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RETORIKA SI SFIDË E KOMUNIKIMIT EFEKTIV

Author(s): Albina Pajo,Ediola Nase / Language(s): Albanian Publication Year: 0

Rhetoric is the primary field of knowledge which has, on the one side, continually set forward the question of the language being a means of communication and has proposed systematic techniques, with the view of improving it. Likewise, rhetoric is a perfect reinforcing element of the argumentative skills, an inner force, and as such, nowadays it it widely used in the field of "Linguistic elements' of an effective communication. Today's study of the linguistic strategies, moves on the direct level of traditional rhetoric, which appreciates the "the-well known language", which, according to them, is supposed to be adopted to the social background, for a total accomplishement of its primary function, which as a matter of facts, it communication, itself.

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Algunas observaciones acerca de la cortesía verbal en el mundo hispanohablante: el caso de la imagen social

Author(s): Monika Lisowska / Language(s): Spanish Publication Year: 0

The purpose of this article is to present a few observations on verbal politeness in the culture of Spanish language by paying particular attention to characteristics of the pragmatic category called ‘face’. In this short presentation, the author tries to emphasize the general nature of this category (in principle homogeneous) in the investigated culture as well as its certain shades affecting differences in the linguistic expression of politeness in Spanish speaking countries.

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La autocensura como fenómeno pragmático

Author(s): José Portolés / Language(s): Spanish Publication Year: 0

In Pragmatics, censure is considered to be part of a triadic interaction, in which a third participant impedes or tries to impede communication between a sender and a receiver. In the case of self-censorship, one participant in the interaction, because of his understanding of mind theory, predicts what might constitute a threat to the ideology of the censor and try to avoid it. In such a situation, we can distinguish between the self-censorship of the sender of a message and that of the receiver. When the sender self-censures, as is most common, he or she may effect total censure – by avoiding, suppressing, or replacing the message – or may only effect partial censure, whereby he or she is limited to modifying the message to make sure the censor is not offended.

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Jednostki języka w systemie i w tekście 2

Author(s): / Language(s): Russian,Polish

The set of problems engaged in the texts which are presented in the monograph reflects the multifariousness of research perspectives in modern Slavic linguistics with reference to both traditional and novel methodological approaches. The authors’ focus has to do with the problems of the description of the units of the Polish, Russian, Ukrainian, Czech and Croatian languages at the particular levels of these languages. The linguistic units are examined not only as elements of a system but also as components (which are varied genre-wise) of early and modern texts. Apart from the analyses which draw from structuralist traditions there are also ones in which linguistic phenomena are considered in a broad social-political-cultural context. The publication is a collection of pieces which are devoted both to one language as well as comparative studies: Polish-Russian, Polish-Czech, Polish-Croatian, Russian-Czech ones. There are also texts which are devoted to the problems of translatology. The broad range of problems which are engaged by the authors from Poland and beyond enables the reader to familiarise himself or herself with the areas and trends of work conducted by the particular academic centres. We hope that it will also become a source of inspiration for further research endeavours.

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Mechanizm interpretacji wypowiedzi zawierających aprobatę (na materiale języka polskiego, rosyjskiego i angielskiego)

Author(s): Artur Czapiga / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The following article is a pragmalinguistic analysis of utterances of approval. The proposed model of interpretation of this type of replies contains elements of both the context (sender, recipient, and network of social interdependencies between interlocutors) and explication of approval (positive evaluation of X, approval of X and/or its results). In order to check its effectiveness, an analysis was conducted of the pragmatic meaning of utterances with the lexeme OK in the Polish, Russian, and English languages.

