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Wybrane aspekty przestępczości z wykorzystaniem walut wirtualnych

Author(s): Paweł Opitek,Agnieszka Butor-Keler,Karol Kanclerz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4 (4)/2023

The article consists of two parts. The first discusses issues related to the functioning of the crypto-assets market in Poland and internationally and the planned changes in the regulations governing this market. They concern the legal status of digital tokens and their use in money laundering and terrorist financing, as well as the obligations of obliged institutions in the anti-money laundering system. The second part of the study focuses on procedural and non-procedural issues related to virtual currencies. The status of the digital artefact in criminal proceedings, operational work and the conduct of investigations with a view to combating cryptocurrency crime are discussed. The article concludes with demands addressed to law enforcement and law enforcement agencies. The aim of the article is to provide a comprehensive overview of the issues related to the use of virtual currencies in the commission of crimes, covering in particular AML and terrorist financing issues.

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СТРУКТУРНАТА ТРАГЕДИЯ НА ЕВРОЗОНАТА

Author(s): Stoyan Panchev,Georgi Vuldzhev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2023

Accounts of the economic history of the common European currency rarely cover the full economic and historical context of its development. This text aims to present a full detailed analysis of the theoretical premises underlying the project for a common European currency, its implementation in practice in the form of the euro introduced in 1999 and to take stock of the economic and political results that this implementation generates for the member states of the monetary union. In the theoretical part of the analysis we focus on the theory of the optimal currency area as the main theoretical framework for analyzing currency unions. In addition to an exposition of the classical theory of Mundell, McKinnon, and Kennen, we also present a critical analysis and additions to its assumptions. Within the empirical part of the analysis we focus on the five largest economies forming the economic core of the Eurozone (France, Germany, the Netherlands, Italy and Spain) and also Greece, as the country that has experienced the most volatile economic development after the adoption of the euro. In this part, we present a comparative analysis of the economic development of the respective countries after adopting the euro, placed in the context of economic convergence as the main objective of the monetary union. We present an assessment of the economic results of the existence of the common European currency so far, analyze its institutional functioning and development after the debt crisis in the period 2010-2015, and outline some possibilities for its future development. The conclusion of our analysis is that both at the time of its creation and at the date of preparation of this analysis, the Eurozone does not represent an optimal currency area. Instead of economic convergence it creates preconditions for divergence between member countries and, due to its political-institutional structure, the Euro is in practice a tragedy of the commons.

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ДИГИТАЛНИ ХОРИЗОНТИ ЗА ДУАЛНОТО ОБУЧЕНИЕ

Author(s): Silvia Toneva,Olympia Vedar / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2023

The article focuses on the challenges and opportunities facing the dual VET in the country because of the active digital transformation that has begun in the education sector following the COVID-19 pandemic. The main hypothesis is that a number of stages and activities in the process of organizing dual training can be more efficient with the help of the advantages offered by information and communication technologies. The basis of the analysis is a review of research in the field as well as a survey conducted online in the period May-June 2023 among companies actively involved in dual training partnerships. Digital horizons for the modernization of the dual VET system can be found in the following aspects: the use of ICT for a broad information campaign; the delivery of training in the theory of the profession entirely or partially through ICT; the organization of the training of mentors at a distance; the transition to a digital logbook for practical training; the creation of an online space for the promoting of training institutions participating in the dual system and a platform for communication between partner companies in dual training; development of digital space for mentors to exchange information and good practices.

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Information system as a determinant of effective change implementation in the Polish Police

Author(s): Arkadiusz Letkiewicz,Vitally Karpenko / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Any organisation, and the Police in particular, needs to adapt to ever-changing external conditions and internalchallenges in order to be effective. The Polish Police have undergone numerous organisational changes since 1989, movingaway from a highly centralised to a mixed model. The authors of this article present the assumptions of an effective model forimplementing change in the Polish Police, developed on the basis of the conducted research. In addition, they point to the needto establish and maintain a high-level information system to ensure the information flow within the organisation

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New Principles of Counteracting Cyberlaundering under the Act of 1 March 2018 on Counteracting Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing

Author(s): Wiesław Jasiński / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

