Çalışanların Olumsuz Değerlendirilme Korkusunun Örgütsel Sessizlik Üzerine Etkisi

Author(s): Engin Kanbur / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2018

Employees, when encountered to a problem or an opportunity, may consciously exhibit silence behavior in order to protect themselves from harm and danger that may arise and to avoid from being excluded and being worthless. The main purpose of the research is to examine the effect of employees’ fear of negative evaluation on their organizational silence levels. The population of the research consists of 120 employees working in a public institution located in Kastamonu province city center. “Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale” and “Organizational Silence Scale” were used in the research. The internal consistency analyses of the scales were examined with Cronbach Alpha and found over 70%. Additionally, confirmatory factor analysis results of the scales showed good fit values. Correlation and regression analyses were conducted for understanding the relationships between variables. When the findings of the research are evaluated; there appears to be a strong, significant and positive relationship between the fear of negative evaluation and organizational silence and its subdimensions (acquiescent silence and defensive silence). However, no relation is observed between the prosocial silence.

Örgütsel Çatışma ve Yönetim: Kamu Örgütlerinde Bir Araştırma

Author(s): Batuhan Ayan,Ercan Yavuz / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2018

Definitions related to the concept of organizational conflict have been made by many researchers. Looking at the definitions in the literature, it seems that the researchers approach the topic from different angles. Some researchers view organizational conflict as a problem to be solved, while others view it as an opportunity to increase organizational productivity. In order for the positive effects of organizational conflicts to be possible, the conflicts must be well managed. In order for conflict management to be successful, factors affecting conflict and behaviors exhibited by individuals in conflict situations should be analyzed. Successful organizational conflict management can be achieved in this way. In this research, The relationship between forms of consensus, conformity, avoidance, integration and repression and demographic variables that individuals exhibit against their managers and colleagues in the event of organizational conflict has been examined. Demographic questionnaire and Rahim's Organizational Conflict Scale A and C forms were used as data collection techniques. The results demonstrate the impact of the demographic characteristics of the staff is very important.

Banking Websites in Turkey: an Accessibility, Usability and Security Evaluation

Author(s): Yakup Akgül / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

With the proliferation of the Internet, banks are adopting technologies to create their own Websites. Websites have evolved into an excellent means of information dissemination and visibility. Hence banks and organizations around the world have websites as primary medium for information communication. The information in bank web sites, which are broadly assumed in numerous nations, must be accessible for all people, easy to use, exact and secure. Since the web is a significant assets of information for millions of people at all levels, attaining accessible e-banking services that enable customers to gain from them and execute varied customers’ prerequisites, regardless of time and location constraints, has become a global aim. The main aim of this study is to investigate the accessibility, usability and vulnerability of Turkish banking websites. A total of thirty two banking websites in Turkey were analyzed according to the criteria of the WCAG 2.0 guidelines, and all of them was selected for further analysis based on usability and vulnerability criteria. The results showed that the evaluated websites had significant number of accessibility, usability and vulnerability problems.

How Does Customer Experience Shape the Attitude Towards and Intention to Brand Switching?

Author(s): Edin Güçlü Sözer,Mustafa Emre Civelek / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

Customer Experience (CeX) and Brand Switching Behavior (BsB) of customers play an important role in the market performance of brands. The underlying relationship between these two constructs to shed light into the success factors in the contemporary consumer markets. This study aimed to (1) explore the relationship between CeX and BsB behavior including Attitude Toward Switch (AtS) and Intention to Switch (ItS), (2) understand the effects of CeX on Customer Satisfaction (CuS), Brand Trust (BaT) and Brand Loyalty (BL), and (3) propose and test a sequential model of these relationships. The results of the study confirmed that positive CeX which has a statistically significant effect on CuS, BaT and BL, eventually leads to the decreasing levels of AtS and ItS through the effect of BL. On the other hand, CuS and BaT are also found to be effective on BL. Finally, AtS is found to be effective on the ItS.