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Politeness and friendliness in public spaces and transport

Author(s): Ewa Bogdanowska-Jakubowska / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Public spaces and transport play a very important role in the life of the society. They act as a “self-organising public service,” a shared resource in which experiences and values are created (Mean and Tims 2005). These are places where people are in the presence of other people. The success of a particular public space is not only in the hands of the architect and the urban planner, but it also depends on the people using it. In public spaces and transport, one can read notices which provide their users with instructions how to behave and interact with others, what is acceptable in a particular place and what is not, constituting the so-called traffic rules of social interactions (Goffman 1967). Others are expressions of friendliness, intended to make passers-by and customers feel good. The aim of the study is to analyze this type of inscriptions present in American and Polish urban public spaces and transport. Due to the specificity of the discourse, I decided to employ Critical Discourse Analysis to analyze it.

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Rodno osjetljiva upotreba jezika

Author(s): Sandra Zlotrg / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Raspravu o rodno osjetljivoj upotrebi jezika u našoj nauci o jeziku možemo pratiti još od polovine prošlog stoljeća. Zlatko Vince u zagrebačkom časopisu „Jezik“ 1954. godine u naslovu donosi dilemu Drugarica direktor, gospođa profesor ili drugarica direktorica, gospođa profesorica? Osvrćući se na postojeću praksu da žene, posebno poslije Drugog svjetskog rata, stječu zvanja i titule koje su nekada bile rezervirane za muškarce, primjećuje kako jezička praksa ne prati stvarnost tako da u raznim društvenim sferama možemo čuti i pročitati oblike kao Ana M., profesor, Marija Z., liječnik-pripravnik i sl. Do tada je doktorka i ministarka značilo suprugu doktora i ministra, i umjesto da se nađe novi naziv za zvanje koje obavlja žena, „kancelarijski, razgovorni, a za njime i književni jezik pošao je drugim putem. Službeni je naziv za žene, kao i za muškarce: profesor, doktor, inženjer, agronom, kapetan, major, pilot i t. d.“ (Vince, 1954, str. 116).

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How people use words to make meanings: Semantic types meet valencies

Author(s): Patrick Hanks / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper proposes that meanings in text are both created and understood by matching actual text occurrences (or creations) against patterns of usage stored in the brain. A ‘pattern’ in this sense has two elements: valency, which is comparatively stable, and one or more sets of preferred collocations, which are highly variable. To understand collocations, we draw on prototype theory developed by the cognitive scientist Eleanor Rosch (1973a, 1973b), its philosophical counterpart developed by the philosopher Hilary Putnam (1970, 1975a, 1975b), and the linguistic insights of John Sinclair (1966, 1987, 1991, 2004). Collocates are grouped into lexical sets according to their semantic type, using the Generative Lexicon theory of James Pustejovsky (1995). Corpus pattern analysis shows that each word habitually participates in only a comparatively small number of patterns, and that most patterns are unambiguous in their interpretation. This yields a new theory of language use – a ‘double helix theory’ called the theory of norms and exploitations ( Hanks in press). This argues that language use is governed by not one but two interactive sets of rules: a set of rules for using words normally and a set of rules for exploiting the norms creatively.

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A direct application of medical corpora to academic writing: A specialized concordance search interface and Moodle-based courseware

Author(s): Shozo Yokoyama,Chizuko Suzuki,Seisuke Yasunami,Naoko Kawakita,Ryo Ohba / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Despite a relatively large number of research papers discussing corpus-based discourse analysis for medicine, few attempts have been made to uncover the rhetorical distinctiveness of subdisciplines such as Genome Bio-Science, Nursing, Public Health, and Clinical Surgery. The aim of this study is to apply the frequencies of verbs (including modal verbs) found in medical research articles (RAs) among these four subdisciplines to materials development by incorporating a specialized concordance search interface and Moodle-based courseware for medical students.

