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Egzekwowanie zatrudnienia pracowniczego w prawie zamówień publicznych przejawem naruszenia wolności gospodarczej

Egzekwowanie zatrudnienia pracowniczego w prawie zamówień publicznych przejawem naruszenia wolności gospodarczej

Author(s): Sebastian Koczur / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

This article analyzes the regulation regulated in art. 95 of the Public Procurement Law, the contracting authority is obliged to specify in the notice the activities to be performed by persons employed by the contractor under an employment contract. Recognizing the validity of the very idea of protecting employees, it should be stated that the method of determining the necessity to establish an employment relationship adopted in the Act, based solely on the nature of the activities, thus ignores the way of their implementation and, consequently, is an overly rigorous means of implementing the protection of employees. According to the author, the applicable legal standards provide a sufficiently wide range of effective instruments of protection against avoiding employment under the labour law regime, which also allow the contracting authority to effectively enforce compliance with labour law standards by the contractor during the performance of the contract.

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Improving Compliance and Transparency in Financial Reporting: Strategies for Promoting Accountability and Integrity in Corporate Practices

Improving Compliance and Transparency in Financial Reporting: Strategies for Promoting Accountability and Integrity in Corporate Practices

Author(s): Kiril Dimitrov / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2024

Improving compliance and transparency in financial reporting is a key factor for building trust among investors and the public, as well as for the features of sustainable business development. This research examines strategies for emphasizing accountability and accountability in corporate practices, emphasizing the implementation of regulatory requirements, the implementation of ethical codes, and the strengthening of internal controls. Particular attention is paid to the role of new technological advances in ensuring correct and timely financial reporting. The research also highlights the importance of effective communications with shareholders and stakeholders to maintain transparency and prevent financial abuse. The proposed measures aim to improve corporate governance and create a culture of integrity, which is essential for the company's long-term success

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Профил на българските туристи, пътуващи групово с цел почивка до Гърция

Профил на българските туристи, пътуващи групово с цел почивка до Гърция

Author(s): Roman Stoyanov,Eleonora Negulova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2024

The present study is oriented towards studying the profile of Bulgarian tourists traveling in groups for the purpose of vacation in the tourist destination of Greece. This article is based, among other things, on data from a survey conducted among actually organized groups in June 2024.It was found that Bulgarian tourists are mainly with higher education, with incomes around the middle, mainly from cities, who travel more than once a year outside Bulgaria. Tourist demand shows a steady trend of increase, with group trips organized by tour operators for a relatively short stay being preferred. Tourists are motivated by the quality of sea water, food, the wealth of cultural and historical wealth, complemented by the offered tourist attractions and good transport accessibility

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Преживяването с бранда като фактор за формиране на потребителски предпочитания към бранда

Преживяването с бранда като фактор за формиране на потребителски предпочитания към бранда

Author(s): Tatyana Yordanovа / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2024

This paper presents the results of a study focused on the role of brand experience as a predictive factor regarding consumer preferences in the context of brands in different product categories. A sample of 614 respondents aged between 19 and 62 was used. The results of the analyses revealed that consumers' brand experience was a significant predictor of brand preference for both of the studied brands. The affective and sensory aspects of brand experience to a greater extent determine preferences for the Coca-Cola brand, in contrast to the intellectual and behavioural dimensions of the construct, which demonstrate a stronger effect on the consumer's preferences for the Philips brand

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Търговска и данъчна политика в земеделието

Търговска и данъчна политика в земеделието

Author(s): Georgi Tasev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2024

Trade and tax policies are essential elements of the economic framework within which the agricultural sector operates. They play a key role in stimulating production and exports, protecting the domestic market, facilitating trade, and creating a fair and competitive environment. In Bulgaria, trade and tax policies are shaped both at the national level and in alignment with European Union regulations

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The Multifund System – Is It an Option for Raising the Sustainability of The Bulgarian Pension System?

The Multifund System – Is It an Option for Raising the Sustainability of The Bulgarian Pension System?