Cepten Sağlık Harcamalarının Finansmanında Eşitsizlik ve Hakkaniyet: Uygulamalı Bir Ekonometrik Yaklaşım

Author(s): Songül Çinaroğlu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2018

In this study, it is aimed to examine the effect of regulations about unification of health financing system to control out-of-pocket health expenditures, in terms of inequality and inequity of distribution of out-of-pocket health expenditures in Turkey. Data came from Turkish Statistical Institute Household Budget Survey for the years 2003, 2009 and 2015. Index and curve approaches are used together; to determine inequality and inequity and Gini and Concentration indices and departure of Concentration curve from Lorenz curve analysed. Study findings show that, out-ofpocket health expenditures increased from 2003 to 2015, inequality is decreased in terms of the distribution of out-of-pocket health expenditures (Gini index: 2003 [0.75], 2009 [0.71] ve 2015 [0.69]). However, out-of-pocket health expenditures is a kind of a progressive health financing source, considering departure of Concentration curve from Lorenz curve and the level of progressivity is decreasing. Study results shows that, health financing system regulations have contributions, in terms of equal distribution of the financial burden, with an increasing number of people integrated into the health financing system. However, it is remarkable that, there exist a deterioration in progressivity pattern of health financing and there is a heavy burden on poor populations. Thus, it is advisable to increase insurance coverage and determine propoor policies to ensure sustainability of health financing system.

Problem konkurencyjności systemu gospodarczego Unii Europejskiej i USA

Author(s): Joanna Stryjek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2014

The purpose of this article is to conduct a comparative analysis of the competitiveness of the EU and the US economies, in a systemic framework, that is, with respect to the main components of country’s economic system that determine its competitiveness. The analysis is based on the systemic framework of economic competitiveness and growth, developed by T.J. Hämäläinen. The analysis of the available data indicates that the US achieved better results in six of the seven study areas, that is: 1) productive resources; 2) innovation and diffusion; 3) organizational efficiency of the economic system; 4) product market characteristics; 5) institutional framework; 6) government policy and activities. As far as the EU is concerned, it has potentially bigger opportunities to benefit from the greater (than in the US) involvement of foreign investors on its market. However, this is not a factor that can compensate for the UE’s weaknesses in other areas. It will be extremely difficult to improve the international competitiveness of the EU without introducing significant changes, that is in particular, without significant improvement of the organizational efficiency and without – even partial – resignation from (so characteristic for the EU member states) policy of maintaining high government spending (in relation to GDP).

Dynamiczny rozwój APEC wyzwaniem dla więzi transatlantyckic

Author(s): Robert Jakimowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2014

The article, in first part, focuses on the dynamic development economic APEC with the regard of the most important economic indexes. Then, they are compared with the economic indexes of UE. Second part of the article focuses on the chosen aspects of the economic relations of the USA within APEC and with UE. The author underlines in this part the huge meaning of the American economy for her partners development, both Asiatic, how and European. Moreover, it clearly was stressed, that if UE develops economic relations intensively both with United States, how and states from the region of Asia and Pacific Ocean within ASEM, European Union will keep the status of one of the most important pillars of the world economy in the closest future.

Grzegorz W. Kołodko, Czy Chiny zbawią świat? [Prószyński i S-ka, Warszawa 2018, 222 s.]

Author(s): Jakub Stankiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2018

Kapitał ludzki – ekonomiczny czynnik aktywności innowacyjnej małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw

Author(s): Janusz Ziarko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2014

In the article, on the background of the general recommendations coming from economic theories on the role of human capital in innovative development of the company, it pointed to the conducive to innovation requirements imposed on companies and to the corresponding skills of employees. It stressed the importance of regional and sub-regional economic development strategies, as well as the possibility of their use for the development of the human capital within their own companies.