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Scripted speech in the EFL classroom: The Corpus of American Television Series for teaching spoken English

Author(s): Stefanie Dose / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper discusses the design and purpose of a new corpus which is particularly geared towards EFL ( English as a Foreign Language) teachers and students: the Corpus of American Television Series ( CATS). Using scripted speech as a model for spoken English is not uncontroversial, as the dialogues of television series are performed in the spoken medium, but their origins are in writing. This gives rise to a unique mixture of spoken and written language features which still lacks systematic description, particularly in comparison with authentic, naturally occurring speech. As one of the first steps in a larger project, the analysis in the present paper focuses on the discourse marker you know. The initial results indicate that television dialogue is an auspicious compromise between artificial textbook dialogues and the overwhelming ‘messiness’ of genuine language data, and thus has great potential for the EFL classroom.

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Measuring learner (mis)use: Tense and aspect errors in the Bulgarian and German components of ICLE

Author(s): Svetla Rogatcheva / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The English tense-aspect system has been identified as notoriously difficult for EFL learners from a variety of mother-tongue backgrounds and proficiency levels. This is due to such factors as inadequate descriptions of tense and aspect in teaching materials or differences between the English tense-aspect system and the tense-aspect systems of the learners’ native languages. This paper examines learner use of tense-aspect forms on the basis of the Bulgarian and German components of the International Corpus of Learner English. The focus of the study is on learner misuse of tense-aspect forms and the methods to measure it. The results show that both learner groups have problems with the sequence of tenses, although their accuracy rates for the individual tense-aspect forms differ.

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Completing the feedback loop: Creating spoken learner corpora

Author(s): M. Trevor Shanklin / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This study documents the procedures put in place to create and analyze spoken learner corpora from advanced second-language speakers. The first part describes the development of CAST, an on-line proficiency test, and is followed by a report on an ESL pilot study based on spoken responses from the CAST test; criteria are examined that elucidate effective discourse – of interest were subordination, the use of the past tense and the frequency count of individual lexical items. There is a brief discussion of procedures in developing a similar review of Arabic, Persian and Japanese items; in Arabic, dialectal differences were of interest and in Japanese the examination of word frequency is extended to key words. The study ends with an outline of procedures for displaying the data for ongoing instruction and curriculum development.

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Developing corpus-based word lists for English language learning and teaching: A critical appraisal of the English Vocabulary Profile

Author(s): Yukio Tono / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This study investigates the validity of a new type of English wordlist called the English Vocabulary Profile (EVP), by a group of researchers at Cambridge. This wordlist is unique in the sense that it not only classifies vocabulary levels by CEFR, but also provides CEFR levels for each sense of a word. The wordlist is being created by looking into the frequencies of use in corpora of native speakers and of learners of English. Whilst the approach is quite appealing, the actual procedure for determining the difficulty levels of word meanings is found to be problematic. This study poses a fundamental question of whether it is possible to rank the word senses in the order of difficulty, and whether the wordlist can be constructed encompassing both productive and receptive aspects of vocabulary knowledge at the same level.

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Neologismos pluriverbales en la terminología de las tecnologías de la información

Author(s): Mária Medveczká / Language(s): Spanish Publication Year: 0

The terminology of information technology presents a valuable material for research of the processes leading to the designation of new concepts in areas heavily influenced by the English language. The aim of this paper is to analyze the formal structure of multiverbal terms used in Microsoft programs and manuals that present a new form in Spanish and identify those structures that are not characteristic of the Spanish language.

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Дидактические возможности неформального образования при обучении русскому языку

Author(s): Victoria Aleksandrovna Polyakova / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article describes the principles and methods of the telecommunications network project, which is an effective form of informal education in teaching Russian language. Changes in the teaching of Russian language due to the influence of the global community of network communication for the social sphere of human life: the emergence of new communication effects in human communication through telecommunications means; changes in behavior and speech language consciousness of native speakers; the emergence of new concepts in education caused by the use of information and communication technologies and individualization of learning. The process of developing, organizing and conducting a network project in the Russian language includes several stages. The article describes the modular structure of the project, including motivational, informative, practical and reflexive modules. Analysis of reflection and learning materials project participants give grounds to assert that telecommunication projects in the Russian language contribute to the development of students' linguistic and language competencies, increase the level of communication and information culture, and increase motivation to study the Russian language. Collaboration in the project erases age barriers between children and adults, develop competencies of the 21st century: critical thinking skills, self-organization and self-development, teamwork and others.

