Specy czne warianty j zyków narodowych: polski pó nocnokresowy i niemiecki nadwo a ski.

Author(s): Jolanta Mędelska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 39/2015

The author addresses particular language codes: Polish Northern Kresy dialect and Volga German. ese varieties of their respective national languages evolved in unusual circumstances. Both were located outside of their home ethnic territory and occurred mainly in the form of extensive linguistic islands. Two varieties of Polish Northern Kresy dialect took shape in the lands of present day Lithuania, Belarus, and Latvia. Voluntarily moving to the cities and smaller towns of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Poles carried with them the Polish language, which eventually was assumed by the local upper echelons, who by Polonizing pro-duced a particular local cultural dialect. In the second half of the nineteenth century, Lithuanian and Belarusian peasants began to take up this dialect. In this manner, compact Polish language areas developed beyond the northeastern ethnic border, in other words, the areas of Northern Kresy dialect. Both varieties of the Polish lan-guage developed in the Russian Empire, where they were subjected to Russification. Once again they were drawn into the orbit of a strong Russian influence after World War II. On this basis, a new Northern Kresy cultural dialect took shape in the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic. Volga German dialects, which can be categorized as transferred dialects, arrived in the Volga region in the eight-eenth century with settlers from different parts of Germany, and underwent modifications in the new locale, consisting mainly of the mixing of different dialects. ese evolved for a long time in isolation, from the Russian environment, from other varieties of the German language used in many places in Russia, as well as from literary German. At the end of the nineteenth century, they were officially subjected to Russification. They were again Russified (Sovietized) in the 1920s and 30s. In the Soviet period, a peculiar cultural dialect developed, based on the dialects of Volga German. The author discusses the points of contact and divergence in the history of Volga German and Polish Northern Kresy dialect, indicating possible directions for comparative research.

Недостатки и достоинства разных систем транскрипции при записи говора старообрядцев в Польше

Author(s): Michał Jaskólski / Language(s): Russian Issue: 39/2015

The author presents the problems associated with the phonetic representation of the dialect of the Old Believers in Poland under the conditions of bilingualism. The Old Believers’ Russian dialect has been under influence of the Polish language for over a century. On the phonetic level the main expressions of interference are: pronunciation of palatal consonants instead of Russian soft coronal consonants [s’], [z’], [t’], [d’], [n’] as well as pronunciation of the labial glide [w] instead of Russian velarized lateral consonant [ł]. In the conditions of bilingualism using only a Russian phonetic transcription seems to be insufficient, since it does not include signs for notation sounds which turned up in the Russian dialect under the influence of Polish phonetics. With reference to the mentioned above one should use a more universal transcription system. Since in the studied dialect numerous elements of two languages are coexisting and both of them are Slavonic languages, the author proposes the use of Slavonic transcription system for notation of Polish Old Believers’ speech.

A Lexical Trip with English – From Celtic Languages to Old English

Author(s): Iulia Cristina Frînculescu,Oana Badea / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2015

A contemporary lingua franca, English is a language that in the past fought valiantly for survival on several occasions. This study traces the beginnings of English, highlighting some of the major threats it faced in its early history, as well as the turning points in the adventure towards its establishment as a language. This is mainly a lexical trip, though some reference is made to other language levels as well.

Los refranes de “Los trabajos de Persiles y Sigismunda” y su traducción al rumano

Author(s): Lavinia Similaru / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 1-2/2015

The study of proverbs is a relatively new science, according to which the difficulty of translating proverbs is due to their permanent nature and the cultural elements inevitably involved. In his work, Miguel de Cervantes used an endless number of proverbs and popular sayings, which sometimes make translation difficult to any other language. The translator has always found creative solutions to translate the proverbs of Cervantes's novel by means of Romanian proverbs, or by means of cultural creations, when a corresponding proverb did not exist in Romanian.

