscape in Ukraine, a proposition has been put forth to synergize efforts among the government, international organizations, and donors. This collaborative endeavour seeks to establish a financial fund, wherein resources will be allocated towards the formulation of recommendations and the subsequent design and implementation of programs aimed at the restoration of the domestic labour market.

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Macroeconomic Policy Coordination and Economic Growth Uncertainty in West Africa

Author(s): Ephraim Ikechukwu Ugwu,Christopher Ehinomen / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Research background: Understanding the rationale for macroeconomic policy coordination with the aim of achieving greater policy credibility and effectiveness in West Africa still remains the subject of debate. Purpose: This study evaluates the effect of macroeconomic policy coordination on economic growth uncertainty in West Africa, utilizing a panel data set of the 15 member states from 1980 to 2020. Research methodology: The study employed Pedroni’s cointegration test procedure and the Generalized Linear Model, fixed effect procedure for evaluation. Results: The stationarity test results show that the variables are stationary at first difference at the 5% significant level, for the common and individual effect tests respectively. The cross section dependence test result indicates that there exists a cross-sectional independence for the variables under consideration. Pedroni’s cointegration test results indicate that there exists a long run relationship between economic growth uncertainty and macroeconomic policy variables. The fixed effect model result shows that monetary policy variable, inflation (INF) affect growth uncertainty negatively. The fiscal policy variable, government debts (DEBTS) indicates a positive sign to growth uncertainty and is significant statistically. The coefficient of the regional trade variable, (TRADE) and exchange rate indicate positive signs and are insignificant statistically. Novelty: It is important to ascertain how uncertainty affect policy coordination gains. Thus this study has utilized the econometric models approach to evaluate the effect of policy decisions as economies encounter exogenous policy shocks in the face of uncertainty, in order to ascertain if coordination is preferred to individual policy decisions.

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The Path-Breaking Potential of the Recovery and Resilience Facility: An Analysis of the Shifts in EU’s Distributional Policy Mode with Insights from Romania’s Experience

Author(s): Nicolae Toderas / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

In May 2020, the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) was presented as a unique instrument, due to its ambition, form, and the mechanisms with which it is equipped. Both the EU institutions and the epistemic and administrative communities in the field of European affairs saw it as a path-breaking instrument in the implementation of EU policies. This article analyses this hypothesis, and whether the RRF has the potential to generate a new path dependency in the EU’s distributional policy mode. It looks at the elements of the EU’s coordination mechanism through the RRF, as well as the aspects that set it apart from other EU policies, especially the EU Cohesion Policy. Also, primary evidence relating to Romania’s experience in drafting the National Recovery and Resilience Plan, and in implementing it, is presented and discussed from the perspective of the adjustments required by the specific approach of the RRF.

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Monetary Support and State Aid under the Pandemic Challenges in Romania: A Comparative Approach

Author(s): Dorina Clichici,Andreea-Emanuela Drăgoi,Angela Timuş / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The COVID-19 pandemic has rapidly led to a severe deterioration of the global economic environment and a sharp worsening in the international financial market sentiment. Hence, the European governments adopted extraordinary monetary and state aid policies to mitigate the economic collapse and stabilise the financial markets. Romania was no exception, being significantly affected by the pandemic. Against this background, the paper aims to analyse the peculiarities of the monetary support and state aid adopted by Romania and by other EU Member States in the context of the pandemic crisis to increase the resilience of their national economies. Our main findings reveal that the monetary support provided in Romania consisted in significant liquidity injections into the financial system, and in the purchase of state securities from the secondary market. In Romania, the largest part of the total state aid was directed to SMEs from the processing industry, constructions, wholesale and retail trade, transport, and the storage sector, especially through guarantees and direct grants.

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THE ROLE OF CIRCULAR ECONOMY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ENTERPRISES PROFITABILITY - THEORETICAL FORMULATIONS AND LIMITATIONS

Author(s): Georgi Petkov,Petar Borisov / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The purpose of current research is to analyse the main definitions regarding the essence of the concept of "circular economy" and summarize a general approach for defining scientific principles for evaluating the potential of the circular economy in the agricultural sector of Bulgaria. Compiling an objective and credible methodology for the analysis and evaluation of the contribution of the circular economy approach in the management of the profitability of enterprises in the sector is a complex process that must begin with the definition of the boundaries of scientific research, as well as the determination of the main limitations, as well as in terms of the information characterizing the object and the subject of research, as well as in terms of the influence of other "random" events (phenomenon) on the level of profitability achieved in the investigated enterprises.

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