Author(s): Jeko Milev,Kremena Choutilova-Yochkolovska / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

Background: Bulgarian universal pension funds have been operating for more than 20 years. They were established into Bulgarian pension system as supplementary elements whose basic aim was to strengthen the sustainability of the system in the long term. Following the recommendations of the World Bank (1994), the policymakers in the country introduced a fully funded defined contribution pension scheme where the investment risk is almost entirely borne by the insured individuals. Hence, low returns realized by pension companies during the accumulation phase detriment seriously the amounts of the pension benefits at the date of retirement. The second pillar pension funds are allowed to structure and manage only one portfolio of assets which could hardly suit the interests of both young and old scheme members. The investment horizon is crucial when it comes to the right mixture of assets in the investment portfolio.Purpose: The purpose of the current study is to discuss some of the critical elements of multifund system as one of the tools for life cycle investing in pension insurance. The research is trying to shed some light on the important features that must be sorted out before introducing the scheme in practice.Methodology: The methodology used throughout the paper embraces mostly comparative and descriptive analysis, but also deductive and systematic approaches were applied.Findings: The basic findings of the research concern the way that must be addressed such issues as the number and structure of the managed portfolios, the distribution of those insured individuals that have not made an active choice about their preferred fund and the guaranteed mechanisms about the paid contributions.Practical Implications: The article contributes to the ongoing debate about the exact structure and design of the multifunds as a possible elaboration of the universal pension funds in Bulgaria.Originality: The research has a value for all those who work in the sphere of pension fund management and life cycle investing. By exposing the basic features and problematic elements of the multifunds, the research offers possible solutions for the establishment of a multifund system in Bulgaria.Paper type: The article is a research paper. The first part compares the basic characteristics of multifunds in several countries already with such system. The second part recommends possible options for its introduction into Bulgarian practice.

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Taxation and the philosophy of Frédéric Bastiat

Taxation and the philosophy of Frédéric Bastiat

Author(s): Robert W. McGee / Language(s): English Issue: 76/2024

Frederic Bastiat (1801-1850) was an economist and journalist. A member of the French Liberal School, he is best known for his free trade ideas and his philosophy of law. Mark Blaug ranks him as one of the 100 greatest economists before Keynes. Schumpeter called him a brilliant economic journalist. Haney devoted a chapter of his History of Economic Thought to Bastiat.Although Bastiat is known for his work on free trade and the philosophy of law, he also wrote on other topics. To date, almost no one has examined his views on taxation. The purpose of this paper is to fill that gap in the literature.

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The law of diminishing marginal utility as law of mental order-ness

The law of diminishing marginal utility as law of mental order-ness

Author(s): Matus Posvanc / Language(s): English Issue: 76/2024

Nozick (1977) formulated a challenge to Austrians related to the application of the Law of diminishing marginal utility in the context of notion of indifference. To be able to claim that the value or attributed utility of the subsequent units of goods decreases, we must compare comparables, even if deliberate choice means that we have chosen a particular as being value-different. This causes a logical paradox. One cannot be indifferent and demonstrate a particular preference at the same time. It is mutually exclusive.The paper discusses a critique of Wysocki (2021), who proposes a solution to the paradox in terms of a counterfactual perception of the Law. The critique points to the essence of why neo-Misesians cannot resolve the paradox, which lies in the interpretation of the origin of valuation within the particular value scale.The paper offers an alternative solution based on Hayek’s concept of mental order-ness with the implication of the general applicability of the Law to any order in reality.

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A praxeology of the value of life. A critique of Rothbard’s argument

A praxeology of the value of life. A critique of Rothbard’s argument

Author(s): Paweł Nowakowski / Language(s): English Issue: 76/2024

The present paper aims to study the issue of the value of life in Murray N. Rothbard’s work, and to examine his argument for the contention that “life should be an objective ultimate value” and that “the preservation and furtherance of one’s life takes on the stature of an incontestable axiom.” Rothbard’s assumptions and presuppositions are investigated and critically assessed. Using conceptual and logical analysis rooted mostly in the praxeological method of economics (as developed by Mises and Rothbard himself) and the theory of value (Scheffler, Raz, Elzenberg), it is demonstrated that Rothbard’s account is fallacious both on its own as well as on broader theoretical grounds. It is argued that what Rothbard could—under his specific assumptions about valuing—correctly claim is only that an actor values life to some extent, rather than that life has an objective ultimate value or preservation and furtherance of one’s life has an axiomatic status. The theoretical argument is supported by empirical illustration from suicide terrorism. The paper submits that Rothbard’s position on the value of life is unsound, and that using his argumentation as it stands cannot succeed.