Kontrola w mieście metropolitalnym jako aspekt bezpieczeństwa finansowego

Author(s): Irena Czaja-Hliniak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2014

In the present European Union economic and financial crisis and the enlarging size of public debt, the instruments, which prevent the financial risk and ensure the financial safety, play an important role. This issue is important for Europe, the State and also for local government. Activities of local governments have a significant impact on the formation of public debt, and thus on financial security. In order to ensure the economic and financial security there exist different forms of control, including financial control, control of activities of the State and local government. The scope of this issue depends on the type of local government units. The scope of financial management control in small municipalities is different from the one in large cities. Metropolitan cities have specific problems, therefore issues of control, controlling and controlled entities, the subject and scope of control are also specific. Financial control in the broad sense is a particular type of control. Financial control can be divided into internal, external, and internal audit. The most important are external controls carried out by the Supreme Chamber of Control (NIK), the Regional Audit Office (RIO), the Tax Inspection Office, the Provincial Office, the Marshal's Office and other entities, where, in principle, there is no overlap between the subject of the control carried out by different entities. Recently the increase of controls related to the use of EU funds can be seen, due to the expiry of the period of settling accounts associated with the completion of the EU's Financial Perspective.

Types of Business Entities in Ukraine: Problems of Legal Regulation

Author(s): Oleksandr Kovalyshyn / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2014

The United States at a Crossroads

Author(s): Christopher S. Dadak,Kazimierz Dadak / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2013

XXX Jubileuszowa Międzynarodowa Konferencja Naukowa „Integracja i kryzysy na lokalnych i globalnych rynkach we współczesnym świecie”, Wrocław, 20–21 maja 2013

Author(s): Małgorzata Czermińska,Jowita Świerczyńska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2013

Wachstum und Schulden in Europa

Author(s): Michael Dauderstädt / Language(s): German Issue: 4/2012

In the current debate on the Euro crisis, the received wisdom considers too much debt as the main cause. Profligate debtors, primarily governments, are supposed to be the culprits. Resolving the crisis requires therefore a massive deleveraging. Germany, in particular, abhors debt and sees it as the original sin. The German word for debt (“Schulden”) connotes already “guilt” (in German: “Schuld”). Actually, debt is a necessary core element of any capitalist economy. Without debt there can hardly be growth. It is debtors, not savers who are the drivers of growth. Growth is also the best way to get out of a debt crisis. Capital and asset markets are supposed to finance growth, identify investment opportunities ant to reduce risks. But often they fail, and are driven by manias and panics rather than prudent assessment. Growth in Europe has been strongly unbalanced during the last 10–15 years. While countries in the European periphery enjoyed high growth, fueled by increasing private debt, Germany’s economy stagnated and saved. Subsequently the debtor countries showed high current account deficits while Germany had large export surpluses. The financial crisis stopped suddenly the access to new credits and thus growth. This hard landing triggered a recession which required government spending to stimulate the economy and to bail out banks which in turn increased public debt dramatically. In spite of a fast recovery a panic in the government bond markets followed in the Euro zone. This panic resulted less from unacceptably high debt levels but from a flawed design of the Euro zone’s institutions (lack of a lender of last resort) and wrong policies. The austerity policies which were enforced by Germany and the European Union (EU) exacerbated the crisis and slowed or reversed the recovery. Debt and wealth are just two sides of the same medal and can only be changed together as the global net monetary investment position is always zero. Deleveraging is easiest in a context of growth, when creditors spend and reduce their savings. All the other options are worse: Spending cuts which lead to deflation and depression, bankruptcies or – though somewhat less disruptive – the real devaluation of debt by inflation. Growth with deleveraging requires the spending of debtors which generate and increase debtors’ revenues. Given the distribution of assets and debts, such a process implies that rich households (the net creditors) have to spend more in a way which either directly or indirectly leads to higher revenues of the indebted governments. Besides a levy on wealth and higher taxes for the rich the market solution would require massive real economy investment by the creditors which would trigger new growth, increase profits and wages which in turn would provide more tax revenues. Growth will resume when credits flow again and therefore, paradoxically, new debt is created. This will only happen when potential investors meet potential debtors with higher and more sustainable income. This requires a redistribution of income in favor of poorer households, enterprises ready to invest and governments which up to now took over the risks. A leaner and better regulated financial sector should focus on financing these adjustments in the real economy. The European Central Bank (ECB) should support such a process of growth and deleveraging by a permissive monetary policy, which aim at a target of nominal GDP growth of 4–6% rather than at an inflation target of 2%. A slightly higher rate of inflation would lower the government debt ratio (debt/GDP) in the long run. The countries of the Euro zone need a lender of last resort, possibly by creating a European Monetary Fund which should have unlimited access to ECB liquidity.