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Sprach- und Kultur(ver)mittlung

Author(s): / Language(s): German

Der Germanistenverband in Bosnien-Herzegowina veranstaltete in Zusammenarbeit mit der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Tuzla vom 16. bis zum 18. September 2021 an der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Tuzla die 3. Germanistenkonferenz. Das Thema der Konferenz war „Sprach- und Kultur(ver)mittlung“. An dieser Konferenz haben 30 Vortragende aus Bosnien-Herzegowina, Deutschland, Italien, Kroatien, Rumänien und Tschechien teilgenommen. Der vorliegende Sammelband beinhaltet 17 Artikel (acht originelle wissenschaftliche Arbeiten, eine vorläufige Mitteilung, sieben wissenschaftliche Übersichtsartikel und einen Fachartikel). Manche der Beiträge entstanden im Rahmen nationaler und internationaler Projekte, manche sind das Ergebnis langjähriger Arbeit an Promotionsprojekten, andere entstanden in kürzerer Zeit und wurden vor allem durch unseren Call for paper inspiriert. Die Beiträge wurden im Sammelband nach den Forschungsfeldern (Sprachwissenschaft, Übersetzungswissenschaft, Literaturwissenschaft, Fremdsprachendidaktik, Literaturdidaktik) und alphabethisch nach den Namen der AutorInnen angeordnet. Zunächst folgen Informationen zu den acht Beiträgen im Rahmen der Sektion Sprachwissenschaft: Der erste Beitrag entstand im Rahmen des Mehrphasenprojektes Bosnisch-Deutsches Universalwörterbuch, das an der Abteilung für Germanistik der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Sarajevo seit 2018 durchgeführt wird. Alma Čović-Filipović beschäftigt sich in diesem Beitrag zum Thema Lexikalischer Anisomorphismus im Sprachenpaar Bosnisch-Deutsch und Strategien der lexikografischen Vermittlung mit den lexikalisch-semantischen Beziehungen zwischen sprachlichen Einheiten des Bosnischen und Deutschen. Der Beitrag von Adriana Dănilă zum Thema Vermittlung von fachlichen Inhalten in einigen journalistischen Texten aus der „ADZ für Rumänien“, welcher ein Teil des GIP-Forschungsprojektes Coronavirus Debatte in der rumäniendeutschen Presse des IDF Heidelberg und fünf rumänischer Partneruniversitäten ist, beschäftigt sich mit sprachlichen Ausdrucksformen, die zur Vermittlung von Fachwissen dienen. Minka Džanko schreibt in ihrem gesprächsanalytischen Beitrag zum Thema ICH WEIß NICHT und NE ZNAM: Über direkte Vermittlung von Nicht-Wissen hinaus über den Gebrauch der im Titel genannten Phrasen in Arzt-Patienen-Gesprächen und vergleicht anhand der Analyse eines umfangreichen Korpus diesen Gebrauch bei deutschen und bosnischen PatientInnen. Alma Halidović und Zerina Brkić interpretieren in ihrem Beitrag mit dem Titel Pragmatische Aspekte des Schweigens. Analyse am Beispiel des Romans „Ehre“ von Elif Shafak die unterschiedlichen Funktionen des Schweigens in einem literarischen Werk. In ihrem Beitrag zum Thema Verwendung von lexikalisierten Diminutiven bei Körperteilbezeichnungen im Deutschen und im Bosnischen nimmt Meliha Hrustić die Körperteilbezeichnungen mit diminutiven Suffixen unter die Lupe und vergleicht den Bestand solcher Wörter in beiden genannten Sprachen. Im Beitrag Werbeanzeigen aus den