The Latvian Language in the linguistic Landscape of Daugavpils (the middle of the 19th century - today)

Author(s): Solvita Pošeiko / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

This paper will focus on the LL of Daugavpils from a diachronic point of view in order to describe the usage of the Latvian language in the public space since the middle of the 19th century until today, as well as the so-cio-economic and political factors which influence the language situation. Research sources are old photos which depict legible signboards, and photos obtained during LL research 2013. The role of the Latvian lan-guage in public information increased during the first period of inde-pendence, when ideas of nationalism become widespread and the first normative documents about language usage were approved. However, the stability of Latvian as the main language of the public was only estab-lished during the first Latvian Republican period at the end of the 20th century, when the State Language Law was passed and implemented in linguistic practice. Currently, the linguistic landscape reflects the political, socio-pragmatic, and social identity motivations of the owners of public texts, but within the confines of the restrictions imposed by language laws.

Konsekwencje zaniku liczby podwójnej w języku łacińskim. Głos w sprawie dualnej genezy piątej deklinacji łacińskiej

Author(s): Krzysztof Tomasz Witczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 06/2015

The loss of the dual number in the early pre-literary phase of the development of Latin caused massive changes in the Latin declension. The dual forms of consonant stems, which in animate nouns (later masculine and feminine nouns) were probably characterised by the ending *-ē, gen. du. *-ēs (< PIE nom. du. *-eh1, gen. du. *-eh1s), were generally reinterpreted as plurals (hence the secondary plural ending -ēs < nom. du. *-ē in Latin) and sometimes as collectives or singulars (nom. sg. -ēs < nom. du. *-ē). The latter process led to the formation of the fifth Latin declension with the characteristic -ē-. This category includes very numerous nouns that have no plural forms (singularia tantum). Also the Old Latin dual forms ending in *-ī (< PIE *-ih1) like viginti ‘twenty’ were transformed by regular morphological processes into singulative forms with -iēs, -iēi, which are also in the fifth declension. On the basis of these observations, the author advances the research hypothesis that the fifth Latin declension appeared already in the pre-literary period as a result of the loss of the earlier dual inflection.

Nieliterackie źródła do dziejów słownictwa polskiego (do XVIII w.). Cz. I

Author(s): Aleksander Zajda / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2016

The author discusses non-literary sources for the history of Polish vocabulary from the period from the 16th to the 18th century. They are not always taken into account by the editors of the newest historical dictionaries, despite the fact that they contain a wealth of interesting vocabulary from various areas of everyday life of peasants and townsmen, from the history of law and judicature, trade, craft, military, etc. Many of those words have survived till our times, constituting a lasting legacy of Polish vocabulary and a testimony of the history of culture.

Преславизмы в апокрифических Вопросах апостола Варфоломея

Author(s): Martina Chromá / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2014

Paper deals with the lexical analysis of the Old Church Slavonic version of the Apocryphal Questions of Bartholomew, a literary monument written most likely in Greek in the 3rd century. The analysis shows that the Slavonic version contains not only lexical elements typical for the Preslav redaction, but also some archaic figures. This leads to the conclusion, that the primal Old Church Slavonic translation may be made in Bulgaria in the 10th century. There are two possibilities of a more exact dating. The text may have been translated in the early 10th century when the lexical elements of the Preslav redaction weren’t strictly used yet and still there occurred many archaic figures. The second possibility is that the translation was made later in the 10th century in one of the distant centers of the Preslav literary school, in which a specific tradition in using Preslav and archaic lexical elements was held. However, a further lexical and language analysis is needed for the confirmation of the stated dating.

ЗА ПЛОВДИВСКИТЕ ХОДОНИМИ, МОТИВИРАНИ ОТ ОЙКОНИМИ (ЛИНГВОКУЛТУРОЛОГИЧНИ НАБЛЮДЕНИЯ)

Author(s): Krasimir Georgiev Koilov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 49/1/2012

Изследването на ходонимията на град Пловдив дава възможност да се проучат широк кръг от проблеми. Интересът към този въпрос предстои да се засилва. Ойконимите, които мотивират ходоними в пловдивската улична мрежа, позволяват да се проследи развитието на българската държава през различните периоди на историята и нейните връзки с другите страни.