Cyberlaundering is a money-laundering mechanism that has been developing since the beginning of this century.Only recently, however, have the detailed rules for preventing this phenomenon been introduced. The Act of 1 March 2018on Counteracting Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing introduced a number of solutions defining the identification andverification obligations for transactions in cyberspace. Following these changes, it will be necessary to develop the best methodsof cooperation between all actors of the cyberlaundering system: obligated institutions, cooperating units and law enforcementagencies. The author draws attention to the national cyberlaundering risk assessment, prepared with the participation of obligedinstitutions, cooperating units and law enforcement bodies. Its use will affect the collection and sharing of more information usefulin the detection process and the timing of detection activities. A specific area of national risk assessment will be cybercrime. Theauthor believes that the detection of crimes in cyberspace should be included in a new legal framework, which would allow thespecificity of the digital area to be directly taken into account, without having to resort to often difficult and practically alwaysambiguous legal interpretations in this regard

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AN APPROACH TO MODELING THE PROBABLE CONSUMERS DEMAND OF FOOD PRODUCTS USING PEARSON DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM AND JOHNSON DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Author(s): Julieta MIhaylova / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

To meet the random consumers demand the distributors maintain inventory. For optimal inventory control under random demand it is necessary to know the cumulative distribution function (CDF). The practical determination of CDF is related with a number of difficulties. This paper proposes a way to construct a probability distribution function of demand. Data on weekly sales of over 400 types of food products over a period of five years in a small distribution company were analyzed. The ARIMA model was used for primary analysis of the consumption data. Random variables are modeled using Pearson Distribution System and Johnson Distribution System and can be used to determine inventory management strategies.

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КАКВО МОГАТ ДА НАУЧАТ МАРКЕТОЛОЗИТЕ ОТ ФИЛОСОФИТЕ? ФИЛОСОФИЯТА НА ПАЗАРНИТЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯ И МАРКЕТИНГА ОТ ПЛАТОН ДО НАШИ ДНИ

Author(s): Neviana Krasteva,Aleksey Potebnya / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

One of the age-old aspirations of people is to understand how we think about certain things and experiences and thus to influence or learn from these motivations that can inspire future generations of marketers to use them as “principles” in their next strategic portfolio or marketing innovation. These principles are guided by fear, regret, joy and happiness, or something as simple as FoMo. There are many reasons why we do what we do, and marketers are paid a lot of money to answer exactly that – “why” and “what” we do as consumers, people and trendsetters. The purpose of this article is to clarify what marketers can learn from philosophers, from Plato’s existing knowledge of thinking about market relations and marketing to the subsequent development of concepts of marketing relationships with consumers. The method includes an interdisciplinary review of the literature. To better understand the history leading up to the marketing concept, we first look at the history and evolution of the marketing concept and philosophy, based on Plato’s work based on two of his most influential works, The Republic (also known as The State). “, Written around 375 BC) and” Laws “- from the later works of the philosopher. The main finding is that Plato considers the market system not only useful but also necessary for a prosperous society. Then the marketing concept and philosophy and some misconceptions about it are discussed. This article fills the gap in the literature by looking at the marketing system through a philosophical prism based on an interdisciplinary approach.

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ИНДИВИДУАЛИЗЪМ, КОЛЕКТИВИЗЪМ, ИКОНОМИЧЕСКА КУЛТУРА И ИСТОРИЧЕСКИ КАПИТАЛИЗЪМ

Author(s): Teodor Sedlarski / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

This article summarizes key concepts in Immanuel Wallerstein’s book ‘Historical Capitalism’ related to the role of the cultural dimension of individualism collectivism. These include the societal developments needed for the early formation of the labor market, the social construction of ethnical identities and the gradual assimilation of ‘peripheral’ regions into the capitalism’s labor force in order to counter the rise of labor income in countries of the ‘core’. According to the author, ‘traditional’ kinds of division of labor – between ethnic groups, family members and age horizontals are being intentionally brought to life to control the pace of proletization as quasi proletarian ways of living require only minimal labor wages. At the same time in the ideological realm capitalism’s development is usually presented as closely intertwined with modernism and science’s progress, opposed to ‘traditional’, non rational ways, but a number of ‘traditions’ can be shown to have actually co-emerged with historical capitalism and not pre-dated it. This process is accompanied by the instalment of an universalistic and individualistic progressivist world view among the ‘intelligentsia’ classes, fostering the belief in competition and meritocracy, which has to enable the peaceful functioning of the tightly interconnected global capitalist system. In other words, capitalism’s use of culture and ideology is a prerequisite for its spread and efficiency.