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Rejoinder to Block on indifference

Rejoinder to Block on indifference

Author(s): Igor Wysocki / Language(s): English Issue: 76/2024

This paper is a rejoinder to Block’s (2022) response to Wysocki’s (Wysocki, 2021) essay on Nozick’s challenge leveled at Austrian economics. Instead of merely reiterating Wysocki’s (Wysocki, 2021) position, we try to highlight that the Blockean account of indifference and preference entails the views which are otherwise unwelcome, given his unyielding commitment to Austrian economics at large. To wit, we argue that Block’s theory still fails to make sense of the law of diminishing marginal utility. Moreover, his extreme idea of choice, sadly, appears to jettison characteristically Austrian subjectivism and thus perilously verges on behaviourism. We conclude that, given all these predicaments the Blockean account is caught in, Block himself (qua Austrian) has a reason to embrace the Hoppean theory of preference and indifference.

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Response to Wysocki’s Rejoinder to Block on indifference

Response to Wysocki’s Rejoinder to Block on indifference

Author(s): Walter E. Block / Language(s): English Issue: 76/2024

Wysocki (2024) is a critique of Block (2022). The present paper is a response to the former. We are in effect debating the best reaction to Nozick (1977) which criticized Austrian economics on the ground that it makes two claims that are incompatible with one another. On the one hand, the praxeological school is noted for its aversion to the concept of indifference. On the other hand, the Austrian school also accepts supply and demand curves, and diminishing marginal utility. These three concepts imply homogeneous elements that comprise them. But if they are truly homogeneous, people ought to be indifferent between the different elements of them. Hence, the tension, not to say logical contradiction, in this perspective. Block (1980) was an attempt to respond to Nozick (1977). Hoppe (2005a,b; 2009) and Wysocki (2016; 2017; 2021; 2024) who supports Hoppe, maintain that Block’s refutation of Nozick (1977) was not efficacious at all, at worst, or at best, certainly not fully successful.Specifically, Wysocki maintains that there is a bifurcation between choosing and preferring; for example, no one is even aware of which foot goes first when entering a restaurant, and, yet, one has to make a choice about it. He avers that it is entirely possible to prefer to save either son, equally, while actually picking one, and not the other.

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КОРПОРАТИВНА СОЦІАЛЬНА ВІДПОВІДАЛЬНІСТЬ ЯК КЛЮЧОВИЙ ІНСТРУМЕНТ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ БІЗНЕСУ ПІД ЧАС ВІЙНИ

КОРПОРАТИВНА СОЦІАЛЬНА ВІДПОВІДАЛЬНІСТЬ ЯК КЛЮЧОВИЙ ІНСТРУМЕНТ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ БІЗНЕСУ ПІД ЧАС ВІЙНИ

Author(s): Liudmyla Zavidna,Liudmyla Maliuta / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 4/2024