Osijeker deutschsprachigen Zeitungen „Die Drau“ und „Slavonische Presse“ als Sprach- und Kultur(ver)mittler im späten 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhundert von Ivana Jozić und Ivana Šarić Šokčević bekommt der Leser einen wissenschaftlichen Einblick in die Werbeanzeigen aus einer anderen Zeit. Dieser Beitrag entstand im Rahmen des Projektes Spurensuche: Deutsche Sprache, Literatur und Kultur in Kroatien, welches wiederum im Rahmen der GIP zwischen dem Institut für Germanistik der Universität Gießen und der Abteilung für deutsche Sprache und Literatur der Fakultät für Sozial- und Geisteswissenschaften der Universität Osijek entstanden ist und vom DAAD finanziell unterstützt wird. Zineta Lagumdžija schreibt in ihrem Artikel Textsortenabhängigkeit sprachlicher Strukturen am Beispiel der Konstruktion [sich lassen + Infinitiv] in der politischen Berichterstattung in deutschen Tageszeitungen, einer pragmatisch- und kommunikationsorientierten Untersuchung, über die informative und appelative Funktion der im Titel genannten Konstruktion. Diana Ristivojević, Doktorandin an der Universität Tuzla, behandelt in ihrem Beitrag Darstellung der Partikelkombinationen in ihrer Abfolge am Beispiel der Modalpartikel „schon“ auf der Basis einer theoretischen Grundlage die Abfolge der Modalpartikelkombinationen mit der Modalpartikel schon in der heutigen Standardsprache. Zwei Beiträge enstanden in der Sektion Übersetzungswissenschaft. Im ersten Artikel mit dem Titel Hotspots und Hotwords in den ins Deutsche übersetzten Erzählungen über Mostar von Hamza Humo analysiert Sanela Mešić die in den Erzählungen vorkommenden Hotspots und Hotwords und ihre Übersetzungen ins Deutsche. Es handelt sich, wie bei vielen anderen Beiträgen auch, um einen interdisziplinären Beitrag, der sich mit interkultureller Pragmatik, mit der Übersetzungswissenschaft und der Linguokulturologie beschäftigt. Im Rahmen eines Untertitelungsprojektes mit studentischer Beteiligung an der Universität Banja Luka entstand der Beitrag Un(über)setzbarkeit von Vulgarismen ins Deutsche am Beispiel der Untertitlung der heimischen Serie „Kosti“ von Melsada Zec Zejnić und Ivana Četić. Die beiden AutorInnen behandeln Schimpfwörter und Flüche im Serbischen und ihre Entsprechungen im Deutschen. Aus dem Bereich der Literaturwissenschaft können drei Beiträge vorgestellt werden. Christina Arendt stellt in ihrem Artikel zum Thema Aktuelle Fiktionalisierungsformen der juristischen Aufarbeitung nationalsozialistischer Verbrechen am Beispiel von „Der Fall Collini“ von Ferdinand von Schirach (2011) und „Deutsches Haus“ von Annette Hess (2018) „zwei literarische Fiktionalisierungsformen der juristischen Aufarbeitung nationalsozialistischer Verbrechen“ vor, welche im letzten Jahrzehnt publiziert wurden. Ivica Petrović gewährt uns in seinem Beitrag Die Gegend um Tuzla in deutschsprachigen Reiseberichten einen Einblick in die Kultur in der Gegend um Tuzla, wie sie in literarischen Werken dargestellt wird. Jasmina Zlatarević schreibt in ihrem Artikel Zur literarischen Rekonstruktion des Opferbegriffes im Roman „Schindlers Lift“ von Darko Cvijetić über ein sehr aktuelles Werk, welches auch ins