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STUDENTS’ SATISFACTION WITH ONLINE LEARNING AND THE CHALLENGES OF HYBRID LEARNING

Author(s): Nadya Velinova Sokolova / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

COVID-19 crisis offers a unique chance to imagine more equitable societies and education systems. Several factors contribute to the growth of online learning: enhancement of technology, perceived value or improved reputation, and increased accessibility. In addition, changes in financial aid policy have also affected growth. The paper explained how Hybrid perspectives can be out transformed in higher education. The main goal of hybrid courses in some institutions is to enrich the students’ learning experience by combining the best features of onsite and online classes. The model’s effectiveness is measured by student success in the course and their satisfaction with the delivery system. The purpose of this article is to present the impact of technology on higher financial education, the challenges facing students and teachers in this process and to analyses the level of students’ satisfaction.

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МИНИМАЛНАТА РАБОТНА ЗАПЛАТА – СОЦИАЛНИ ДЕТЕРМИНАНТИ, ИКОНОМИЧЕСКИ ОСНОВАНИЯ, ИНСТИТУЦИОНАЛНИ РЕГУЛАЦИИ

Author(s): Maria Sotirova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

We analytically comment some aspects of the minimum wage with an emphasis on the methods for determining its size and the possibilities for its differentiation or upgrading by economic sector. We discuss the social and economic nature of minimum wage following the classical and neoclassical economic theory where wages reflect the price of labor. We emphasize the ILO’s contribution to the establishment of the minimum wage as part of the international labor order and the importance of the minimum wage as a fundamental, constitutional right and as an institution for social protection and a tool for managing wages. We also comment the methods for determining the minimum wage in Bulgaria in the context of the Proposal for a Directive on Adequate Minimum Wages in the EU.

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Functional Conflicts in Tourist Coastal Resort Cities with Special Spa Status in Poland. The Stakeholder Approach

Author(s): Marcin WOŁEK,Joanna Próchniak,Jarosław Kempa / Language(s): English Issue: 6(70)/2023

This study aims to identify and analyse the potential conflicts of tourism, resort and residents’ functions based on coastal resort cities of the highest importance in Poland (Sopot, Ustka, Kołobrzeg, Świnoujście). Coastal health resorts are specific urban units where tourist and resort functions provided under high environmental restrictions dominate the primary urban function typically focused on social and resident matters. Coastal resort cities attract tourists heavily. Hence, such cities must deal with varied stakeholder expectations. This may lead to conflicts in sustainable urban development.The analysis considers the stakeholder perspective regarding the occurrence of various conflicts. Different research methods have been used, including case studies and stakeholder analysis based on the salience model and classifying stakeholders into homogenous groups with the attributes assigned.The diverse and often divergent needs of stakeholders in coastal cities require a specific approach to developing such urban units, including stakeholder relationship management. A method used for the resort stakeholder analysis is based on classical stakeholder classification proposed by Mitchel, Agle and Wood (1997).The nature of functions performed in resort cities naturally lead to internal and developmental conflicts. However, based on an assessment of attributes assigned their evaluation across key stakeholder groups, the study results show that these conflicts occurred dormant in studied cities.The research methods used, an approach taken, and results achieved can be successfully used by decision-makers responsible for urban development to identify and manage potential conflicts deriving from diversified expectations of urban stakeholders or conflicting urban functions.The article is of an international character and might be used to various aspects of city management, as it combines stakeholder management approach with urban development and potential function conflicts.

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Bibliometric Analysis of Research Interest in Rural Tourism

Author(s): Bianca Sorina RĂCĂȘAN,Cristian-Emanuel ADOREAN,István-Oliver Egresi,Ștefan DEZSI / Language(s): English Issue: 6(70)/2023

Rural tourism is a form of tourism that takes place in non-urban areas and is characterized by traditional lifestyle, rural culture, and nature-based activities. Over time, its features drew attention not only to more and more visitors, but also to researchers, transforming it into one of the most active fields of scientific study. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the evolution of academic work in rural tourism and the main trends in this domain. Using VOS Viewer, we processed a number of 6,656 studies published between 1964 and 2022 and indexed by Scopus, the world’s largest database for academic journals. Results showed a growing interest in rural tourism, with almost 800 articles published each year over the last couple of years. Different European organizations (e.g. British universities) and scientific journals (e.g. Tourism Management) proved to be highly influential, and through most cited authors and documents have shaped the perspective of academic communities on rural tourism. Finally, the cluster analysis of documents, countries, and word frequency in abstracts, titles, and keywords, based on relevance scores and term frequencies, allowed the mapping of bibliometric networks. Consequently, links and interrelations between all these elements were highlighted, as well as specific timelines showing the exact year when researchers, from different parts of the world, decided to focus on certain issues related to rural tourism and thus, managed to convert them into popular subject areas of study.