Przebieg procesu likwidacji Robotniczej Spółdzielni Wydawniczej „Prasa–Książka–Ruch”

Author(s): Marta Polaczek-Bigaj / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2012

The text is about the process of liquidation of Workers’ Publishing Collective “Prasa-Książka-Ruch”, which had been a particularly important element of political system in The Polish People’s Republic. The author says that this subject is not widely presented in the literature. Furthermore, she claims that for proper understanding of dismantling, she had met with the former last chairman of the Collective. Those meetings had given her a chance to write about aspects which hasn't often been presented in the literature. The text presents all the aspects and ways of liquidation but also shows main disadvantages of this process. Main signification has the act from 22nd March 1990 which started the liquidation. The author presents that the most important defect of this document was preparing the act in rush and lack of consciousness of the difficulty of this process. Accordingly, it caused many negative opinions about all the process.

Prawne, ekonomiczne, finansowe i polityczne aspekty samorządowego długu publicznego

Author(s): Henryk Gawroński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2006

Niemieckie inwestycje bezpośrednie w Polsce w latach 1989-2003 w porównaniu z inwestycjami w pozostałych krajach grupy wyszechradzkiej

Author(s): Elżbieta Kućmierczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2006

Wstęp

Author(s): Andrzej Delorme,Stanisława Klima / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2007

Uniwersały Rady Nieustającej z lat 1775–1788. Część III: Materie ekonomiczne

Author(s): Marcin Głuszak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

The matters most frequently discussed in the universals of the Permanent Council, apart from the issues of the judiciary and judicial law, were matters related to economics. Particular emphasis was placed on the functioning of royal cities under the supervision of the Police Department of the Permanent Council, including control over the course of propination auctions. In single universals, the Council focused its attention, among others, on the issues of road infrastructure, agriculture, forestry, the raw materials industry, trade and treasury.

Legislacyjna transformacja krajowego rynku gazu ziemnego poprzez biogaz na przykładzie rynkowych platform współpracy

Author(s): Maciej Włodek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2021

In order to achieve the assumptions of the European Green Deal program by 2050, it should be emphasized how important is the cooperation between market participants: government, local governments, enterprises and citizens in order to fulfill the program assumptions. The essence that shapes cooperation platforms is Art. 7, points 7a and 7b of Directive 2012/27 / EU, which contains provisions on the involvement of energy service providers, citizens, as well as accredited entities and public authorities. I based my content on the implication of Directive 2018/2001 (Renewable Energy Directive II), on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources on market participants and the regulation (EU) 2019/941 on risk preparedness in the electricity sector and related to ensuring security of renewable energy. The above regulations show the essence of energy and climate decisions made at the national and neighboring countries level, and generally on energy prices, security of supply, emissions and mutually. Within the framework of a specific REE, as an example, agricultural biogas was analyzed, but also biogas from a landfill on the example of a case study of the city of Tarnow and the energy cluster established there. Legislative and economic difficulties in the development of agricultural biogas plants in Poland in relation to the German market were diagnosed, such as the lack of feed-in tariffs or the issue of certificates of origin. The considerations show the paths of introducing a system of incentives for market participants and identifying the key measure of renewable energy sources (specificity of the region) to be used by market participants.