Односна реченица у роману о Троји

Author(s): Aleksandra L. Colić Jovanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 47/2016

This paper deals with the analysis of syntactic-semantic characteristics of relative clauses in Old Serbian Novel About Troy (15th century). Excerpted examples are divided into three groups: 1) Free relative clauses, 2) Relative clauses with formal antecedent, 3) Relative clauses with nominal antecedent. Statistical analysis of the results was performed with reference to the situation in Old Serbian, Serbian Church Slavonic, standard Sebian and dialect (Banat vernaculars of the Šumadija-Vojvodina dialect). The analysis has shown, among other things, that relative clauses in the Novel About Troy have more characteristics of spoken language than Old Serbian legal documents (e.g. high percentage of free relative clauses with the relative pronoun koji). We found that the syntactic level of this text is a unique combination of written and spoken language features, worth further examinations.

The facets of diachrony

Author(s): Ioan Milică / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2017

O ediție modernă de predici latino-române din 1725 ale unui misionar italian

Author(s): Galaction Verebceanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1 (322)/2024

Экспрессивно-риторический потенциал атрибутивных словосочетаний в похвальных словах XVIII века

Author(s): Olga S. Kazakovtseva,Nataliya Victorovna Patroeva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1-2/2022

In the word order in the Russian literary language of the 18th century, according to many researchers, there was not yet a strictly fixed norm, however, the grammarians in the 18th and 19th centuries made attempts in their teachings to explain the order of certain parts of speech. M. Lomonosov’s teachings set forth in his rhetorical treatises played a special role in the consolidation of the norms in the word order. This paper describes the functioning of attributive word combinations in the panegyrics written by F. Prokopovich, M. Lomonosov, and A. Sumarokov in the middle of the 18th century. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the word order in attributive collocations in 18th-century panegyrics and to describe the stylistic means that are used in the word arrangement of these attributive constructions.

American linguistics in transition: From post-Bloomfieldian structuralism to generative grammar

Author(s): András Kertész / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

Frederick J. Newmeyer. (2022). American linguistics in transition: From post-Bloomfieldian structuralism to generative grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press. xvii + 412 pp.

A Turkic script in the Carpathian Basin: The identity-marking functions of the Székely script

Author(s): Klára Sándor / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2024

This paper discusses variations and changes in the identity-marking function of a writing of Turkic origin, the Székely script, from the thirteenth century to the present day. The script's peculiarity lies in the fact that during its known history, it had only an identity-marking function; no significant knowledge-communicating function can be found in any of its monuments.

Semitic Names of Reptilia in Their Afro-Asiatic Setting: New Etyma for ‘Snake’ and ‘Lizard’

Author(s): Václav Blažek,Gábor Takács / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2024

The present etymological study brings arguments for additionally reconstructing two new zoonyms in Proto-Semitic, (1) *ṣar«- ‘a kind of (poisonous?) snake’, which is attested in two of the most archaic Semitic languages, Akkadian and Eblaite, and perhaps in one representative of the Modern South Arabian languages, Soqotri, and one of Ethio-Semitic, Endegeň, plus indirect traces in Hebrew and Geez; (2) *ṣawr- or *ṣur-/*ṣar- ‘lizard’, attested only in Akkadian and Eblaite, but with promising external cognates within Afroasiatic, namely East Cushitic, Chadic, and maybe Egyptian.

Онімна периферія щоденникового дискурсу української мови першої половини ХVІІІ ст.

Author(s): Vasyl Denysiuk / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1-2/2023