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The Influence of University-Business Cooperation in the Development of Local Tourism in Kazakhstan: Documentary Analysis

Author(s): Sholpan YESSIMOVA,Yerkesh RAKHYMZHANOV,Bagdat Spanova,Sulushash BAIZHANOVA,Marat SEIDAKHMETOV,Aiman YESSENOVA,Bakhyt Altynbassov / Language(s): English Issue: 6(70)/2023

Cooperation between universities and businesses has become a potent tool for driving innovation, economic growth, and societal development. Through this partnership, universities and business companies can pool their resources, knowledge, and practical experience. Universities have significant expertise in tourism research, education, and training that can be used by businesses to enhance their products, services, and operational procedures. Businesses, in turn, offer useful insights and real-world problems that influence academic research and curriculum development. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of university-business cooperation on the expansion and enhancement of the local tourism industry in Kazakhstan. This study uses documentary analysis as a research approach and examines current legislation, reports, policy papers, existing literature, and other pertinent sources to find out more about the role of university-business cooperation in the tourism industry. The findings emphasize the importance of university-business collaboration in fostering innovation and technological advancement, facilitating knowledge transfer and skills development, contributing to regional economic development, addressing societal challenges, and promoting sustainable development. It stresses that university-business cooperation is essential to the growth of local tourism. By fostering knowledge exchange, innovation, and collaboration, these partnerships create a supporting ecosystem that promotes the competitiveness and sustainable expansion of the local tourism sector.

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INFLUENCE OF THE STANDARD OF LIVING ON THE BIRTH RATE IN BULGARIA

Author(s): Nikolay Stoenchev / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The article presents the results of a statistical analysis of the dependence of the birth rate in Bulgaria on the standard of living in an up-to-date aspect. Fertility was presented using the crude birth rate and the total fertility rate. In order to assess the standard of living, a complex set of criteria for administrative provinces was calculated, taking into account the state of 12 specially selected indicators at the same time. The information used was: the information officially published by the National Statistical Institute, Eurostat and data from the publication “Regional Profiles – Development Indicators” by the Institute for Market Economy. The algorithm of the used methodology was detailed, including the user options and arguments for choice. An international comparison was also made involving the EU Member States. The lack of a significant relationship between the birth rate and the standard of living according to complex criteria in Bulgaria and a moderate negative relationship between the total fertility rate and the standard of living in our country was revealed. When the analysis is based only on the GDP per capita as criteria for the achieved standard of living, the relationship between financial well-being and the birth rate turns out to be moderately positive, both for Bulgaria and for the entire set of EU Member States (EU 27). Recommendations were made for selective financial stimulation of the population in reproductive age and special attention to support married couples with reproductive problems and vulnerable social communities.

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VOLUNTARY CHILDLESSNESS IS INCREASINGLY CULTURALLY ACCEPTABLE IN DEVELOPED EUROPE

Author(s): Stoyanka Cherkezova / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The study analyses societal norms about voluntary childlessness in 29 European countries in the context of 1) achieved human development measured by its three main components: health, income and education and 2) some cultural norms towards inequalities and exclusion and the degree of individualism and collectivism in societies.The comparative analysis uses microdata from two waves of the European Social Survey, the third from 2006 and the ninth from 2018/2019, as well as aggregated data from Eurostat. The main statistical methods are descriptive and principal components analyses. Countries were classified according to their degree of modernisation. We registered unidirectionality across countries in the change of cultural norms relative to voluntary childlessness over time. We found convergences in the classification of countries according to attitudes towards voluntary childlessness and according to human development achieved and cultural differences, with human development leading the way. The study interprets the results in the context of traditional, modern and postmodern. The resultsof the study raise more fundamental theoretical questions related to the direction of change in cultural norms, such as what we can expect to happen in Central and Eastern European countries.

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STUDY ON THE CHANGES IN THE AGE DEPENDENCY RATIO AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE ECONOMY

Author(s): Krassimira Slaveva / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