Today's state of war is dramatically changing the business environment, creating unprecedented challenges for businesses of all sizes. The instability of the political situation, the disruption of logistics chains, a decrease in investment and a decrease in the purchasing power of the population have a negative impact on economic activity. Enterprises face increased risks, which requires a review of management strategies and ensuring economic security as a basis for further functioning and development. In these conditions, corporate social responsibility (CSR) becomes especially important, becoming not only an ethical imperative, but also a strategic tool for increasing business sustainability. The active participation of companies in solving social and humanitarian problems during martial law strengthens their authority and trust on the part of society and stakeholders, which contributes to the formation of a positive image, the expansion of partnership relations and the creation of additional opportunities for stable functioning in conditions of uncertainty. The growing role of CSR as a component of the enterprise management strategy provides an opportunity not only to preserve the economic security of individual business entities, but also to strengthen public trust in business, which is a key element of ensuring long-term economic stability in Ukraine.Objective.Theoretical generalization of scientific approaches regarding the content and role of corporate social responsibility as the main tool for ensuring the economic security of business in the conditions of martial law in Ukraine and the development of methodological recommendations for strengthening the stability and adaptability of business to crisis conditions. Results. The article provides a theoretical generalization of scientific approaches to the content and role of corporate social responsibility as a key tool for the economic security of business during the martial law in Ukraine. On the basis of scientific approaches, a modern interpretation of the CSR pyramid of Archie B. Carroll was formed. The analysis and assessment of the losses of infrastructure and enterprises of the real sector of the economy of Ukraine from hostilities and missile terror was carried out; an assessment of the main macroeconomic indicators of Ukraine for 2018-2023 is provided, the impact of military operations on a significant reduction in the number of active enterprises and the number of employees and the population of Ukraine in 2018-2023 is determined. The conducted studies highlight the key areas of CSR implementation in wartime, in particular, support for employees, assistance to the mobilized, involvement of stakeholders in the formation of the company's strategy and brand promotion. Scientific novelty. Approaches and methods of their involvement in the establishment of communications and interaction with stakeholders - investors, local communities and state structures are proposed, which will allow companies to adapt more quickly to the challenges of war. Practical significance. To ensure the economic security of business during wartime, it is proposed to integrate new initiatives to support personnel, mobilized workers and their families, as well as local communities. Such an approach will not only contribute to the stability and functionality of the enterprises themselves, but also strengthen their social stability and economic security, provide a deep connection between business and society, which contributes to the long-term development and socio-economic stability of the country in conditions of war.

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USE OF AN AI-BASED DIGITAL PREDICTION MODEL FOR THE EVALUATION  OF URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE IN TERMS OF ACCESSIBILITY AND  EFFICIENT URBAN MOVEMENT FOR PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES

USE OF AN AI-BASED DIGITAL PREDICTION MODEL FOR THE EVALUATION OF URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE IN TERMS OF ACCESSIBILITY AND EFFICIENT URBAN MOVEMENT FOR PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES

Author(s): Dimitrios Sfounis,Dimitrios Kolovos,Antonios Kostas,Ioannis Tsoukalidis,Anastasios Karasavvoglou / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

Purpose: Ensuring accessible urban infrastructure remains a challenge to inclusive societies and equal participation of people with disabilities in economic, cultural & social life and is thus a stunting factor in economic development. This paper proposes using an Artificial Intelligence-based model for evaluating accessibility in urban infrastructure towards identifying & predicting problematic areas in the existing or future built environment. The objective is to describe a reliable and extensible model capable of detecting mobility-problematic areas, evaluating the quality of urban infrastructure, proposing alternative routes and creating the base of a holistic detection and evaluation digital tool for better urban planning and efficient application of European Social Policies. Methodology: The research identifies obstacle and difficulty components useful within a Digital AI system via structured interviews performed with members of 2 key organizations in social development and inclusion in Eastern Macedonia and Thrace, Greece. Findings: The set of obstacles and difficulties is aggregated in a vector of solvable difficulties suitable for an AI system. Additionally, we propose methodologies for collecting and comparing data from predefined pilot routes between people with disabilities and the general population to build an initial training dataset for a continuous decision-making and evaluation AI system. Originality: Research originality is derived from combining Artificial Intelligence with the sector of computational evaluation of material infrastructure, as perceived by humans with disabilities, and as a tool of increased economic activity. It additionally defines key obstacles perceived by PwDs that are sufficiently measurable and subsequently solvable by AI.

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INVESTING THE IMPACT AND THE CHALLENGES 
OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION AND GREEN 
ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN GREEK FOOD INDUSTRY

INVESTING THE IMPACT AND THE CHALLENGES OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION AND GREEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN GREEK FOOD INDUSTRY

Author(s): George Sklavos,George Theodossiou,Zacharias Papanikolaou,Christos Karelakis,Lazarides Themistokles / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

Purpose. Companies operating in every sector investigated various applications of digital technology, which ultimately resulted in their digital transformation to ensure their continued viability. This study examines the factors that affect the willingness of agrifood businesses toward digital transformation and green entrepreneurship, two trends that tendto a sustainable business model. Methods. To approach the research question, a questionnaire based on closed-ended questions scored on a Likert scale was developed and completed by 288 industry executives. The collected data were analyzed in the development of Principal Component Analysis. Findings. Findings highlighted five crucial components the executives should consider for integrating green entrepreneurship practices. They combined them with the digital transformation strategies of SMEs in Greece’s agri-food sector. These factors are related to the lack of digital human resource skills and limited funding, product innovation and consumer awareness in the digit era, innovative sustainable materials and life cycle assessment of SME products, executive training for SMEs on the Circular Economy, and executives’ knowledge of ESG and green entrepreneurship.

