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In article stylistic features of the homonyms reflected in language of the Azerbaijan poetry are considered. The author on an extensive material investigates poetic and stylistic forms of expression of homonyms. The samples resulted from the Azerbaijan poetry brightly shows poetical-communicative force, a lexical-semantic originality of the homonyms used for expression of an art plan of the author.
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Artykuł jest poświęcony nie tyle interpretacji Kronosa Witolda Gombrowicza, ile rozważaniu trudności interpretacji tej książki. Trudności te wynikają z niejasnego statusu genologicznego i ontologicznego tego tekstu, ponieważ nie jest pewne, czy jest on dziennikiem czy autobiografią, dokumentem czy literaturą. Ascetyczna poetyka wskazywałaby, że Kronos zawiera prawdę i tylko prawdę. Zdaniem autora artykułu, książka ta nie jest zbiorem czystych faktów, ale konstruktem stworzonym na pograniczu prawdy i fikcji, egzystencji i tekstów Witolda Gombrowicza. Jeśli Kronos przynosi jakieś fakty, to w każdym wypadku podlegają one interpretacji, co wyklucza ich jednoznaczność i oczywistość.
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A history of meaning of the term (in Polish) starts with synonymous significances to ‘memory,’ ‘commemoration’ and ‘reminiscence.’ Over the centuries the semantic scope was gradually evolving to the contemporary use exposing material connotations of the word: a keepsake means an object that refers to the past. Comprehended in this way, keepsakes might encompass family heirlooms, national memorials, relics, trophies, gifts (donated „in memory”) and tourist souvenirs. One should include to this enumeration – as relatively separated categories – medial keepsakes that are results of commemorative reification of a message and corporal keepsakes that relate to permament changes in body (tattoos, scars, etc.). Every approach places a keepsake in a context of time, past and memory. A stuff has the characteristics of a keepsake as long as it takes an emotional attitude to the past. Generally, keepsakes belong to orders of private or collective memory and can move between them. It also means that in appriopriate circumstances keepsakes can migrate from category to category: e.g. some of trivial souvenirs can increase their value in time and became estimable family heirlooms; in turn some of family heirlooms can be promoted to the status of venerable national memorial.
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The author analyzes one of the most well-known books of Peter Sloterdijk, Kryształowy pałac (In the World Interior of Capital: Towards a Philosophical Theory of Globalization). He notes that Sloterdijk is representing non-academic philosophy. From this perspective the German intellectual is examining consequences of the process of globalization. Additionally, the book documents leftist engagement to solving key questions of modernity. According to the author of the article, interpretations provided by the philosopher are also important for the description of the culture and literature of the borderland.
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The author of the text analyzing a book entitled Bielik-Robson. Żyj i pozwól żyć [Bielik-Robson. Live and let live] – a conversation with Agata Bielik-Robson conducted by Michał Sutowski. She describes the influence of the academic work of the philosopher on constructing her auto/biography. Autobiographical narrative – in which the most important part is the experience of the generation of martial law – is confronted with the conception of modern subjectivity proposed by Bielik-Robson and the philosophical phenomenon of ‘the anxiety of influence’ related to this phenomenon. In the text the author defends the thesis that thephilosophical attitude is not only the base for auto/biography, but also defines the worldview of the philosopher, which means it also defines the way of perceiving the surrounding reality and the rules of being in it.
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The author of the text draws particular attention to the place the book Czy w tej autobiografii jest kobieta? Kobieca literatura dokumentu osobistego od początku XIX wieku do wybuchu II wojny światowej occupies in contemporary research on women’s autobiography. She notes that women’s literature of personal document is not yet sufficiently discussed by the Polish feminist literary criticism. Anna Pekaniec takes a comprehensive attempt to examine women’s autobiographical texts in historical and literary perspective and as a main goal focuses on presenting and describing the characteristics of women’s autobiography, as well as outputing a proposal for a definition or systematization of phenomena typical for women’s autobiographical documents. The author of the text points at the innovation of the thesis – for the first time the issue of women’s intimate journaling was raised on such a wide scale, indicating the directions in familiar and unfamiliar texts, expanding the research field for female representatives of different backgrounds, of different social status.