Deutsche übersetzt wurde. In der Sektion Fremdsprachendidaktik sind drei Beiträge entstanden. Im ersten mit dem Titel Zum Stellenwert von Sprach- und Kulturmittlung im Fremdsprachenunterricht: Mit Beispielen aus aktuellen DaF-Lehrwerken gibt die Autorin Lara Hedžić einen sehr detaillierten theoretischen Überblick zum Thema Sprachmittlung in der Fremdsprachendidaktik und analysiert dann ein paar bosnische und deutsche DaF-Lehrwerke im Hinblick auf die Sprachmittlungsaufgaben. Der Beitrag von Petr Pytlík zum Thema Fremdsprachendidaktisches Potential von authentischen Texten im DaF/DaZ-Unterricht – ein Unterrichtsentwurf für A2-Niveau entstand im Rahmen des Projektes eines methodischen Online-Portals an der Pädagogischen Fakultät der Masaryk-Universität in Brno. Der Autor möchte zeigen, dass authentische Texte auch für Lernende mit einem niedrigeren Sprachniveau geeignet sind. Ivica Tokić beschäftigt sich in seinem Artikel zum Thema Phraseologismen im DaF-Unterricht mit der Phraseodidaktik, mit den Methoden und einzelnen Schritten, die man berücksichtigen sollte, wenn man im DaF-Unterricht Phraseologismen behandelt. Der letze Beitrag in diesem Sammelband ist in der Literaturdidaktik anzusiedeln. Die Autorin Marijana Jeleč zeigt mit ihrem Beitrag Kinderliteratur als Medium für interkulturelles Lernen am Beispiel von Uticha Marmons „Mein Freund Salim“ und Peter Härtlings „Djadi, Flüchtlingsjunge“, wie Literatur das interkulturelle Lernen bei Kindern fördern kann. Die meisten Beiträge behandeln, wie auch an den Titeln zu erkennen ist, auf die eine oder andere Art und Weise das Thema Sprach- und Kultur(ver)mittlung, aber wir haben in den Sammelband auch andere interessante Beiträge aufgenommen, die sich mit anderen germanistischen Themen befassen. Alle Artikel unterlagen einem doppelt-blinden Begutachtungsverfahren, bei welchem sie auch kategorisiert wurden. Unser aufrichtiger Dank gilt allen AutorInnen für die interessanten Vorträge und noch interessanteren Beiträge für den Sammelband, aber ebenso den GutachterInnen aus Deutschland, Italien, dem Kosovo, Kroatien, Nordmazedonien, Österreich, Polen, Serbien, Slowenien, Spanien, Tschechien und der Türkei, die sehr detaillierte und konstruktive Verbesserungsvorschläge gemacht haben. Um ihre Anonymität wahren zu können, unterlassen wir es, ihre Namen zu nennen, aber wir hoffen, dass wir sie für die Teilnahme an den kommenden Konferenzen des Germanistenverbandes in Bosnien-Herzegowina begeistern können. Wir bedanken uns ganz herzlich bei der Philosophischen Fakultät Tuzla, die uns ihre Räumlichkeiten zur Verfügung gestellt hat; beim Goethe-Institut Sarajevo für die Einladung der Plenarvortragenden; beim Österreich Institut Sarajevo für die Unterstützung; bei dem ganzen Organisationsteam und dem Herausgeberbeirat; bei dem Föderalen Ministerium für Bildung und Wissenschaft für die finanzielle Unterstützung; bei dem DAAD-Lektor an der Universität Sarajevo, Martin Schönemann, dessen Verbesserungsvorschläge und Hinweise zur Qualität des Sammelbandes beigetragen haben; und bei allen anderen, die zum Erfolg der Konferenz und zur Veröffentlichung dieses Sammelbandes ihren Beitrag geleistet haben.