The article was dedicated to clarifying the semantic and structural features of the onymic space of “Shcho- dennyk (Diary)” by M. Khanenko, Ensign General (Khorunzhy). The author proved that all the propriatives of the studied “Shchodennyk (Diary)” were closely related and constituted a system in which any unit was significant. Analysis of propriatives gave reasons to believe that geortonyms, theonyms, documentonyms, biblionyms, and phaleronyms belonged to the periphery of the onymic space of “Shchodennyk (Diary)” by M. Khanenko. M. Khanenko mainly used the “main” – twelve – geortonyms of the Christian calendar. The names of religious holidays showed structural and lexical variation, and phonetic variation but seldom. Elliptical con- densation – a one-word representation of the full name without changing the semantics – was evidenced only in some geortonyms reflecting the folk tradition of name formation and name usage. Despite the tradition of using theonyms by Ukrainian churchmen, writers and chroniclers-historiographers of previous centuries, M. Khanenko demonstrated a gradual break from it, which was obviously due to both the requirements of the genre and the destruction of the dichotomy “author”–“reader”, in which the position “about myself for myself ” received the main plane. M. Khanenko mainly used appellative descriptive constructions to mark documents. The analyzed contexts testified about the irrelevance of using the full name, a verbal alternative to which the author saw in the appellative and prepositional-case construction with a toponym. The biblionyms used by M. Khanenko were an important component of “Shchodennyk (Diary)” indicating intellectual-and-spiritual dimension of the Ensign General (Khorunzhy). Biblionyms indicated the genre, chronotope, character, author, key image; testified about active metonymic processes, lexical condensation, syntactic synonymy in this category of propriatives. In addition to the nominative function as a main one, biblionyms represented primarily the cognitive aspect of M. Khanenko’s activity determined the encycloedic function, since the biblionym in the text of “Shchodennyk (Diary)” was a secondary nomination. M. Khanenko used phaleronyms in his writings, which had a transparent motivation and a one-type structure, as well as made it possible to reproduce the realities of the “award” sphere.

Antroponimia polska na Kresach południowo-wschodnich w XIX wieku – źródła i perspektywa badawcza

Author(s): Irena Mytnik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1-2/2023

The subject of the paper is the names of Poles in the south-eastern borderlands in the 19th century, and the aim of the paper is to outline the research perspective of the data contained in parish record books and sta- tus animarum books of the diocese of Luck published and remaining in the archival resources. The volume of empirical material is tens of thousands of anthroponomical units. The discussion takes into account the state of research, a review of manuscript and printed sources, the historical context, detailed analytical tasks regarding linguistic description and interpretation and the adopted methodological solutions as well as the importance of the planned research for studies on onomastics, lexicology, cultural heritage, the history of the Roman Catholic Church and the presence of the Polish ethnos in Ukraine.

Славянизмы XVI века и первый румынский перевод Библии и сборник поучений (Сибиуское четвероевангелие, 1551–1553 гг.; Няговские поучения, 1563–1568 гг.)

Author(s): Levente Nagy / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1-2/2023

The bilingual Slavo-Romanian Tetraevangelion (Tetraevanghelul slavo-român de la Sibiu) was published in 1551–1553 at Sibiu. According to Lajos Demény, the Tetraevangelion of Sibiu was translated in Moldavia, while according to Ion Gheţie and Alexandru Mareş, it was translated in Southern Transylvania. More recently, Ioan-Florin Florescu has argued that two other Czech Bibles (Biblia Drážďanská, 1370; Biblia Olomoucká, 1417) were used by the translators to translate the Tetraevangelion of Sibiu.

Возвратность в зоне интерференции (на материале двуязычных польско-украинских текстов середины XIX в.)

Author(s): Oksana Ostapchuk / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1-2/2023

The paper analyzes the formation and functioning of correlated reflexive and non-reflexive verbs in parallel Polish–Ukrainian texts from the mid-19th century, created by the writers of the so-called Ukrainian school Tymko Padurra (1801–1871) and Spirydon Ostaszewski (1797–1875). The comparison of the detected examples of violation of the opposition in the field with lexicographic materials and data of the Ukrainian and Polish language corpus confirmed the usual (normal), rather than individual-author character of innovations in this contact zone. The bilingualism of the texts’ authors explains the large number of contact phenomena among the specific reflexive forms, noted also in the regional usage. Based on the analyzed examples, the reflexivity can generally be characterized as one of the zones of interlingual “tension” in the verbal sphere. Contact forms are revealed in the analyzed texts both in the sphere of word change and at the level of morphosyntax. The interaction of the languages is most evident in the violation of the opposition between reflexive and non-reflexive verbs. Our material confirmed the tendency towards a rarer omission of the reflexive element in both languages. In turn, the supporting influence may lead to the emergence of forms of both transitive and non-transitive verbs amplified by the reflexive morpheme. At the same time, the direction of influence may not be established in all cases: along with obvious examples demonstrating the following of one of the samples: Polish or Ukrainian, the reciprocal influence is widespread.