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The article is about Dom na Rozdrożu by Ewa Bieńkowska and concerns problems with contemporary female autobiography written ‘inside family.’ The author of the article interprets this flashback narration, which is actually autobiographical essay, by posing questions about such issues as: family relations – especially cultural and social discourses of female family connections – also individualism, subjectivity, emancipation and experiences of performing family members as well as in private space.
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The subject of the article is work by Bożena Karwowska The Second Sex in Exile. Experience the Story of Migration in the Postwar Polish Writers, established as a result of long study of the different variations and works of women’s writing in exile and is a successful attempt to systematize the problems of exile in the work of women. The article indicated that the starting point for discussion by the researcher of the migration experience in the work of postwar Polish writers is the thesis with clear differences between exile stories of men and women. The article noted that the book by Bożena Karwowska is marked by a strong feature of the individual, for it is written from the perspective of an immigrant. The work fills an important gap in the research literature of exile, points to new perspectives of its reading, using the latest research achievements of feminism and postcolonial studies.
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The presented article is a text of the book by Sławomir Buryła entitled Tematy (nie)opisane. This monograph by a literary historian from Olsztyn focuses on analyzing three significant motifs appearing in publications about the Holocaust. As the title ‘topics (un)described,’ that is ones which still demand literary scholars’ detailed reflection, Buryła recognizes: the history of the Jewish ‘Kolumbowie’ – ‘young Jews and Poles of Jewish descent who during the war squared up to fight with the Nazi death machine’; ‘the New Eldorado’ – the literary theme of seizing Jewish possessions and Jewish gold; ‘the portrait of the torturer’ – showing the theme of the Nazi murderer in Polish prose written between 1939 and 1989.
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The subject of the text is a publication by Agnes Nęcka Intimate emigrations. On Polish contemporary autobiographic narratives. Various models of emigration experience were indicated in the text. All were characterised in the publications by the author who has studied the works by Zygmunt Haupt, Zbigniew Kruszyński, Manuela Gretkowska, Artur Leczycki, Mikołaj Łoziński, Tomasz Piątek, Michał Witkowski and Magdalena Tulli and on this basis has categorised the emigration as real, literary and biographical. It has also been noticed that autobiographical attempts made by the authors, listed by Agnieszka Nęcka, characterized by strangeness, feeling of rejection and building a separate identity on the exile, perform auto therapeutic functions. The publication was recognized valid in the research on contemporary Polish emigration literature.
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This paper is primarily concerned with the etymology of some terms in the historical lexicon of nationalism: ethnicity, ethnos, race, Volksstamm. It is argued that European and US usages of race are radically different. It is also argued that the Habsburg-era term Volksstamm was the basis for the term narodnost in Socialist Yugoslavia.
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The cognitive semantic research into spatial prepositions has focused on their polysemous nature and the coherence of cognitive categories they constitute. At the same time, the question of their categorical status has not yet been resolved causing disagreement about their membership in the content or function word group. The present corpus-based study investigates the semantic structure of the English spatial preposition at regarded as a typically English preposition not present in other languages. The investigation attempts to establish the primary sense of the preposition and to find motivating principles behind the individual senses. For the purpose of the study, 2168 linguistic items extracted from the British National Corpus and containing the preposition were analyzed yielding 18 distinct senses and one group of miscellaneous expressions. The research suggests that the semantic structure of the preposition at is best seen as a semantic network with the primary sense functioning as a prototype and other related senses as more peripheral extensions. The research reveals that the polysemy of the preposition at is relatively extensive and that the word at does not belong to morphological categories other than the prepositional one.