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ICH WEIẞ NICHT und NE ZNAM: Über direkte Vermittlung von Nicht-Wissen hinaus

Author(s): Minka Džanko / Language(s): German Publication Year: 0

The use of I DON’T KNOW in informal and institutional face-to-face and telephone conversations has been researched in German (Bergmann 2017; Helmer/Reineke/Deppermann 2016; Helmer/Depppermann 2017) and numerous other languages (Aijmer 2009; Beach/Metzger 1997; Keevallik 2006; Weatherall 2013). Depending on it’s formal aspects such as syntactic and phonetic reduction, the turn position and it’s orientation (retrospective or prospective), I DON’T KNOW has been associated with numerous functions beyond expressing lack of knowledge. This paper deals with ICH WEIẞ NICHT and NE ZNAM in German and Bosnian doctor-patient-interaction. It focusses on the sequential and interactional use of these phrases by German and Bosnian patients. The analysis reveals that both phrases are used as epistemic and pragmatic markers. In contrast to the German data, the Bosnian phrase NE ZNAM appears as a stand-alone answer to a medical question and indicates complete lack of knowledge. My research draws on interactional data consisting of 29 German medical conversations as well as 28 Bosnian medical encounters. The data was examined and compared by using conversation analysis.

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Pragmatika a písemné dovednosti studentů angličtiny jako cizího jazyka: Implikace pilotáže pro hlavní výzkum

Author(s): Žaneta Voldánová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The article summarises the results of pilot research focused on the effect of explicit pragmatics instruction on the writing skills of students of the Primary school teacher training study programme. Explicit pragmatics instruction contributed to the students’ confidence about writing and the students themselves have a positive attitude to it. However, the pilot study revealed that the effect of pragmatics instruction on the students’ writing skills wasn’t significant and that there is a need of research design and respondents modifications, which are also described in this article.

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Vliv pragmatiky na rozvoj písemných komunikačních dovedností u studentů angličtiny jako cizího jazyka: Přehledová studie

Author(s): Žaneta Voldánová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

With writing as a key language skill and English as a lingua franca of international communication, it is necessary to teach students to communicate appropriately in the given context and with regard to the addressee, not only in speaking but also in writing. This study reviews research on the effect of incorporating explicit pragmatic instruction into English lessons on the development of learners’ pragmatic competence, chiefly in relation to written communication skills.

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PRAGMATIČKE VRIJEDNOSTI PONAVLJANJA GRAFEMA U SMS PORUKAMA NA BOSANSKOM JEZIKU

Author(s): Halid Bulić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

In this paper, the phenomenon of grapheme multiplication in SMS messages in the Bosnian language was analyzed, with a particular focus on the pragmatic dimension of the repeated graphemes. For research purposes, the first 5,000 SMS messages in the Sarajevo corpus of SMS messages in the Bosnian language (Bulić et al. 2023) were analyzed. The observed examples with repeated graphemes can be classified into the following types: (1) examples with unintentional errors, (2) abbreviations with repetition of the same grapheme, (3) repetition of the grapheme c with the dental click value with the meaning of reproach, (4) gemination, and (5) lengthening. Some abbreviations with repetition of letters such as pozz (< pozdrav, pozdraviti) ‘greeting, greet’ or sigg (< siguran) ‘sure’ are characteristic of technology-mediated communication, primarily SMS, and can be considered textisms, a manner of SMS communication. Gemination often appears in foreign words and words of oriental origin, where it is used in accordance with the orthographic norm of the Bosnian language, but examples of a kind of exaggeration in the use of gemination in Islamic discourse have also been recorded. Lengthening is most often realized in interjections (heeeej), vocative forms (dušooo, sekooo) and speech acts of congratulations, greetings and their equivalents (sretan rodjendaaan, sretnooo, ljubiiiimm...). Although only vowels, fricatives and vibrant r can naturally be lengthened, some other consonants are also repeated in SMS messages, for example ć (> c) (sekicccc) or k (pusekkk). Such consonants cannot be lengthened in speech, so their repetition in SMS messages highlights an important feature of these messages: they are not meant to be read aloud. We consider the repetition of consonants that cannot be pronounced extended to be distinct examples of textisms. The examples with lengthening exhibit the most variety with regard to the intentions of the sender of the message and the feelings they wish to convey, reflecting the desired effects of the message.

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