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Job Autonomy as a Driver of Job Satisfaction

Job Autonomy as a Driver of Job Satisfaction

Author(s): Kristýna Zychová,Martina Fejfarová,Andrea Jindrová / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

As one of the essential human needs, autonomy affects internal motivation and drives job satisfaction. The aim of the article is based on long-term quantitative research (n = 631) to examine gender, age, education and job position differences in job autonomy and to evaluate the extent to which job satisfaction and job autonomy are related. The research shows that 72.6% of the respondents have a high degree of work scheduling autonomy, 68.1% have a high degree of decision-making autonomy and 53.9% have a high degree of work methods autonomy. An important finding is that most respondents (84.8%) are satisfied with their job. There are differences between generations and non/managerial job positions regarding work scheduling autonomy, decision-making autonomy and work methods autonomy. Additionally, there is a difference between education levels regarding work scheduling autonomy. The Spearman's rank correlation coefficients show positive mutual correlations between job autonomy categories, as well as between job autonomy categories and job satisfaction. The results also confirm the relationships between job autonomy categories and job satisfaction. Employees with a high degree of job autonomy feel more satisfied in their jobs than others. On the contrary, there are no differences between genders regarding work scheduling autonomy, decision-making autonomy and work methods autonomy. Furthermore, there are no differences between education levels regarding decision-making autonomy and work methods autonomy. Understanding the relationship between job autonomy and satisfaction is vital for employers and policymakers to enhance job satisfaction, retain employees and improve organisational performance. Implications for Central European audience: The research reveals that employees with a high degree of job autonomy, encompassing work scheduling autonomy, decision-making autonomy and work methods autonomy, experience greater job satisfaction. No gender or education-based differences in terms of job autonomy were found, but differences exist between generations and non/managerial job positions and job autonomy. The results confirm that job autonomy drives job satisfaction. Employees with a high degree of job autonomy feel more satisfied in their jobs than others. Employers and policymakers should therefore prioritise increasing job autonomy to improve job satisfaction, retention and organisational performance.

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Diia City: An Innovative Legal Regime. Can Ukraine’s Legal Innovation Shape the Global Technological Landscape?

Diia City: An Innovative Legal Regime. Can Ukraine’s Legal Innovation Shape the Global Technological Landscape?

Author(s): Petro Kornieiev,Ivan Yatskevych / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

This article analyzes the innovative legal framework of Diia City in Ukraine, designed to foster technological ecosystem growth and attract international investment. The study evaluates its impact on residents and identifies challenges within the current legal system. The hypothesis posits that Diia City, with its preferential tax policies and streamlined regulations, could become a global benchmark for tech ecosystems. Legal stability and regulatory predictability are highlighted as critical for its success. A comparative methodology examines taxation structures and regulations affecting individual entrepreneurs (FOPs) and gig contracts. The hypothesis is verified through case studies and assessments of IT solutions in Ukraine. The analysis includes a literature review and examination of legal acts, offering a comprehensive evaluation of the reform’s innovations and benefits, with potential applicability to other European countries. Findings suggest Diia City shows promise as a global model but faces challenges affecting legal certainty. While regulations aim to protect both employees and employers, further evaluation is needed, especially amid war and economic fluctuations. This article provides insight into legal stability’s role in fostering innovation and contributes to the debate on legislative reforms influencing the labor market and Ukraine’s technological development.