Assessing the impact of the ongoing demographic processes on Bulgaria’s economy and social system requires a complex approach, since the in-depth analysis of the situation and the causes that lead to such demographic processes are a reliable basis on which to develop a concept for an active demographic policy. The purpose of this article is to reveal and measure the changes in the age structure of the population, to model the trends in the change of the age dependency ratio, and to evaluate the economic and social effects of population ageing, by using statistical methods of analysis. Statistical methods are used in the study to analyse dynamic series, to analyse structural changes and differences and to reveal relationships and dependencies. The results of evaluating the intensity of the changes in the age structure provide grounds for the conclusion that the changes in the age structure based on the three age groups – 0–14, 15–64 and 65+ compared to the base structure, are manifested more slowly in comparison with the changes in the structure of the population on the basis of consecutive cohorts formed by five-year age intervals. When compared with the structure of the previous year, the value of the ratios would turn out to be lower and would indicate weaker structural changes, since the age structure in the considered age intervals does not imply sharp changes within a year-long period. The developed trend models would make it possible to develop short-term forecasts of the expected values of the age dependency ratios by years with the corresponding confidence intervals of the forecast, evaluation of potential changes in the case of changes in the factors affecting the main demographic processes. The significant changes in the age structure of the population of Bulgaria and the deepening of the population ageing processes bring to the fore some important issues related to economic development, stability of the national economy, stability of the pension system and fiscal stability, due to the increased pension-related expenditures, expenditures on health care, social assistance, etc.

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POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON LABOUR FORCE REPRODUCTION IN BULGARIA

Author(s): Kremena Borissova-Marinova / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The present study represents an attempt to identify basic effects of COVID-19 pandemic on the long-term trends observed in the labour force reproduction in Bulgaria. The period of time of the study selected (2006-2021) starts with the year before the Bulgaria’s accession into the EU. To receive a more objective assessment of the changes studied, an international comparison of the trends was made with four European countries: Greece, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Sweden. Statistical information published by the National Statistical Institute and Eurostat (vital statistics and annual data of Labour Force Survey) over the period analysed was used in the study. The study includes two aspects of analysis. The first aspect covers the examination of longterm trends of evolution of basic demographic parameters in the selected countries (labour force dimension and speed of the demographic ageing). The second aspect is focussed on the trends of evolution of economic activity levels by three demographic and social attributes (age, sex and level of education). The results obtained provide a basis to consider the negative changes in the longterm trends observed during the period 2020–2021 as an indication for the presence of COVID-19 pandemic’s different sized effects on the labour supply.

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SUPPORTING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTRAPRENEURSHIP – CAPACITY AND MINDSET OF THE BUSINESS AND EMPLOYED PERSONS

Author(s): Todor Todorov / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

This paper aims to discuss the role of intrapreneurship for supporting sustainable development in organisations and achieving environmental, social and business sustainability. The results of a survey conducted in Bulgaria among employees and employers are presented and an analysis of the effect their intrapreneurial skills and attitudes have on the existing practices, targeted towards achieving sustainable development in organisations, was made. The results of the study confirm the thesis defended in the paper, related to the understanding that building capacity within existing organisations to identify innovative ideas and further develop them in intrapreneurial endeavours for the modification of products, services and organisational processes has a significant potential for positive impact on sustainability.

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The Socialization of Stay-behind Children in the Republic of Moldova Following Labour Migration of their Parents

Author(s): Elena Vaculovschi,Galina Ţurcan / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The labour migration of parents influences stay-behind children, their state of mind and their socialization process. The influences can be both positive and negative. This article analyses how the labour migration of parents from the Republic of Moldova to the European Union influences the process of socialization of stay-behind children and explores the involvement of public authorities in the socialization of these children. Data on which the paper is based were collected in the Republic of Moldova from December 2021 through April 2022, in the course of the development of the CASTLE project. The paper reflects the opinions of members of the transnational families on stay-behind children's socialization. The socialization process of children left at home following the labour migration of their parents faces several challenges. The knowledge of these challenges and their causes can contribute to the establishment of directions and mechanisms for the realization of public policy oriented towards solving children’s social challenges. Given current conditions, organized efforts are required from all socialization agents for the effective socialization of stay-behind children.

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Urbanisation as a Factor Which Influences the Increased Level of Crime and Victimisation of the Population

Author(s): Iurie Larii,Radion Cojocaru / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The characteristic features of urban social relations, processes and connections,including urban crime, are projected on the most significant segments of the population. Crimehas historically formed as an urban phenomenon, and with the development of social ties,it turns into a general social phenomenon. Urbanisation acts as a factor of criminalisation and,consequently, the process of victimisation of the population is expanded. The city acts as a ‘socialmagnet’, attracting urban and rural migrants, thereby ‘excluding’ the most active social groupsin remote areas. In turn, this contributes to the distortion of the social composition of thepopulation and the demographic situation, causing a gradual cultural degradation of the ruralway of life. In addition, the city attracts the criminally active part of the population from ruralareas. All these aspects constituted the research topic reflected in this paper

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