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Food is an essential part of the material culture of every nation. It frequently preserves national traditions and old names longer than other spheres do, additionally, it lets observe the influence of other cultures. According to dictionary data, dumplings were known in Latvia already in the 18th century. Many names for them have been attested in regional subdialects of Latvian; borrowings usually cover wide areas. In this article, basing on ethnographic and linguistic material notations of different antiquity thus tracing the use of names for dumplings almost a century long and referring to dictionary data from 18th–19th century, the author tried to reveal the use and distribution of names for dumplings of Slavic origin in subdialects of Latvian, as well as to offer fragmentary data on the use of particular Slavic borrowings in neighboring languages. The Slavic borrowings kļocka, zacirka alongside variant names are widespread in Eastern Latvia, i.e. in a rather narrow or wide area of the High Latvian dialect. In Eastern Latvia, the names klučki, klučkas derived from the Germanic borrowing kluči, with insertion of the consonant k under influence of Russian, have also been registered. From the semantic angle, the borrowings kļockas, klučkas and their variants are denoting dumplings made of various raw materials (e.g., different kinds of flour, also pea-flour, potatoes). Further references to ingredients of this food and its preparation are included in the explanation of the Slavic borrowing zacirka and its variants most typical for the peasants vocabulary in Latgale.
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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the contemporary usage of the Polish verb dedykować (to dedicate) and its participle dedykowany (dedicated). During last few years under the influence of English semantics and pragmatics this verb became one of the most popular words in the Polish marketing and IT jargon. The data provided by the National Corpus of Polish enables to state that the contemporary usage of the verb differs significantly from the semantic description published in the dictionaries of Polish. Therefore the scope of this paper is to promote the corpus driven approach to the lexicography. Since the new meaning of the analyzed verb is an English borrowing the paper deals also with the problem of adjusting English morphological patterns to the rules of Slavic verbal inflexion. As it can be observed in the text this grammatical divergence leads in the case of new borrowings to the widely diversified and unstable language usage.
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The paper is a presentation of the results of a qualitative formal analysis of different types of Serbo-Slovak interlingual approximates (false friends, interlingual homonyms). In his earlier research on Serbo-Slovak approximation, the author of this paper defined the appropriate terminology and the meaning of the notions similar and identical in terms of quantitative analysis. The results of the study are based on lexical material containing 266 pairs of Serbo-Slovak approximates. They have been classified into four groups – interlingual homonyms, homophones, homographs and paronyms. We found that the differences between approximates are similar in their nature within the groups they were classified into. The existence of these types of differences is possible due to the presence of numerous spelling principles in the Slovak orthography – which features a combination of the phonetic, morphological, grammatical and etymological principles. In the Serbian language, the phonetic principle is the only one consistently present, and the morphological principle can be seen only in a few exceptions. Orthoepic differences are closely related to the orthographic ones. In addition, we can distinguish other kinds of differences which result from a different etymological development or are accidental. Comparing and understanding differences gives a comprehensive and clear view of the formal differentiation of Serbo-Slovak interlingual approximation.
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The Clarin Eric and Clarin-PL strategic scientific purpose is to support humanistic research in a multicultural and multilingual Europe. Polish researchers put the emphasis on building a bridge between the Polish language and Polish linguistic technologies and other European languages and their linguistic technologies. So far, the Polish scientific community has mainly focused on Polish-English connections. Clarin-PL has been developing the first and only multilingual corpora of the Polish language in conjunction with other Slavic languages and the Lithuanian language: the Polish-Bulgarian-Russian Parallel Corpus and the Polish- Lithuanian Parallel Corpus. The parallel corpora created by the ISS PAS Corpus Linguistics and Semantics Team break through the existing “canons” and allow scientists access to interlinked multilingual language resources – in the first phase limited to the languages of the three Slavic groups and the Lithuanian language. In the article, the authors present very detailed information on their original system of the semantic annotation of scope quantification in multilingual parallel corpora, hitherto unused in the subject literature. Due to the system’s originality, the semantic annotation is carried out manually. Identification of particular values of scope quantification in a sentence and the hereby presented attempts of its recording are supported by long-term research conducted by an international team of linguists and computer scientists / mathematicians developing the issue of quantification of names, time and aspect in natural languages.
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