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Research and Development, R&D, Software Development, Tax Credit

Research and Development, R&D, Software Development, Tax Credit

Author(s): Pavel Hájek / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

This paper deals with the tax benefits of R&D in software development. The aim of the paper is firstly to reveal the practical challenges and problems of software companies in applying for Research and Development tax credits. As a result, the article proposes solutions to improve the current situation. To achieve the objective, the current state of affairs is identified through analysis and the problems to be solved are described. Given the differences in how tax credits are provided, the subsequent recommendations for improving the current state of affairs are based mainly on a comparison of the different EU Member States on the problematic issues of tax provision. This article, by proposing solutions, can help in particular in the development of new legislation in the field of indirect R&D support. However, it is also a useful basis for tax advisors, attorneys specializing in tax law, owners of small and medium-sized software companies and other individuals who are actively interested in indirect R&D support.

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The Impact of Digitalization on the Chosen Principles of Tax Law

The Impact of Digitalization on the Chosen Principles of Tax Law

Author(s): Júlia Hoffmanová / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

Digitalization is revolutionizing various aspects of our lives, including the tax law. The article examines how digital economy is influencing the chosen principles of tax law. Digital technologies have the potential to make tax systems more transparent and efficient, simplifying tax compliance and administration for both taxpayers and authorities. However, they also introduce new challenges, such as ensuring equitable treatment for both digital and traditional businesses and avoiding double taxation of certain income or revenue. The article highlights how digitalization is reshaping the chosen principles of tax law and discusses the implications for future legal frameworks. The findings emphasize the need for forward-thinking tax policies to effectively adapt the evolving digital landscape.

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Artificial Intelligence and the Challenge to Human Literature: Revisiting Borges and Cortázar

Artificial Intelligence and the Challenge to Human Literature: Revisiting Borges and Cortázar

Author(s): Ksenija Vraneš / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

When the popularity of cinema and the emergence of mass culture shook the foundations of art as it was known and recognized until the early 20th century, Walter Benjamin wrote his essay “The Work of Art in the Age of Its Technological Reproduction” in an attempt to highlight the irreplaceability and authenticity of the artwork embodied in its aura and to confront the challenges posed by the new era. Almost a century later, it seems that we are facing an even greater challenge to the traditional conception of art as an authentic and unique human activity, we are facing literature created by artificial intelligence. And while many reject categorically the possibility that this “humanoid literature” could ever be considered equal to “human literature,” it cannot be denied that artificial intelligence and its creative achievements in the field of literature question the very foundations of human art. Somewhat unexpectedly, writers like Jorge Luis Borges and Julio Cortázar and their conceptions of literature can provide possible answers to the questions of the new era. Their works show that the issue of the author and their biography should be revisited after more than a century of rejection of the 19th-century biographism in literary theory. On the other hand, the theory of reception and the relation between author and reader acquire a new dimension when seen through the lens of these authors’ oeuvre.

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The Wealth Effect in WTO Dispute Settlements: Analysing International Economic Law as a Normal Good

The Wealth Effect in WTO Dispute Settlements: Analysing International Economic Law as a Normal Good

Author(s): Shilpa Samplonis Shilpa Samplonis,Alexis Oviedo,Arianna Oviedo Bravo / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The objective of the article is to introduce a theoretical endeavor aimed at evaluating the potential validity of empirical results within the realm of economic theory. The existing literature and empirical evidence indicate that wealthier participants within the World Trade Organization exhibit a propensity for regular engagement with dispute settlement mechanisms in the field of international economic law. This uneven pattern of utilization of the dispute settlement mechanism implies that the global institution, serving as a provider of global public goods within an economic context, assumes attributes akin to a normal good. Accordingly, the article attempts to answer the question: What theoretical basis explains why wealthier countries in the World Trade Organisation engage more frequently in dispute settlement mechanisms under international economic law, and how does this reflect the characteristics of international economic law as a normal good in the context of global public goods? This article employs a methodology that combines literature synthesis with pay-off matrix analysis to examine the dynamics of dispute settlement among member countries of the World Trade Organisation with varying economic power. This methodological approach seeks to foster comprehension of the empirical patterns. The analysis finds that the discrete nature of the global public good results in its normal characteristics. The article concludes that addressing the disparities in engagement with dispute settlement mechanisms is essential for the World Trade Organisation to meet the demands of its member countries and effectively provide global public goods.

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